Social organization of Shortridge’s capped langur（Trachypithecus shortridgei） at the Dulongjiang Valley in Yunnan,China

Non-human primates often live in socially stable groups characterized by bonded relationships among individuals. Social organization can be used to evaluate living conditions and expansion potential. Bisexual group size, ratio of males to females and group composition are essential elements determining the type of social organization. Although the first report on Shortridge’s capped langurs（Trachypithecus shortridgei） was in the 1970 s, until now, the species only inhabits forests of the Dulongjiang valley in northwest Yunnan, China, with c. 250-370 individuals in 19 populations. To understand its social organization, we collected data from five groups of Shortridge’s langurs at Silaluo in the Dulongjiang valley during August 2012-October 2013. Family groups consist of one adult male, 2–3 adult females and up to five young. Group size averaged 8（7-9） individuals. The ratio of adult males to females（M/F） was 1：2.9, infants to adult females was（I/F） 1：2.2; and ratio of adults to immatures was 1：1.2, indicating the potential of a population increasing. Birth season was during March-July and the inter-birth interval was two years.

Social organization of a flock of Helmeted Guineafowl(Numida meleagris)at the Krugersdorp Game Reserve,South Africa

The social organization of marked Helmeted Guineafowl(Numida meleagris) was studied in the Krugersdorp Game Reserve(Gauteng Province,South Africa) during March 1982 to February 1984.Flock members(7-10 guineafowl) did not associate randomly.Helmeted Guineafowl must live in a sociable flock to survive in the wild.The highest ranking male(male A) formed the pivot of the daily activities of the flock,such as determining foraging direction.High ranking males(males A and B) associated closely to repulse conspecific intruders.Breeding females associated more often with the high ranking males during the breeding season.Although a pecking order was established among males,the frequency of agonistic actions within the flock was very low,which suggests that agonistic interactions are limited to maintain cohesion.Adult females remained between the dominant male and the juveniles to minimize victimization.The second highest ranking male(B) took center stage while the dominant male and his female left temporarily to breed and then the rest of the flock clustered around him to maintain the cohesive nature of the flock.Most adults assisted with the brooding of the chicks of the highest ranking male.Flocking is,among other functions,a predator surveillance strategy that enables the Helmeted Guineafowl to forage under conditions with very limited ground cover and to maximize food finding during winter.

Social Marketing:An Advocacy Empirical Analysis of Service Objects of Public Welfare Organizations

The ultimate goal of social marketing is to change the behavior,attitude,concept,and so on of target audiences.For the public welfare organization,the basis of its service project design is the organization's mission and location.The key to achieve the organizational mission is to be able to lock the service objects and respond to the needs of service objects effectively.This research is based on the theoretical framework of social marketing and based on the questionnaire survey and analysis of the advocacy effectiveness and problems of service objects of the 327 public service organizations in China.Using the Delphi method and the entropy method,the 6P model of social marketing for service objects advocacy in the field of domestic public welfare practice is concise,and a new operational mechanism for service objects advocacy of public welfare organizations is proposed to implement the mission and value of public welfare organizations and contribute to the change of service objects.

The factors that affect the participation of social organizations in pension service are analyzed

At present, the aging situation of China＇s population is becoming more and more serious. By the end of 2016, there were 231 million people over the age of 60 in China, accounting for 16.7% of the total population. About 150 million people aged 65 and over make up 10.8 percent of the total population. China is expected to enter the peak period of population aging by 2035. Therefore, the government as a single pension service main body management pattern already can not adapt to our country entered the aging society, mobilize and fostering social organizations to participate in the pension services is to build perfect endowment service system, satisfy people pension service demand model of a kind of indispensable. In view of the development of social organizations has just started in our country, there exist many problems and difficulties, so this article USES the ISM method, for social organizations to participate in research and analyze influence factors of pension services, and then find out the social organization in the process of participation in pension service problems, put forward effective solutions.

The Existence of Social Movement Organization (SMO) & Comparison of Collective and Connective Action in the Digital Era - an Analysis of 15-M Movement in Spain

Social movement organizations(SMOs)have been performing a significant role in terms of gathering like-minded civil individuals with common interests during social movements.Stepping into the digital era,the social media becomes prevailing in transforming people’s lifestyles.This essay will discuss the 15-M Movement in Spain to explore the transition of SMO’s position from conventional social movements to those in the digital era in the light of collective action logic and connective action logic.With the phenomenon that SMO itself sometimes is the original source of problems to trigger social movements,it is reasonable to see the decreasingly important SMO with the successful example of the 15-M Movement to engage over 60 cities in Spain and avoid the“free ride”problem via completely excluding brick and mortar organizations.

