Discussions on the Eliminating and Controlling of the Public Risks in Cyberspace

Dual public risks existing in the interconversion between the virtual space and the real space create a new perspective to understand the orders in cyberspace. As an important means to predict and avoid public risks, orders in cyberspace have three uncertainties： lack of information, information surplus, and information distortion, which may lead to the failure of the prediction. Orders in present-day cyberspace, such as technology controlling, legal controlling, and made orders further increase the public risks. Against such backdrop, according to the logic of the mutual conversion between real and virtual society, the reconstruction of the orders in cyberspace should be conducted through three paths： from virtual to real space, from real to virtual space, and from virtual to virtual space, so the public risks could be reduced and avoided to the maximum extent.

Linking Perceived Risk of Public Health Emergency to Psychological Distress among Chinese College Students: The Chain Mediation Role of Balanced Time Perspective and Negative Coping Styles

Background:With public health emergencies(PHE)worldwide increasing,the perceived risk of PHE has been one of the critical factors influencing college students’psychological distress.However,the mechanisms by which the perceived risk of PHE affects college students’psychological distress are not clear.The study’s purpose was to investigate the mediation roles of deviation from a balanced time perspective(DBTP)and negative coping styles between the perceived risk of PHE and psychological distress.Methods:A convenience sampling method was used to survey 1054 Chinese college students with self-reporting.Data was collected using the Public Risk Perception Scale(PRPS),the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory(ZTPI),the Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire(SCSQ),the PHE Anxiety Scale,and the Chinese version of the Patient Health Questionnaire(PHQ).The associations between the perceived risk of PHE,DBTP,negative coping styles,and psychological distress were clarified using the correlation analysis.Additionally,the mediating roles of DBTP and negative coping styles between the perceived risk of PHE and psychological distress were investigated using a structural equation model.Results:The findings revealed low to moderate correlations between the variables studied.Students’perceived risk of PHE was a positive predictor of their psychological distress(b=0.219,p<0.01).DBTP and negative coping styles played chain mediation roles between them with the effect being 0.009 and a 95%Boot CI of[0.003,0.023].This chain mediation model had an excellent fit index(χ^(2)/df=4.732,CFI=0.973,TLI=0.930,RMSEA=0.048,SRMR=0.047).Conclusion:These findings showed how the perceived risk of PHE affected college students’psychological distress.Specifically,these results suggested that improving students’mental ability to switch effectively among different time perspectives depending on task features and situational considerations and reducing their negative coping styles might be effective ways to promote their mental health.

基于LDSCR-at-Risk的PPP项目可融资性评价

通过分析传统的偿债备付率适用性及政府和社会资本合作(PPP)项目的特点,认为传统的偿债备付率不适合于PPP项目可融资性评价。因此,为了评价中长期债务的可融资性,提出了“平准化偿债备付率”(LDSCR),即在借款偿还期内,各年可用于还本付息的资金折现到起始点的现值与贷款金额的比值;进一步提出“风险下的平准化偿债备付率”(LDSCR-at-Risk),即在给定的置信度下的平准化偿债备付率。运用蒙特卡洛仿真进行验证,结果表明:LDSCR-at-Risk可用于PPP项目的可融资性评价,且在可以评价具有风险的PPP项目可融资性的同时,还避免了如何确定项目的最低偿债备付率的问题,从而促进PPP项目融资的发展。

Comprehensive Analysis of Cancer Incidence and Mortality Trends in Costa Rica: Implications for Public Health

This commentary delves into the evolving landscape of cancer incidence and mortality in Costa Rica, presenting a comprehensive analysis of the data. Key findings reveal a concerning upward trajectory in cancer incidence rates, placing Costa Rica at the forefront within Central America. While prostate cancer and breast cancer dominate, disparities emerge when scrutinizing gender-specific trends. Notably, stomach and cervical cancers show declines, potentially attributed to targeted interventions. However, colorectal and liver cancers witness mortality increases, necessitating strategic responses. Geographical disparities persist across provinces, highlighting the need for equitable healthcare access. In conclusion, this commentary underscores the urgency of addressing the burgeoning cancer burden in Costa Rica, calling for evidence-based interventions and collaborative efforts on a global scale.

