Rights Risks of Using Affective Computing Technology in Public Governance and Their Regulation

As the frontier of intelligent computing technology,affective computing has been used in border inspection,case investigation,crime assessment,public opinion management,traffic management and other scenarios of public governance.However,there are still public risks associated with its failure to meet the basic requirements of modern public governance,and these risks are rooted in its technical characteristics.The technical characteristics of turning emotions into signals can give rise to such problems as degrading the right to informed consent,de-governance,and undermining human dignity when applied in public governance,and consequently can lead to social rights anxiety.Additionally,the affective modeling characteristics of affective computing tend to incur the rights risks of insufficient algorithm accuracy,algorithmic discrimination,and algorithmic black boxes.To avoid these risks,it is necessary to adopt the dynamic consent model as the premise for applying affective computing in public governance,and to regulate the auxiliary application of affective computing in public governance in a hierarchical manner,to achieve a balance between the application of affective computing technology and the protection of citizens'rights and the maintenance of public ethics.

Incentive Mechanism Design for Public Goods Provision:Price Cap Regulation and Optimal Regulation

This paper studies the mechanism design that induces firms to provide public goods under two regulatory means： price cap regulation and optimal regulation, respectively. We first outline two models of monopoly regulation with unobservable marginal costs and effort, which can be regard as an optimal problem with dual restrictions. By solving this problem, we get the two optimal regulatory mechanisms to induce the provision of public goods. Further, by comparative statics, the conclusion is drawn that the welfare loss as sociated with price cap regulation, with respective to optimal regulation, increases more with increase of the expense of public goods.

Legal Regulation of Public-Private Partnership in the Republic of Macedonia

This paper deals with a very important issue,which concerns the possibility of establishing a public-private partnership(PPP),through which link is made between the public and the private sector,for the benefit of both sectors,which is a very important opportunity for the realization of different infrastructure projects,and of course tourism facilities can be created in this form.Particular attention is given to the legal regulation of this issue in the Republic of Macedonia.It is mainly expressed through the provisions of the Law on PPP,which makes a clear distinction between the public and the private partner.Public partner is a legal entity that gives an agreement for the establishment of a public private partnership.Private Partner is a domestic or foreign legal entity or natural person or consortium with whom the public partner concludes an agreement for a PPP.

Realistic Difficulties and Routing Selection of the Reform of Separation of Management and Regulation of Public Institutions

Separation of management and regulation of public institutions is the important part of the reform of public institutions,and it is also an effective method to further inspire public institutions,forming the new pattern of social power participating in the development of public welfare undertakings.However,the reform of separation of management and regulation in China faces many problems and difficulties,for which different regions must promote and deepen the reform in spite of such problems and difficulties on the one hand; on the other hand,they must base the reform on the local situation,choosing different reform routes and modes instead of universal application.

Food safety regulatory systems in Europe and China:A study of how co-regulation can improve regulatory effectiveness

Food safety has received a great deal of attention in both developed and developing countries in recent years. In China, the numerous food scandals and scares that have struck over the past decade have spurred significant food safety regulatory reform, which has been increasingly oriented towards the public-private partnership model adopted by the Europe Union＇s （EU） food safety regulatory system. This paper analyzes the development of both the EU＇s and China＇s food safety regu- latory systems, identifies the current challenges for China and additionally considers the role of public-private partnership. The success of co-regulation in the food regulatory system would bring significant benefits and opportunities for China. Finally, this paper recommends additional measures like training and grants to improve the private＇s sector effectiveness in co-regulating China＇s food safety issues.