Pivotal Social Organization:Institutional Logic and Practical Approach

The social organization is the periodic product of the change of social management mode before and after the reform and opening-up. Under the background of governance theory,the status of social organizations must be further enhanced. To realize the modernization of the national governance system, it is necessary to further develop and improve social organizations to meet the needs of The Times when traditional social management changes to modern social governance. The generation of pivotal social organizations should aim at improving the governance of social organizations. The key lies in the implementation of the concept of"separation of politics and society". The construction of pivotal social organization should become the representative of social interests in function,break away from the color of"official office"in main body, and strengthen the cultivation, service and supervision of social organization in behavior.

Social and Economic Considerations for Creating Sustainable Climate Change Haven Communities

As Climate Change Haven Communities are constructed across the Northern Hemisphere, it will be necessary to attract two types of migrants to populate them. The first group consists of professionals and companies in eco-sustainable businesses, such as law firms, insurance companies, investment firms, banking, technological innovation, mass media, medical research and pharmaceutical research. The second group will consist of persons engaged in organic/eco-sustainable agriculture whose crops and animal husbandry practices can be transferred successfully to Climate Change Haven regions. The present research focuses on the social and economic variables that must be taken into account to insure that each new Climate Change Haven Community becomes successfully integrated with the local population and forms a cohesive, harmonious social structure. Examples are given from the United States, France, Spain, Portugal and Italy.

Effect of Social Capital on Performance of Smallholder Farmer Organizations in Western Kenya

Development literature has recently promoted the use of producer organizations in linking farmers to better-paying commodity markets. However, empirical studies find mixed performance of such organizations. This study examines the producer organizations＇ internal factors that may explain the differences in the performance of producer organizations. The study specifically analyzes the role of social capital, within a producer organization, on the performance of such organization using quantitative techniques. The level of commercialization is used as proxy of organization＇s performance. The study finds that social capital positively affects the performance of producer organizations. These findings imply that development strategies that target the promotion commercialization of smallholder agriculture through producer organizations should pay attention to the internal factors within such organizations.

The Issue of Women＇s Social Organization to Participate in the Community Endowment Services

With the transformation of society and the deepening of reform, the government＇s emphasis on public service level gradually increased, arises at the historic moment of women in social organization to participate in social management and service ofgrassroots women play an important role on the stage. Women social organizations in jiangsu province to grow faster, quantity stability has increased year by year, widely participate in social services, in the ease of social contradictions, providing public services, safeguard women＇s rights has played a unique role. But at the same time also face the system is not sound, management is not standard, and all kinds of resources are scarce, etc. Women social organizations must through the standardization of the management and operation, actively integrating the resource of inside and outside the organization improve the survival and development environment, so as to promote their own development and perfection, a greater extent play a positive role in social and public services.

Five Points on the Participation of Social Organizations in the activities of the United Nations

On June 30,2019,on behalf of the Beijing Zhicheng Migrant Workers Legal Aid and Research Center(hereinafter referred to as the Center),I went to Geneva to attend the 41st Session of the UN Human Rights Council.This is my third time to participate in the activities of the UN Human Rights System.

Chinese Social Organizations Hold Side Meetings on Human Rights in Geneva

On November 5,2018,the 31st session of the twoweek UN Human Rights Council Country Human Rights Review Working Group opened in Geneva,Switzerland.In order to demonstrate China's tremendous progress and achievements in the field of human rights,social organizations from China jointly held two side meetings entitled "Human Rights in China:Development and Progress since Reform and Opening-up from NGOs' Perspective" and "China's Ethnic Minority Development and Human Rights Progress" at the Palais des Nations in Geneva,Switzerland.

Chinese Social Organizations Participate in the UN Katowice Climate Change Conference

From December 2nd to 14th,2018,the 24th Session of the UN Climate Change Conference was held in Katowice,known as"the capital of coal",Poland.The conference included the 24th Meeting of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP24),the 14th Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP14) and PartⅢof the First Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to Paris Agreement (CMA1-3),etc.Representatives from more than 190 countries commenced negotiations on the implementing regulations of Paris Agreement.

Zakat, Local Social Organization, and Social Capital in Rural Economic Development

Zakat as a source of development funding encourages well functioning of local organizations and social capital formation. Zakat management conducted by an organization with a set of norms promotes the development of local community organizations＇ function for the rural economic development activities. A case study was conducted in the Village of Patila, South Sulawesi Province. The community in this village successfully managed the selfsupporting development of social and agriculture infrastructures. Data collected were the activities of local organization of the board members of the mosque and educational development foundations, farmer group, and collective stall group. The results showed that a community truth on the mosque and educational development foundations was formed by the social infrastructure development of mosque and schools through the effectiveness of the zakat payment by rules （norms）. Both development foundations could function well through the network with villagers who migrate to other island as a potential zakat payer. Strengthening the social development organization supported the development of collective stall and pump farming system. The process of social and economic development in the Village of Patila as well as social capital formation encouraged people to carry out selfsupport development activities.

