Puerariae Radix protects against ulcerative colitis in mice by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation

Ulcerative colitis(UC)is a common inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has long been used in Asia as a treatment for UC and Puerariae Radix(PR)is a reliable anti-diarrheal therapy.The aims of this study were to investigate the protective effect of PR using the dextran sulfate sodium salt(DSS)-induced UC model in mice and identify molecular mechanisms of PR action.The chemical constituents of PR via ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and identified potential PR and UC targets using a network pharmacology(NP)approach were obtained to guide mouse experiments.A total of 180 peaks were identified from PR including 48 flavonoids,46 organic acids,14 amino acids,8 phenols,8 carbohydrates,7 alkaloids,6 coumarins and 43 other constituents.NP results showed that caspase-1 was the most dysregulated of the core genes associated with UC.A PR dose of 0.136 mg/g administered to DSS treated mice reversed weight loss and decreased colon lengths found in UC mice.PR also alleviated intestinal mucosal shedding,inflammatory cell infiltration and mucin loss.PR treatment suppressed upregulation of NOD-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3),cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteases-1(caspase-1),apoptosis-associated speck-like(ASC)and gasdermin D(GSDMD)at both the protein and m RNA expression levels.The addition of a small molecule dual-specificity phosphatase inhibitor NSC 95397 inhibited the positive effects of PR.These results indicated that PR exerts a protective effect on DSS-induced colitis by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation in mice.

Effects of Radix Puerariae, Radix Rehmanniae and Their Compatibility on Blood Glucose and Blood Lipids in Mice

[Objectives]To explore the effects of the compatibility of Radix Puerariae and Radix Rehmanniae on blood glucose and blood lipids in diabetic mouses.[Methods]Diabetic mouse model was established.The body weight and fasting blood glucose of mice were measured after 7 and 14 d of administration,and the biochemical indicators of blood lipids(TC,HDL-C,and LDL-C)were detected after 14 d of administration.[Results]Compared with the Radix Puerariae group and Radix Rehmanniae group,the compatibility group(1:2)had the best hypoglycemic effect(P<0.05),and TC and LDL-C in the compatibility group(2:1)significantly decreased(P<0.05),while HDL-C in the compatibility group(1:1)significantly increased(P<0.05).[Conclusions]Radix Puerariae,Radix Rehmanniae and their combination can reduce the blood glucose of diabetic mice.The compatibility group(1:2)had a significant hypoglycemic effect(P<0.05),and LDL-C in the compatibility group(2:1)significantly declined,while HDL-C in the compatibility group(1:1)rose significantly.

不同施肥措施对岩质坡面覆土平台区葛(Pueraria lobata)生长影响的综合评价

为获得一种有利于石灰岩矿岩质坡面覆土平台区葛[Pueraria lobata(Willd.)Ohwi]快速生长的土壤基质改良措施,以无为杨家岭石灰岩矿东采区第三阶平台区已实施表层覆土的岩质坡面作为试验区,评价不同施肥措施对葛在重构土壤上的生长状况。试验小区设置:A(100%复合肥)、B(75%复合肥+25%有机肥)、C(50%复合肥+50%有机肥)、D(25%复合肥+75%有机肥)、E(100%有机肥)、CK(对照,不施肥)。2022年8月,对葛的生理生化指标进行分析,并用熵权法对葛的生长状况进行综合评价。结果表明:与CK相比,施肥措施均增加了葛的株长及其叶片的干重,提高了含水率、叶绿素含量、氮磷钾含量、可溶性蛋白质含量以及3种抗氧化酶(POD、CAT、SOD)活性,同时均降低了叶片的MDA含量。综合评价结果表明,25%复合肥+75%有机肥的处理最利于葛的生长,可用于该岩质坡面植被重建的生产实践。

Optimization of Preparative Separation and Purification of Total Flavonoids from Radix Puerariae by Macroporous Resin Method

Aim To screen the optimum macroporous resin and conditions for the isolation and purification of flavonoids from Radix Puerariae. Methods The static and dynamic adsorption/desorption methods were used, and the separation and purification process was evaluated by measuring the concentration of total flavonoid in the fractions with UV spectrophotometer. Results The SP70 macroporous resin was the most effective compared with other macroporous resins. The optimum conditions were screened, which were 0.5 g· mL^- 1 corresponding to crude drug for concentration of extract, pH 5 - 6, and appended 60 times the volume of the resin bed （BV） with the adsorption speed 2 BV·h^-1, and the volume of aq. 70% （V/V） ethanol as eluant was 5 BV with desorption speed 2 BV·h^-1. By this method, the final contents of total flavonoids exceeded 80%. Conclusion The SP70 macroporous resin is the most effective one for large-scale isolation and purification of flavonoids from Radix Pueraria, which meets industrial needs.

