Mutual Efforts Restoring Growth in Education for Public-Private Sectors Partnership:Basis for a Proposed Action Plan

This study aimed to describe the responses of the participants to the Public-Private Sectors Partnerships(PPSP)in Education in DepEd Ibaan District,Province of Batangas,Philippines in order to achieve the schools’goals and sustain Public-Private Sectors Partnership engagement with schools in the district.This study employed the descriptive-qualitative research in which responses of 16 school heads of DepEd Ibaan District who were the respondents were coded,analyzed,and interpreted.School administrators,community stakeholders,future administrators and researchers may use the proposed plan of action as a guide in providing future directions for a Public-Private Sectors Partnerships(PPSP)in Education.

Public-Private Partnership Arrangement in <i>In-Situ</i>Housing for Slum Rehabilitation in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

The provision of decent accommodation is a major challenge to government in the developing nations. It is a common phenomenon in the urban centres of the developing nations where most houses are in deplorable conditions. The houses are overcrowded with little or no air space between them. There is no basic sanitation in the urban centres as they lack flush toilet, some of the few available flush toilets are piped into seasonal streams, most houses lack defined kitchen areas and healthy sewage disposal method. The cities lack good access roads and functional drainage system with a common practice of environmentally-unfriendly solid waste management methods that create various health challenges to urban dwellers. The aim of the study is to show how in-situ Housing method of slum rehabilitation can be applied through Public/Private Partnership to upgrade houses within a major slum area in Yenagoa. This shall be done with an agreement between the property owners, Real Estate investors and the state government. Basic Research Methodology was applied using questionnaire, direct observation and personal interview techniques to collect data. Both qualitative and quantitative techniques were applied to analyse data through the use of tables and charts. The findings in the study showed that poor housing condition seriously degrade the environmental quality of the study area. The standard of living in the area is very poor as the people lack access to decent accommodation, basic sanitation and social amenities.

Enhancing Access to Bank Credit for Small-Scale Farmers in Kisumu and Kiambu Districts, Kenya Through Public-Private Partnership Initiative

In Kenya, small-scale fanning has immense potential in poverty reduction. The growth of farming activities requires sustainable access to affordable credit to boost and sustain production. This study is initiated to investigate factors influencing access to bank credit by small-scale farmers in Kisumu and Kiambu Districts, Kenya. It is necessitated by lack of a comprehensive study documenting the effectiveness of the partnership initiative in improving access to credit for small-scale farmers. The study seeks to address the following concerns： what factors influence access to bank credit by small-scale farmers under the initiative？ Are small-scale farmers in various parts of the country accessing bank credit equally？ Through which sources do farmers get to know about credit products provided through the initiative？ Primary data was collected from 144 farmers in Kiambu and 127 farmers in Kisumu, sampled using systematic random procedure. The cross-sectional survey design was applied to guide the research process. Quantitative analysis generated cross-tabulations with chi-square and binary logistic regression. The study found that out of 144 credit applicants in Kiambu about 56.3% were successful, while in Kisumu only 37.8% were successful. Access to bank credit was significantly associated with farmers＇ gender, education level, income level, farm size, and farming experience. Besides, women were 1.3 times less likely to access bank credit than men. In terms of regional variation, a Kiambu farmer was 2.7 times more likely to obtain bank credit than a Kisumu farmer. The initiative is an innovative approach for enhancing access to bank credit; however, its potential has not been fully exploited. The study recommends the need： to inform farmers about credit products to clear misconceptions and myths associated with bank credit; develop innovative financing packages for small-scale farmers that are also gender-sensitive; and to initiate a training program targeting farmers with appropriate information.

Public-private partnership project success circumstances

The public-private partnership has been in use in the world for over 40 years, and has been growing at a varying rate and with mixed success in different countries. Based on the experience gained in selected countries, this article shows key success factors of the public-private partnership.

Public-Private Partnerships to Address Global Environmental Problem： Sino-US Cooperation on Climate Change and Energy

The study indicates that public-private partnerships （PPPs） can play ＂strategic＂, ＂practical＂, or ＂regulative＂ roles by making use of ＂instrumental＂, ＂institutional＂, and ＂normative＂ approaches in tackling political issues between countries. PPPs have often been discussed in studies of urban development, service provision, health care, and so on, but they have rarely been analyzed in terms of international relations and political problems on global environmental issues. This study takes an environmental problena---Sino-US energy and climate change cooperation--as a case study to inspect the possible roles and approaches of PPPs. Sino-US cooperation has been launched such as under the Strategic ＆ Economic Dialogue （S＆ED） by both administrations, which has significantly contributed to their reconciliation of domestic abatement policies in climate change, environmental protection, and energy. The establishment of schemes such as the Ten-Year Framework for Cooperation on Energy and Environment （TYF）, the EcoPartnerships, and wide-ranging dialogues and initiatives on clean energy and clean vehicles, in which both public and private actors participate, are among the important approaches of facilitating bilateral cooperation. The study concludes that these schemes have played strategic and practical roles in strengthening the degree of mutual trust and in facilitating the progress of cooperation, although more investigations are needed to considerate their regulative roles. The application of instrumental, institutional, and normative approaches have been observed through the implementation of the TYF and EcoPartnerships.