The Research of Social Organizations Participating in the Urban Community Aged Care＇ s Problems--Base on the City of Shanghai in China

With the deepening of China＇s aging population, the conmmnity aged care gradually become endowment new options. Social organization for its own characteristics, play an important role in participating in community aged care. But the extent to which the current social organizations to participate in the community aged care is still very low, the reason is mainly affected by the community aged care access mechanism. Article in the Shanghai community, for example, starhng fiom the present situation of the current social organizations to participate in the community aged care, analysis of the problems arising fi-om the social organizations in the community aged care, probe into its reasons in access mechanism, put forward the corresponding countermeasures and Suggestions, encourage social organizations play an effective role in the community aged care.

A Discussion on setting up the socialized Medical Equipment Maintenance Organization

This paper analyzes the main current characteristics of three operational modes of medical equipment maintenance (depending on the hospital maintenance capability, the manufacturers who produce and sell the plants, and the part-time organizations), and points out their common problems which are that all the three modes are not comprehensive, specialized, and socialized maintenance service organizations that are suitable to hospitals.

Reflections on the Participation of Social Organizations in the Prevention of COVID-19

Objective To study the problems of Chinese social organizations in participating in the prevention and control of the COVID-19 pandemic so that we can standardize the participation mechanism,improve the collaborative management mechanism,and promote the development of social organizations.Methods Through the analysis of CNKI,news reports,industry conferences and other data,combined with the current situation,the participation of social organizations in public health emergencies were investigated.Results and Conclusion The coordination between government and social organizations is not good.Social organizations in the field of public health are unable to stand out in a timely manner.The public do not have self-management ability.Some of the media spread rumors.Besides,most social organizations are highly dependent on the government and they are ack supervision.Social organizations should be incorporated into the emergency management system and national hub-based social organizations must be established.In addition,supervision should be strengthened to increase the credibility of social organizations.The responsibilities of community and emergency management at the grassroots level should be enhanced.The public opinion response and disposal system should be improved.Lastly,the responsibility of social organizations in the field of public health must be fulfilled.

The Participation of Social Organizations and the Reform of the People's Assessor System

In the process of transition from the rural China to modern society,the people's assessor system mainly reflects the citizens' individual participation.However,organized judicial participation has not been paid enough attention in either institutional design or in the actual operation.Judicial participation of social organizations has important significance not only in highlighting the value of people's assessor system,but also in getting out of the "presenting without substantive hearing"predicament in practice.Therefore,the people's court shall guide the orderly participation of social organizations in justice,and make social organizations play a more important role in people's assessor system.

The Contribution, Experience and Risk Control of Social Organizations’ Participation in Global Human Rights Governance

As the"third sector",social organizations are increasingly involved in human rights affairs in the era of governance through cooperation.They play an important role in the construction of a human rights community with the core of"common human values",and together with the government and other relevant subjects,they become the guarantors of human rights.By sorting out the main contributions of social organizations and successful experiences participating in human rights governance,it can be seen that they timely support relevant policies and laws and the participation through certain modes are successful experiences of social organizations in participating in human rights governance.Under the guarantee of the mechanism of effectiveness and risk control along the whole chain before,during and after the process,these contributions and experience will provide better Chinese experience and Chinese programs to promote global human rights governance and the progress of human rights cause in the world.

Development of methods of male contraception: impact of the World Health Organization Task Force

Objective: To give an historical record of the research of the World Health Organization (WHO) Task Force to develop methods of male contraception; to examine the social, political, medical, pharmaceutical, funding, and other factors that influenced progress; and to suggest reasons why such methods are only now becoming available. Design: Review of basic and clinical research over 30 years. Setting: Task force of a multinational agency and collaborating agencies. Conclusion(s): Through the involvement of many international scientists, the WHO Task Force has uniquely contributed to the exploratory phases of the research in male contraception and by its multicenter contraceptive efficacy studies has accelerated progress towards the ideal hormonal method. Despite an adverse climate involving social and political attitudes, funding constraints, and pharmaceutical industry hesitations, WHO formed coalitions with governments and international agencies to sustain research with results that apply to men in culturally diverse populations and thereby to influence activities across the whole range of global reproductive health and family planning.

Endogenous Innovation,the Organization of Work and Institutional Context

Drawing on the results of the third Community Innovation Survey and the third European Working Conditions Survey, this paper develops aggregate indicators at the national level of innovation modes and forms of work organization for the 15 member nations of the European Union in 2000. The analysis based on these indicators demonstrates that there is a close connection between how people work and learn in a country and the way firms＇ innovate. Specifically, it shows that in nations where work is organized to support high levels of discretion in solving complex problems firms tend to be more active in terms of endogenous innovation, i.e. innovation developed, at least to some degree, in house. In countries where learning and problem-solving on the job are more constrained, and little discretion is left to the employee, firms tend to engage in a supplier-dominated innovation strategy. The technological renewal of these firms reflects, almost exclusively, absorption of innovations developed elsewhere.