Chemical Constituents from Pueraria lobata

Pueraria lobata ( Wild. ) Ohwi ( Ye-Ge in Chinese ) is a perennial herb ofthe genus Pueraria, which belongs to the Leguminosae family. It is commonly employed to relievefever and dysentery, promote the production of body fluid, reduce stiffness and pain of the nape,and for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, e. g. hypertension, myocardial infarction, andarrhythmia. Previous phytochemical studies on P. lobata reported a number of bioactive isoflavones,e. g. daidzein, daidzin, and puerarin. Further investigation of its root has led to isolation offourteen compounds and their structures were identified as daidzein, ononin, daidzin, 3'' -methoxypuerarin, puerarin, pueroside B, daidzein-8-C-apiosyl- (1-6)-glucoside, 3''-hydroxy-puerarin,puerarinxyloside, daidzein-7, 4'' -O-glucoside, puerarin-4''-O-glucoside, mirificin-4''-O-glucoside,sissotorin, and pueroside C. Compounds 11 and 13 were isolated from the root of P. lobata for thefirst time.

Protective Effect of Pueraria lobota Extracts on Mitochondria Damage of Liver

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of Pueraria lobota extracts on mitochondria damage of liver. [Method] The liver mitochondria injury was induced by Vc-Fe2＋ , and the influences of Pueraria lobota extracts on mitochondria ATPase activity, mitochondria swelling and protein carbonyl content were measured. In addition, the lipid peroxidation in liver mitochondria was induced by H2O2-Fe2＋ to analyze the influence of Pueraria lobota extracts on MDA content. Futhermore, NBT method was used to evaluate the inhibitory function of Pueraria lobota extracts on the superoxide anion. [Result] The results showed that Pueraria lobota extracts could significantly inhibit mitochondria oxidative damage,prevent mitochondria swelling and ATPase activity reduction,decrease protein carbonyl level,and effectively scavenge superoxide anion produced by mitochondria, indicating that Pueraria lobota extracts can protect rat liver mitochondria from oxidative damage. [Conclusion] This study provided theoretical basis for investigating the pharmacological functions of Pueraria lobota.

中国葛属（Pueraria DC．）的研究

本文对国产葛属植物９种２变种进行了全面整理．对其中的主要类群进行了深入的研究．通过野外考察，腊叶标本的研究和细胞染色体的计数．使对中国葛属植物有一个较为全面的了解。

一株耐酸野生葛藤(Pueraria lobata)根瘤菌的筛选与耐酸机理初步研究

从重庆市北碚区缙云山酸性黄壤（pH4．6）上生长的葛藤根瘤中分离到一株耐酸葛藤根瘤菌PR389，能在pH4．3的YMA培养基上正常生长，而一般根瘤菌最适生长pH值为6．5—7．5，说明PR389为一株耐酸葛藤根瘤菌。通过质子通量试验发现，与不耐酸的菌株相比，PR389的细胞膜能阻止过量的H^＋进入细胞，表明PR389具有某种能力使之在低酸性环境下不受伤害。在耐酸性试验中，PR389在加氯霉素的强酸性（pH3．8）YMA培养液中表现出来的耐酸性被氯霉素抑制。推测胞内特异蛋白质的诱导合成是PR389具有耐酸性的原因。

野葛(Pueraria lobata)愈伤组织诱导及组织培养

以野葛茎尖分生组织为外植体,通过不同激素与MS培养基配比试验,筛选出野葛茎尖分生组织愈伤组织诱导与植株再生的最适培养基,建立野葛植株再生体系。试验结果表明:茎尖分生组织在MS+2,4-D 0.5 mg/L培养基上启动诱导愈伤组织,再转移到MS+6-BA 0.5 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L继续诱导,愈伤组织诱导率高,繁殖能力旺盛。在MS+6-BA 1 mg/L培养基上愈伤组织分化率100%,生长能力较强。在MS+NAA 0.1 mg/L培养基上,诱导生根率达到60%。