Implications from Park Public-Private Partnership(PPP)Initiatives in China and Japan

In this study,the statistical information of 166 park Public-Private Partnership(PPP)projects in China,such as investment,area,project stage,and locality area,was collected to analyze types of clusters and defined five types.For each type of cluster,it was possible to analyze the merits of park PPP projects in China.The case study also revealed the construction process of the entities that build,manage and operate the projects.With the findings from the analysis,it can present a perspective on Japan and China and compare park Private Finance Initiative(PFI)and PPP projects between Japan and China.

The Importance of Altruistic Empathy and Collaborative Negotiation in Public-Private Partnerships

The motivation in public-private partnerships （PPPs） is to harness the strengths of public and private partners to deliver essential public services. The ability to transfer risk to the private sector in PPP has been one of the reasons why the public sector relies on the private sector to participate in the development of infrastructure projects. In most instances, the public sector also believes that the private sector can fund the project at a lower cost. The private sector on the other hand, believes that they could achieve a strong financial return based on the concessions that the public sector will provide. If the sectors feel altruistic empathy to each other, they will realize that their original goals are not achievable. However, having understood the other sector＇s needs and constraints, collaborative negotiation will yield a set of common goals. There are no commonly agreed frameworks on collaborative negotiation before PPP is formally established. The objective of this paper is to use deductive analysis to develop a conceptual framework for inquiring into the motivations of the public and private sectors during negotiation. This framework will provide insights on the extent of altruistic empathy of both sectors at the onset and how this altruistic empathy frames collaborative negotiation. This paper shows that collaborative negotiation will influence the success of partnerships and altruistic empathy is an important preamble to collaborative negotiation. This paper provides a frame of reference for future study using other research methods for further validation.

A Public-Private Partnership Procurement Approach to Sustainable Transport—Zimbabwe Case

Zimbabwe has serious financial constraints so the only viable option to procure infrastructure is through engaging the private sector in public-private partnerships to enhance the chances of successfully undertaking public projects like sustainable transport. This study creates the basis for a potential public-private partnership with a trackless tram/solar energy project in Bulawayo which has multiple advantages for sustainable development goals. It identifies six other projects in Zimbabwe that can provide some guidance for developing an appropriate PPP that could assist procure such infrastructure. The projects are drawn from the three critical sectors of the economy: power generation, highways/transport, and water/sanitation. Empirical investigations of these projects reveal the effectiveness of the PPP concept to deliver infrastructure for emerging economies. This suggests an ideal PPP arrangement that increases the likelihood of getting projects like the proposed sustainable transport project in Bulawayo implemented quickly and efficiently, especially if formulated to incorporate the project’s local socio-economic dynamics.

Review on the Public-Private Partnership

Traditionally,public goods and services have been provided by the government.In recent decades,however,public-private partnerships(PPP)were created to assist the best use of both public and private sector resources to enhance and extend public infrastructure assets and services.Throughout history,although governments have adopted such a combination of public and private ventures,the 1990s and early 21st centuries have witnessed a clear trend of governments across the world making significant use of different PPP arrangements.The rapid growth of PPPs has occurred since the 1990s throughout the globe as it was considered the preferred tool for public procurement of infrastructure and services.This paper examines the relevant literature of PPP and attempts to identify the historical development,the major reasons,the main types,forms,benefits of building PPP,as well as challenging issues facing the implementation of PPP in today’s world.

A Brief Analysis on Risk allocation for Public-Private Partnership Projects in China

Public-Private Partnership （PPP） financing modalily has the ability of alleviating the budgetary pressure to the government. fulfilling the need of infrastructure development, and improving the efficiency of investment and operation. However, the negotiations between the government and the investors are time-consuming and costly, due to the perspective differences in risk allocation and revenue distribution. Disputes often arise during concession period because of changes in various risks or non-performance of its obligalions, especially when one sector was forced to accept the requirements by the other as a result of the unequal status, the project urgency or other reasons. Only a few PPP projects in China could perform successfully. There is therefore a need to develop an equitable risk allocation mechanism for the delivery of PPP projects in China so as to improve the efficiency of private investment in infrastructure development.