An assessment of public services based on public risks and fiscal risks——Public finance as the foundation and pillar of state governance

Public finance is the foundation and pillar of state governance,and the core of state governance is public risk management.On one hand,public finance provides public services using public revenue and manages public risk directly.On the other hand,public fiscal risk can serve as a policy instrument for public risk management.Public risk,public services,public revenue,and fiscal risk mutually reinforce and set each other off.Therefore,striking a balance between fiscal risk and public risk is of great importance.To minimize public risk under the constraint of fiscal risk is the fundamental basis of the assessment of public services.Even though the constraint of fiscal risk may vary with the requirement of minimizing public risk,there is a limit.Thus,improving the efficiency of the provision of public services,or in other words,raising the effectiveness of public risk management,may relieve the pressure of fiscal risk and obtain a more appropriate balance between public risk and fiscal risk.

Construction of Public Security Risk Governance System under the View of Risk Society Theory

With the development of economy,China has to fight against the increasing public security risk. The theory of risk society points out that the traditional system of hierarchical management should be transformed into the governance system led by government and participated in by multiple parties to avoid and reduce risk in modern society. In order to achieve modernization of the national governance system and capacity,we have to deal with these two important subjects,that is,what can we learn from the Western risk society theory and how to establish a scientific and efficient public security risk management system based on the characteristics of modern public security risk.

Influence Factors Concept Model for Public Participation in Nanotechnology Risk Communication

Based on risk social cognition theory and planned behavior theory, the influence factors of the public participation in the nanotechnology risk communication are analyzed,and the concept model is presented to analyze their relationships and functional mechanism. In the model,the risk communication behaviors are divided into two variables of the public opinion expression and information acquisition,and the subjective norm divided into the internal and external social networks. Then the questionnaire is designed so as to verify the proposed model and analyze their relationships. The survey data are analyzed using SMART PLS software. The validity analysis shows that the questionnaire has a high convergence and discriminant validity. In addition, the Cronbach'a coefficient of each item is more than 0. 70,which shows the questionnaire has a high credibility. Based on the statistical data analysis, relationships of the influence factors are obtained.Further,the influence path model of the public attitude,intention,self regulation and behavior control in the risk communication is established. According to the Bootstrap algorithm in SMART,the path coefficient and its explanation variance of each influence factor are obtained. The calculation results show that the explanation variance values are all bigger than 10% and the path is reliable.Based on the path model, the influence path and function relationships of the participation attitude, subjective norm and behavior control on the participation intention and behavior are obtained. This will provide theoretical and data supports for the risk management and strategy making of the public participation in nanotechnology risk communication.

Typology and Risk Factors of Public Road Accidents in Kinshasa with Its Two Peripheral Areas (Mongata and Kasangulu) from March to May 2017

Introduction: Road traffic put people at risks and needs health education to avoid accidents and deaths. This article aimed to build up a typology of public road accidents (public road accidents) and risk factors associated with in the provincial city of Kinshasa and its peripheral cities (Kasangulu and Mongata), to identify the profiles of the vehicles and people involved in these public road accidents. Method: We conducted a prospective eco-analytical study on a stratified random sample whose size was determined by the Fischer formula. Results: Overall, from March to May 2017, we witnessed an incidence of public road accidents cases ranging from 139 public road accidents cases in the city province of Kinshasa and its two peripheral areas: road axes of high concentration: Rte Blvd Lumumba-Airport;Rte Poids Lourd-Pont Matete, the axes of medium concentration: Rte N21-IMBU, Rte Blvd 30 juin-socimat;Rte Matadi-Kasangulu toll;Rte Université-Intendance, Rte By Pass-triangle Maman Mobutu-Kintambo (Rte-Matadi)-Toll/lère virage-Triangle Maman Mobutu and those of low concentration were: Rte du tourisme/Mimoza-Mbudi;Rte Matadi-Terrain Siwabanza. Conclusion: In these areas, public road accidents are a real public health problem that deserves sustained attention from all and especially from decision makers. Interventions must concern the HVE accident complex.

Change in Public Administration from the Perspective of Risk Society

In the context of risk society, public administration is facing more complex circumstances, which will inevitably call for an overall restructuring. In the dimension of circumstances, extreme disasters, transboundary crisis and emerging risks create the complex context of public administration. In the dimension of structure, the original structure of public administration still exists but its mode of operation is subject to change. In the meantime, the adaptation to complex scenarios of potential risk society will bring innovations to the structure of public administration so that the structure can develop from a hierarchical mode to a network mode on the whole. In the dimension of process, driven by shifts between order and chaos within the social system, public administration will also undergo frequent shifts between routine administration and emergency management. The core of public administration in the context of risk society is its emergency management, which needs to strike a balance between security and development at the value goal level. As to institutional design, emergency management should be characteristic of an all-hazards approach, multi-organization participation, whole-process management and overall adaptive management. Both the theory and the practice of public administration in China need to be reviewed to address challenges of risk society and explore a new approach that is suitable for China's political situation and can be included into our global risk society governance.

