China’s public pension system is managed at the provincial level.In recent years,the development of public pension system in the provinces has become more unbalanced.The increase in the gap between the developed and ...China’s public pension system is managed at the provincial level.In recent years,the development of public pension system in the provinces has become more unbalanced.The increase in the gap between the developed and less developed regions of China has become increasingly evident.Based on an analysis of changes to population structure in each province during the 20 year period 1995-2015,combined with research focused on public pension policy,this paper finds that there are great differences in the structure of population in each province with respect to age,type(the ratio of local residents to migrants),and quality(the proportion of the population with higher education).All of these are important factors that help to explain the unbalanced development of the public pension system.China’s developed regions have cumulative advantages in these three areas,and this study found that the gap between developed and less developed regions was growing.Among the three factors,the influences of population age and quality structure were a reflection of normal social phenomenon,while variations of population type structure in the provinces were largely a result of the way in which China’s public pension transfer policy is designed.In this paper,the author argues that if barriers to migration were removed,greater population mobility would help realize national management of the public pension system.展开更多
The purpose of this study is the maintenance of Japan’s economy by labor economics and public finance.I analyze(1)considering differences by gender and employment type by labor economics of applied microeconomics,and...The purpose of this study is the maintenance of Japan’s economy by labor economics and public finance.I analyze(1)considering differences by gender and employment type by labor economics of applied microeconomics,and also(2)considering income,tax and social insurance obligations,and public pension benefits by public finance.1.In Japan,a regular employee has more men than women,and an irregular employee has more women than men.2.Japan’s current significant economic issues are rapidly decreasing population and other.3.All people from 20 years old pay the public pension insurance every month,and all people about from 70 years old can receive public pension benefit every month.4.The average lifespan is 100 years old,and a woman is higher than a man.Using individual data from the Japan’s Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications'"National Survey of Income and Expenditure",I conducted an analysis on both an annual and lifetime basis of male and female workers from their 20s to 60s who are regular or irregular employees in the labor market.Furthermore,I studied men and women in from their 70s to 100 years old who receive public pension benefits.展开更多
文摘China’s public pension system is managed at the provincial level.In recent years,the development of public pension system in the provinces has become more unbalanced.The increase in the gap between the developed and less developed regions of China has become increasingly evident.Based on an analysis of changes to population structure in each province during the 20 year period 1995-2015,combined with research focused on public pension policy,this paper finds that there are great differences in the structure of population in each province with respect to age,type(the ratio of local residents to migrants),and quality(the proportion of the population with higher education).All of these are important factors that help to explain the unbalanced development of the public pension system.China’s developed regions have cumulative advantages in these three areas,and this study found that the gap between developed and less developed regions was growing.Among the three factors,the influences of population age and quality structure were a reflection of normal social phenomenon,while variations of population type structure in the provinces were largely a result of the way in which China’s public pension transfer policy is designed.In this paper,the author argues that if barriers to migration were removed,greater population mobility would help realize national management of the public pension system.
基金This study is the Grants-in-aid for Scientific Research from Japan’s Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports,Science and Technology.
文摘The purpose of this study is the maintenance of Japan’s economy by labor economics and public finance.I analyze(1)considering differences by gender and employment type by labor economics of applied microeconomics,and also(2)considering income,tax and social insurance obligations,and public pension benefits by public finance.1.In Japan,a regular employee has more men than women,and an irregular employee has more women than men.2.Japan’s current significant economic issues are rapidly decreasing population and other.3.All people from 20 years old pay the public pension insurance every month,and all people about from 70 years old can receive public pension benefit every month.4.The average lifespan is 100 years old,and a woman is higher than a man.Using individual data from the Japan’s Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications'"National Survey of Income and Expenditure",I conducted an analysis on both an annual and lifetime basis of male and female workers from their 20s to 60s who are regular or irregular employees in the labor market.Furthermore,I studied men and women in from their 70s to 100 years old who receive public pension benefits.