China＇s Electricity Industry at the Crossroads： New Challenges for Developing the Right Model of Regulation

China is facing important challenges stemming from increasing rates of urbanization and aging population. To pursue its ＂harmonious society＂ objective without disrupting its path to development major overhauls are necessary in education, health, social security and above all in public services, particularly in electricity. China＇s electricity industry is at the crossroads. To meet the challenges, new models of regulation should be developed and applied. This paper examines the current state of the Chinese electricity industry and the burden it imposes on its public finances. It also reviews and critically examines the existing FIT （Europe） and RPS （USA） models of regulation and of promotion of renewable energies and advances on whether they are advantageous for China. It is argued that the electricity industry has already undergone important reforms but cross subsidies still exist, equivalent to 1.5% of China＇s GDP. Drastic rate rebalancing policies will create sustainability problems and a deterioration of China＇s public finances. To avoid such negative results, China has to further reform its electricity industry gradually and use wisely FIT-type programs to bring renewables into the grid and fulfill the Kyoto Protocol

The Animal Health Law-Regulation EU 2016/429 and the Future of Food Safety and Free Commerce in Europe

The aim of this study was to analyze the contents of Reg.(EU)No.429/2016,and to assess its role in guaranteeing the efficient application of the disease prevention and control rules into member state.Furthermore,the authors evaluated the impact of the abovementioned Regulation on the legislation on public health and food safety already in force in Europe(Regulations EC No.178/2002,No.882/2004,No.853/2004)and considered the global impact of the new rules on the effective functioning of the internal market.The study pays attention also to the TFEU(treaty of lisbon on the functioning of the European union)procedure to delegate to the commission the power to adopt non-legislative acts of general application that supplement or amend certain non-essential elements of a legislative act.

The synergies between international health regulations and One Health in safeguarding global health security

The World Health Organization established International Health Regulations (IHRs) to give nations a legal framework for preventing, identifying, and responding to public health threats of international concern. On the other hand, One Health advocates for integrated approaches to health risks, acknowledging the interdependence of human, animal, and ecosystem health. By integrating these frameworks, stakeholders can leverage their respective strengths to enhance surveillance, early detection, and response mechanisms, as well as promote sustainable development and resilience against emerging health threats. This article explores the shared objectives, interconnectedness of health systems, collaborative mechanisms, and capacity-building initiatives that indicate the synergistic effects of IHRs and One Health in safeguarding global health security.

数字政府建设政企合作法律风险的规制模式

数字政府建设政企合作的目标是公私协力实现公共给付,以数字化赋能中国式现代化。相较于传统公共服务领域,数字政府建设政企合作存在数字技术侵权、政府权力迁移、行政优益权履行不能和责任虚化等法律风险,容易产生合作中断、非正常终止等问题,致使合作结果与目标存在差距。政府规制、自我规制和元规制等现有风险规制模式各有优劣,但在面对数字政府建设的特定适用场景时均呈现出捉襟见肘之势,表现为风险防范不足,对互动关注不够,过于强调过程规制而缺乏结果有效性的考量。结果导向型合作规制模式强调结果与目标的一致性、协商与互动、合作绩效与公共问责,对数字政府建设政企合作法律风险的规制更为妥当,并可分为目标规制、过程规制和结果规制三个层面。结果导向型风险规制模式的法律构造为:建构将公共价值嵌入算法的合作机制,并通过风险评估和公民参与程序规避侵权风险;强化信用监管、优化契约机制分别规避政府权力迁移风险和行政优益权履行不能风险,并通过风险管理程序予以实现;明确政企责任分担,并通过公共问责程序规制责任虚化风险。

公众环境关注度对企业碳绩效水平的影响研究

基于中国A股工业行业上市公司2011~2019年的数据,探讨公众环境关注度与企业碳绩效水平的关系。研究发现:公众环境关注度能够有效提升企业的碳绩效水平,在进行工具变量法等稳健性检验后,该结论依然成立。机制分析表明,公众环境关注度通过两条路径对企业的碳绩效水平产生积极影响,即促进企业绿色技术创新和优化地区能源消费结构。异质性检验表明,公众环境关注度对企业碳绩效水平的提升作用,在地方环境规制更强、低碳试点城市的企业、社会责任表现较差的企业中更加明显,且对不同产权性质的国企和非国企都发挥了显著影响。