公立医院廉政风险点分析及防范对策研究

廉政风险管理是新时代公立医院党的建设重要工作之一。本文通过对中国裁判文书网中发布的2020年和2021年公立医院腐败案件判决进行统计和分析,归纳总结公立医院易发高发的廉政风险点,根据新时代公立医院高质量发展的要求,提出了风险防范策略,以期为公立医院未来廉政风险管理提供新的思路和对策。

公立医院廉洁风险防控量化评价研究

目的探讨公立医院廉洁风险防控量化评价,为提升公立医院廉洁风险防控工作质效提供参考。方法自行设计《公立医院权力事项廉洁风险防控检查标准》,从权力运行流程梳理清晰程度、廉洁风险点查找准确程度、防控措施有力程度三个方面对四川大学华西医院各部门/临床医技科室提供的权力事项廉洁风险防控进行评分和评级。结果共检查了236个权力事项的廉洁风险防控情况,根据检查标准,57项评为一档,103项评为二档,76项评为三档,占比分别为24.15%、43.64%和32.20%。经检查,全院236个权力事项的廉洁风险防控检查得分为(5.82±1.92)分,其中,流程维度得分为(2.11±0.75)分,风险点查找维度得分为(1.89±0.75)分,防控维度得分为(1.89±0.79)分,体现出部分单位的工作流程不够清晰、个别风险点查找不准确、防控措施不具体等问题。结论医院要结合自身工作环节的问题,从思想、行为、成效和考核评价几方面入手,着力思考廉洁风险防控长期建设中的具体化、精准化、显著化和可量化。

论湿地保护领域中的预防性环境行政公益诉讼

传统的湿地保护模式具有“行政执法人员的机会主义”“多元规制机构的协调难题”“持续性的运行成本支出”等相对劣势。为实现对于湿地生态的全过程保护,督促湿地行政主管部门积极履职,有必要将预防性环境行政公益诉讼纳入湿地保护体系。应通过立法或司法解释,明确预防性环境行政公益诉讼的提起范围、提出时机和诉讼程序。

论风险预防原则在环境司法适用中的谦抑性

风险预防原则在当下环境法中的司法适用,游走在能动与谦抑之间,且呈现出过度能动倾向。“谦抑性”是对风险预防原则适用“分寸”之理论回应,其法理基础可从风险预防原则的规范基础、固有局限以及司法属性等层面予以诠释。风险预防原则在环境法中适用的谦抑性可被解构为“补充性”“有限性”“温和性”和“内敛性”四要素,由此推理出风险预防原则在环境司法中谦抑性适用的制度框架:在实体上,应促成风险预防原则在环境法典上的体现,只有在对照生态环境风险标准的前提下存在科学不确定性时,方能动用风险预防原则,其适用遵循整体温和的类型化理路。在程序上,诉讼推进阶段下的司法适用应严守职权探知界限,配置阶段化举证责任和类型化的诉前程序;案件裁判阶段下的司法适用不得超出认定事实范围,同时应对援引的风险预防原则附加适用理由。

城市重大公共卫生风险全过程防控体系构建

在复杂多样的城市风险中,重大公共卫生风险是影响力与破坏力较为严重的一种,探索建立符合中国城市发展进程的城市重大公共卫生风险全过程防控体系迫在眉睫。遵循风险发生过程,以“全周期管理”理念为指引,结合4R危机管理理论、风险管理理论和整体性治理理论,构建重大公共卫生风险全过程动态防控理论框架,同时立足于“以体系为核心”和“以风险为主线”的研究视角,深入分析“全过程动态”的核心意识,将风险防控过程划分为“全面风险评估预警—精准动态响应控制”,进而探讨构建包含风险识别、风险评估、风险评价和决策支持的风险评估体系,以及包含应急响应和常态化控制的风险控制机制的实践路径,提升中国重大公共卫生风险治理水平。

信息生态视域下大型体育赛事舆情风险评估体系、结构框架及管控措施

大型体育赛事舆情作为网络社会中愈发受到受众关注和参与的常态化存在,舆情类型多样、舆情演化和衍生风险动态多变。对舆情风险进行科学评估和结构分析,并提出管控措施,有助于形成良好的大型体育赛事信息生态。本文基于信息生态理论,构建大型体育赛事舆情风险评估指标体系,共包含4个一级指标、12个二级指标以及37个三级指标;采用德尔菲法和层次分析法对指标体系进行检验和权重测算;构建大型体育赛事舆情风险结构框架,包括舆情主体的群体极化风险、舆情本体的演进扩散风险、舆情客体的危机传导风险以及舆情环境的信息失序风险。基于此,提出明确舆情主体需求、重视舆情本体表现、洞察舆情客体属性、优化赛事舆情环境等风险管控措施,为大型体育赛事舆情风险的科学评估、结构分析及有效管控提供参考。