Public-Private Partnership Model Used in the Taipei Central Station Project Research

In view of the lack of financial aid and the migration of industries,the role of local governments shifted from social reproduction to development and production,which made the development of the local economy their main responsibility.The local governments hence have to face challenges in their management in regards to the arising changes and needs.This Taipei Central Bus Station Build Operate Transfer(BOT)project of urban formation and development is not only a trend in countries around the globe;it is also an area the Taiwan Residents governments are actively involved in.With the impact of urbanization,the size of highly functional cities has surpassed core city administrative regions;therefore,this has generated various planning,administrative and policy issues.This study examines the public-private partnership(PPP)views on urban development;the research methodology will be designed to focus on qualitative research,the following conclusions were made:(1)The basic goal of global city competitiveness of Taipei was promoted by implementing“qlubarnization”,a spatial development strategy dependent on intercalary abilities.(2)Taipei is located in the hub of Asia,linking China's Mainland and Taiwan,facing the world,peaceful and stable,rich and diverse in culture,such that adopting the“hybrid or mixed-use development model”will allow“the national gate of the country program—Central Station,Central Park”to become an international city brand.(3)Taking the“Taipei Main Station PPPs model development of the Taipei Central Bus Station BOT project of nine precincts specific land development projects”as a key success indicator,the government took privatization or PPP into consideration,loosened the monopoly on urban infrastructure,created infrastructure services and a maintenance market,positioned the city as a“supranational”entity in terms of capital flow,and sought a coherent land policy.

Possible Chinese Strategic Responses to the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement

Negotiations for the Trans-Pacific Partnership （TPP） Agreement have concluded, but the TPP still must be ratified by each of the 12 member countries. China is the world＇s second largest economy and yet it has not joined the TPP. This has provoked much debate in China as to the best strategic approach to the TPP This paper analyzes China＇s possible strategy for the TPP agreement. We make three key points. First, the security of market access should be China＇s main concern in any free-trade agreement negotiations, regrettably, it is not included in TPP. The second point is that the present TPP agreement is somewhat diminished from its ambitious original claims. We suggest four strategies for China. The first is to promote the development of China＇s remaining regional and bilateral free trade agreements （FTAs）. The second is to negotiate a bilateral FTA with the United States. The third is to promote deep domestic reforms via enlarged TPP coverage. The last is negotiating entrance to the entering do not worsen. TPP as soon as possible so that terms of

2023年中药材及饮片进出口形势分析及展望

全面分析2023年中药材及饮片进出口的详细情况,包括主要市场、主要产品及进出口区域,数据显示中药材及饮片产业进出口保持了较强活力,全年进出口取得不错成绩,中药材及饮片进口额的提升带来贸易顺差逐渐收窄的效果,得出“充分利用海外植物资源补充国内需求已经成为与海外中药材产业互动的有效路径”这一结论。未来,中药材及饮片产业应当积极扩大互动的“朋友圈”,不断提升产品质量和管理水平,“走出去”的同时更多地“引进来”,努力打造本土化产业链,推动中药材及饮片产业高质量发展。

RCEP实施对中国重点商品贸易及产业安全的影响

区域全面经济伙伴关系协定(RCEP)的实施将对中国外贸及产业安全产生重要影响。根据海关总署对进出口重点商品的划分,总结2000—2021年中国重点商品的贸易发展状况,基于贸易视角构建产业安全测度体系,运用动态递归GTAP模型模拟分析RCEP实施对中国重点商品贸易及产业安全的影响。研究发现:中国重点商品进出口额呈现快速增长态势,RCEP关税与非关税措施削减将促进中国各类重点商品贸易额显著增长,其贸易创造效应远大于贸易转移效应,RCEP实施将提高中国重点产业安全水平。中国企业应充分利用RCEP条款,重视非关税因素变动的影响,扩大重点商品出口,以建设RCEP等高标准自由贸易区为契机,提高我国重点产业链供应链安全水平。

有限合伙协议架构、风险偏好与企业创新

越来越多的上市公司采用有限合伙协议架构作为搭建公司治理的基础构架。使用2014—2020年首次公开发行的A股非国有上市公司数据,研究有限合伙协议架构能否发挥相应的治理能力促进企业创新。实证研究结果发现,有限合伙协议架构对企业创新水平的提升具有显著促进作用。异质性分析表明,良好的内外部治理机制能够强化有限合伙协议架构对企业创新的促进效应。作用机制研究发现,有限合伙协议架构能够通过提升普通合伙人风险偏好,进而促进企业创新。进一步研究表明,当企业信息质量较高、人力资本专用性投资水平较低时,有限合伙协议架构对企业创新的促进作用更加显著。研究结论为全面科学评价有限合伙协议架构这种创新治理机制的经济后果提供新证据,同时也为政府相关部门制定监管政策提供决策依据。