区块链电子取证技术的公安应用及法律规制研究

区块链技术作为一种去中心化的分布式账本技术,具有防止证据篡改,实现证据可追溯性的特点,有力契合了公安机关取证工作的需要。本文通过对公安机关应用区块链电子技术的实践价值和理论风险的分析,论证了区块链取证和区块链存证所面临的实践问题。以实际案例探讨区块链电子取证技术的可行路径,构想了公安机关区块链电子取证平台方案,并结合平台建设和运营中的关键技术和难点问题,提出具体的应用场景方案和推广建议。针对上链前、上链中、上链后的取证核心程序,归纳以“技术自证”为核心的电子数据证据鉴真规则,补齐“技治主义”治理规则,制定电子数据的非法证据排除规则,构建去中心化的“司法+联盟链”办案系统。

平等参与和社会融合:无障碍法规宣传现状调查——以《深圳经济特区无障碍城市建设条例》为例

无障碍环境的构建需要每位公民平等参与,无障碍法规的宣传有助于提升公民参与度。作为中国特色社会主义先行示范区,深圳市率先出台并实施了《深圳经济特区无障碍城市建设条例》。本研究从社会融合理论出发,以该条例的宣传为例,综合运用问卷调查和文本分析的研究方法,分析了无障碍法规宣传的现状及问题。研究表明,当前深圳市无障碍法规宣传已经初步形成了多元化的宣传模式,但是参与和融合的理念尚未深入人心,宣传主体的积极性和关联度不强,宣传手段与宣传场景需进一步优化,宣传效果仍有待提升。文章提出无障碍法规宣传应加强平等参与和社会融合的理念普及,激发多主体参与热情,优化宣传环境,创新宣传策略。

非正式环境规制促进农业碳减排了吗——基于社会公众环境关注的视角

在“双碳”目标和农业绿色低碳转型的背景下,非正式环境规制对农业碳排放产生的影响亟待探讨。本文基于社会公众环境关注的视角,系统阐释了非正式环境规制影响农业碳减排的内在机制,并选取2011—2021年中国31个省份的面板数据,运用双向固定效应模型、中介效应模型和调节效应模型实证检验了非正式环境规制对农业碳排放的影响效应及作用机制。研究发现:(1)以社会公众为代表的非正式环境规制显著促进了农业碳减排,这一结论在经过一系列稳健性检验和内生性分析后依然成立;(2)机制分析显示,增强正式环境规制力度、促进农业绿色技术创新、降低农业能源消耗强度是非正式环境规制促进农业碳减排的关键路径;(3)数字基础设施在非正式环境规制影响农业碳排放的过程中产生了正向调节作用,即数字基础设施建设水平越高,非正式环境规制促进农业碳减排的作用越大;(4)对于信息化水平高、受教育程度高、金融排斥程度低以及胡焕庸线东侧的区域,非正式环境规制对农业碳排放的抑制作用更大。为此,进一步提升社会公众的环境关注度,充分发挥非正式环境规制的效能,需要拓宽社会公众环境治理参与渠道,优化协同增效环境,提升数字基础设施建设水平,因地制宜采取适合各地区的最优农业碳减排策略。

我国放生外来入侵物种行为法律规制之现状及完善

我国当前立法已开始重视构建放生外来入侵物种行为的规制制度,与防治外来物种入侵构成“对外+对内”的双重规制保障。然而放生外来入侵物种的法律规制路径在制度设计与解释适用中仍存在禁止放生外来物种范围不明确、惩处机制难以覆盖实际危害后果、公法责任规制选择适用标准模糊、行政主体责任缺失等问题。问题症结源于制度设计的立法分散与标准不一,需要通过加快出台分类分级的外来入侵物种名录、扩充法律规制的修复手段、引入风险评估系数、补充行政机关人员的行政责任等途径加以完善。

《贵州省公共图书馆条例》的几项重要制度设计与实践解读

《贵州省公共图书馆条例》的颁布实施,对促进贵州省公共图书馆事业发展具有重大意义,充分体现了贵州省对现代公共文化事业发展的高度重视。本文主要就几项重要制度设计与实践进行释读。