基于多源地理数据的城市突发公共卫生事件风险评估研究

风险评估是突发公共卫生事件应急管理的关键环节,基于地理数据开展风险评估可有效提高精度.通过采集多源地理数据,结合随机森林算法和地理探测器、核密度分析、空间自相关等空间统计分析提出城市突发公共卫生事件风险评估方法,并通过实证分析验证模型可行性.结果表明:采用随机森林算法构建的风险评估模型表现良好;餐饮美食、公司企业和交通设施等场所是影响疫情的主要因素,疫情流行具有因子交互性,其中餐饮美食与其他因子的交互作用最强;空间传播上位于城市中心区域的社区风险等级较高并呈现向外围逐渐减弱的趋势,同时有明显的高值或低值聚集.

中国突发公共卫生事件风险沟通知识生产研究

为深入探究我国突发公共卫生事件风险沟通领域的知识生产状况与发展逻辑,运用文献计量法与内容分析法,系统梳理中国知网234篇核心文献。首先,通过量化统计总结知识生产态势;其次,利用Citespace软件构建知识生产主体与载体以及核心议题可视化知识图谱,分析知识生产现状;最后,通过分析文献内容,梳理知识生产的内容逻辑与过程逻辑。结果表明:当前,我国突发公共卫生事件风险沟通知识生产受“推力”与“拉力”共同驱动;存在明显学科交叉趋势;知识生产内容体系初具雏形;知识生产方法具有多样化特征。

2021年西宁市宾馆、理发店空气中化学污染物状况及健康风险评估

目的了解西宁市宾馆、理发店空气中苯、甲苯、二甲苯、氨及甲醛等化学污染物的污染状况及健康风险特征,识别可能存在有害物质,为西宁市公共场所卫生状况的改善与管理提供依据。方法2021年对西宁市18家宾馆、9家理发店空气中苯、甲苯、二甲苯、氨及甲醛进行监测,采用健康风险评价方法评价宾馆、理发店空气中化学污染物对从业人员的非致癌和致癌风险。结果2021年西宁市宾馆、理发店空气中苯、甲苯、二甲苯、氨均未超标,慢性非致癌效应的危害系数(hazard quo-tient,HQ)均低于1。甲醛致癌风险值高于1×10^(-4),苯的致癌风险值略高于1×10^(-6)。结论西宁市宾馆、理发店空气中氨、苯、甲苯和二甲苯暴露量未超过不良反应阈值,非致癌风险较低;甲醛、苯对人群具有潜在的致癌风险。

旅游者风险感知对目的地信任影响研究——政府信任的中介作用

旅游者风险感知与信任密切相关,各种风险所带来的不确定性会改变社会互动并造成信任危机,而旅游者目的地信任是影响旅游者满意度与忠诚度的重要因素。以安东尼·吉登斯关于风险感知和信任的论述为理论依据建立分析框架,通过网络问卷对326名风险经历者进行调查,并以政府信任为中介变量,以风险沟通、应急处置为调节变量,重点探讨了公共卫生事件情境下旅游者风险感知对其目的地信任的作用机制与效应。结果显示:风险感知对旅游者政府信任具有显著负向影响,而风险感知对旅游者目的地信任无显著影响;政府信任对旅游者目的地信任具有显著正向影响;风险沟通在风险感知与政府信任中不存在调节作用,应急处置在风险感知与政府信任中存在调节作用。

边疆民族地区输入型公共卫生安全风险的制度协同治理机制研究

公共卫生安全风险是非传统安全风险的组成部分,一定情况下会威胁到国家总体安全。我国边疆民族地区多处于边境地带,既是境外公共卫生安全风险向国内输入的脆弱性空间,又是防范化解境外公共卫生安全风险的安全屏障。那么,如何有效治理边疆民族地区输入型公共卫生安全风险是当前亟须解决的重要问题。从输入型公共卫生安全风险的生成缘由、影响因素、发展态势等方面分析,边疆民族地区输入型公共卫生安全风险治理需遵循出入境制度、婚育制度、就业制度、反走私制度、公共卫生安全制度与社会公共安全制度。基于协同治理理论,在审视各项制度的基础上,通过制度建设协同、制度运行协同、制度保障协同构建边疆民族地区输入型公共卫生安全风险的制度协同治理机制,为边疆民族地区输入型公共卫生安全风险治理提供可行方案。