The public-private partnerships in healthcare sector in China

This manuscript is a narrative review on experience in the healthcare public-private partnerships(PPP)field project in China.The PPP model allows healthcare officials to share the risk of building new facilities with the private sector.The objective of this study is to evaluate and to review the PPP of healthcare sector in China,and to investigate the critical success factors and best practice of PPP.We adapted the PPP evaluation framework of the World Bank Independent Evaluation Group as our conceptual framework to summarize the literatures.The current study systematically reviewed the evolution and current status of public and private hospitals development in China,and to investigate factors related to the successful and less successful deployment and performance of PPP in the healthcare sector of China,and to develop best practice models of PPP among hospitals of China.We found that the PPP organizations providing finance and political risk coverage,thus enabling specific PPP transactions to reach financial closure-potentially setting demonstration effects.Such PPPs may then contribute to improving access to infrastructure and social services,which drives economic growth and other optimal outcomes.

The Nigeria Government Engagement with the Private Health Sector

In Nigeria, the healthcare sector is divided into primary health which is under the local government’s authority that oversees the Primary Health centers, secondary health which is under the supervision of the State Ministry of Health in charge of the State General Hospitals that cater to primary and secondary healthcare. Tertiary health is supervised by the Federal Ministry of Health that oversees the Federal Medical Centres, the Teaching Hospitals, and Specialist Training Centres. Not to be excluded from Nigeria’s healthcare system are the private clinics and the public-private partnership. The funding for healthcare systems is mainly budgetary allocations from the government. This systemic review was done using secondary literature, policy documents, peer-reviewed literature, and national newspapers, collected using search engines such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and Medline. The review was done over 2-month period from February-April 2024. The literature was arranged in order of relevance and the literature not used was kept aside. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended that 11% of a country’s budget be allocated to health. African countries that make up the African Union (AU) recommended that 15% of each member African country’s yearly budget should be committed to providing healthcare services to her citizens. Unfortunately, Nigeria has yet to attain either the WHO target or the AU target while committing an average, of 6% of her budgetary allocation to health. On the other hand, her neighbouring West African country Ghana, has met the average of 15% recommended by AU. The improved National Health Insurance Authority and the government’s partnership with the private health sector in Public-Private Partnership (PPP) is hoped and would improve access to affordable healthcare in general and oral healthcare in particular.

浙江对接DEPA数字贸易规则的现状研究和对策建议

《数字经济伙伴关系协定》(DEPA)是全球首份数字经济区域协定,对于全球贸易格局有着短期和长期的影响。本文通过与现阶段流行的CPTPP、RCEP、USMCA等区域贸易协定中的数字条款进行比较,发现DEPA具有普遍性和特殊性。DEPA在借鉴RCEP、USMCA等“美式模板”的同时,更加注重数字经济的包容和创新。浙江省作为数字经济大省,具有一定的产业基础和比较优势。本文从产业基础、现有条件、数字贸易需求三方面对浙江省数字贸易现状进行分析,发现其在数字发展产业基础、跨境数据流动体系、数字贸易监管治理体系等方面尚有不足。浙江省应对标DEPA等国际高标准数字贸易规则,在明晰数字贸易规则动向后,完善数字贸易监管体系和相关法律法规,为中国参与全球数字贸易治理提供参考。

DEPA模式的开放包容性与“数字丝绸之路”治理

在当前全球数字贸易规则缺失、各区域贸易协定规定各异的情况下,《数字经济伙伴关系协定》以其专门化、开放性和包容性的特征为国际数字经济治理开创了新的思路。“数字丝绸之路”治理取得了一定的进展和成果,但存在规则碎片化、软法采用较多等问题,且面临一些全球共通的数字经济治理挑战。《数字经济伙伴关系协定》形式上的模块化、内容上的传统电子商务规则与面向未来的数字经济规制并存,为全球数字贸易治理和我国“数字丝绸之路”治理提供了新的启示,包括在现有的电子商务规则中引入新议题、建立专门的争端解决机制、坚持包容发展等。

对标国际:粤港澳大湾区先试先行DEPA数字规则的探索

粤港澳大湾区数字经济的高质量发展不仅可以促进国内大循环的构建,也可实现更高水平的对外开放,即实现“双循环”相互促进。发挥粤港澳大湾区作为我国新时代全面深化改革开放试验区先行先试的作用,对接DEPA数字规则,成为湾区重要的历史使命和责任。大湾区战略位置的“中转性”、地方立法的多重性与聚焦性和湾区前瞻性先行发展为对接DEPA规则提供了充分的可行性条件,很大程度上也倒逼了大湾区的法治创新。但粤港澳大湾区对接DEPA数字规则面临着复杂的国内外的因素、自身约束性条件和风险性,特别是要面对可能出现的规则排斥和规则缝隙。因此,大湾区应在发挥前沿数字技术的支撑作用、优化湾区数据跨境流动规则的衔接与创新探索数据安全监管机制三方面克服规则对接难题。