公共服务信息化与区域绿色创新——基于正式和非正式环境监管的调节作用分析

公共服务信息化是数字化技术与公共服务的有机结合,其能否促进城市绿色技术创新有待检验。文章使用2007—2019年城市面板数据,基于信息惠民国家试点政策构建双重差分模型探究公共服务信息化对区域绿色创新的影响效应和作用机制。实证结果表明:公共服务信息化对区域绿色创新有显著的促进作用,且通过了稳健性检验。在中西部、人口规模大和行政等级低的城市,公共服务信息化对区域绿色创新的影响更加显著。正式和非正式型环境监管均在公共服务信息化对区域绿色创新的影响中起到正向调节的作用。公共服务信息化通过人才集聚和经济集聚对区域绿色创新起到显著的促进作用。因此,建议全方位推进数字化治理,加强治理数字化的力度;重点支持中西部规模大城市,加快中西部地区数字化治理转型;支持、引导人才集聚和经济集聚,形成创新生态系统;建立健全环境监管体系,加强环境监管力度。

论环境领域刑事诉权与民事公益诉权的协调

严重的环境损害行为是刑事诉权和民事公益诉权共同的适用对象,但我国立法并未明确规定两诉权同时行使时的关系如何处理,实践中呈现出环境民事公益诉讼附从于刑事诉讼,后者却疏离前者的现象。这是由于环境民事公益诉讼在客体范围、主体资格、诉求实现方面,与刑事诉权具有高度的亲缘性,但在办案时限、诉权成本、财产刑执行方面又与刑事诉权不相协调。因此,应当在立足两诉权适用对象具有同一性的基础上,以优先修复受损的生态环境为导向,在刑事办案过程中实行公益损害审查的法定化模式,从批捕或介入侦查环节开始即可启动民事公益诉权,遵循“附带为原则,不附带为例外”的要求,与法院的审判权良性互动,实现两诉权的有效协调。

论代孕及其行为的公法规制

规范代孕行为应厘清“代孕”内涵并对其所关涉的价值取向作权衡,在遵循公序良俗与顺应时代需求上予以综合考量和评价,明确向符合特定条件的夫妻双方有限开放代孕,并将其纳入公法规制,以公权力保障代孕行为的有序开展,方能最终实现公民权利和社会秩序的统一,实现对生育权更全面的保障。

环境健康权作为法律权利的证成

环境健康权是以环境健康利益为核心的一项新兴权利,具有公法与私法属性,环境健康权与环境权以及健康权有着密切的关联。环境健康权优先性是证成环境健康权的逻辑前提,环境健康利益能够满足人格尊严需求,具有伦理道德基础,并形成社会普遍的共识。环境健康权权利推定的合法性证成和权利创设的实践性证成将应然性的环境健康权利转化为实然性权利,可通过修订环境法律将环境健康权利内容予以明确规定。完善私法救济机制,法院在环境民事诉讼中应确立环境健康利益的优先地位,降低环境健康受害人的举证难度,发挥惩罚性赔偿责任的损害填补功效。健全以环境行政部门管控环境健康风险为核心的公法制度,实施环境法律制度须以保障公众健康为导向。

舆论下的规制:清末民初法学教育的“跃进”式发展(1905—1927)

在近代“西学东渐”的历史潮流下,清末民初,社会舆论推动了西式法学教育的出现与发展,但受传统谋官心态以及逐利目的的影响,法学教育呈现“跃进”式的发展状况,致使民国初期各类法律学校数量一度激增至67所。面对此种乱象,社会舆论再度发挥监督作用,以谴责批评的方式助推政府通过教育管控、学校裁撤以及自我整改来规制此种乱象,并取得了明显效果。回顾清末民初法学教育“跃进”式发展的历史脉络,在看到其发展乱象的同时,也要认识到其在传播法律知识、培养法治理念和培育政法人才方面对近代中国的贡献。