葛属（Pueraria DC．）的分支分析

本文采用２４个形态性状对葛属进行了分支分析，得到了１１个最简约分支图和一个严格一致化分支图，葛属的种间关系。根据分支分析结果对ｖａｎｄｅｒＭａｅｓｅｎ的葛属分类系统提出了修订意见。

Response surface optimization of microwave-assisted extraction for HPLC-fluorescence determination of puerarin and daidzein in Radix Puerariae thomsonii

Microwave-assisted extraction was optimized with response surface methodology for HPLC-fluorescence determination of puerarin and daidzein in Radix Puerariae thomsonii.The optimized extraction procedure was achieved by soaking the sample with 70% methanol（1∶15,v/v）for 30 min,and then microwave irradiation for 11 min at a power of 600 W.Coupling the extraction process with HPLC-fluorescence presented good recovery,satisfactory precision,and good linear relation.Compared with a method from the Chinese Pharmacopoeia,the proposed method enables higher extraction efficiency and more accurate analytical results.It can be of potential value in quality assessment of Radix Puerariae thomsonii medicinal materials.

Ultrasonically Assisted Extraction of Isoflavones from Stem of Pueraria lobata （Willd.） Ohwi and Its Mathematical Model

Ultrasonically assisted extraction of isoflavones from the stem of Pueraria lobata （Willd.） Ohwi has been carried out with an ultrasonic extracting apparatus （20kHz, electrical power input to the transducer in 0-650W）. The influence of the electrical power input and extraction time on the＇extraction yield is investigated in water, n-butanol, and 95% （by volume） and 50% （by volume） ethanol aqueous solution. The experimental results indicate that the yields of total isoflavones are higher in ultrasonically assisted extraction than those obtained from con-ventional extraction.Moreover,a mathematical model is proposed,by introducing the electrical power input to index the ultrsound intensity,to describe the behavior of ultrasonically assisted extraction.It is found that the model calcuations are in good agreement with the experimental data.

Two New Oleanene-Type Triterpenoid Saponins from Pueraria peduncularis

From the radix of Pueraria peduncularis Grah., two new oleanene-type triterpenoid saponins named pedunsaponins B (2) and C (3) were isolated. Their structures were determined as 3-O-(6-O-methyl)-beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl-3 beta.15 alpha-diol-12-oleanene-16-one (2) and 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-( 1 --> 3)-beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl-3 beta, 15 alpha-diol-12-oleanene-16-one (3) on the basis of spectroscopic evidence and chemical reactions.

Kinetics of Leaching Flavonoids from Pueraria Lobata with Ethanol

The kinetics of leaching flavonoids from Pueraria Lobata with ethanol was investigated. The effects of leaching temperature, mechanical agitation rate, concentration of ethanol and feed particle size on leaching kinetics were examined. It is found that the smaller the feed particle size or the higher the leaching temperature, the higher the leaching rate. The leaching process can be described by the shrinking-core model. The apparent activation energy is 10.8kJ·mol^-1, suggesting that the leaching process is controlled by the inner diffusion. An empirical equation relating the flavonoids leaching rate constant to the feed particle size and leaching temperature was expected.

A new isoflavonolignan from Pueraria alopecuroides Craib

A new isoflavonolignan has been isolated from the Pueraria alopecuroides Craib. The structure was elucidated by the combination of 1D, 2D NMR analysis and mass spectrometry.

Kinetics of Leaching Flavonoids from Pueraria Lobata with Ethanol

The kinetics of leaching flavonoids from Pueraria Lobata with ethanol was investigated. The effects of leaching temperature, mechanical agitation rate,concentration of ethanol and feed particle size on leaching kinetics were examined.It is found that the smaller the feed particle size or the higher the leaching temperature,the higher the leaching rate. The leaching process can be described by the shrinking-core model. The apparent activation en- ergy is 10.8kJ·mol-1, suggesting that the leaching process is controlled by the inner diffusion. An empirical equa- tion relating the flavonoids leaching rate constant to the feed particle size and leaching temperature was expected.

Effects of Rare Earth Elements on Promoting Isoflavonoid Production and Release of Pueraria Lobata Hairy Roots in Vitro

The effects of various rare earth elements on growth and isoflavonoid production in hairy root cultures of Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi (strain TR2) cultured in 500 ml flasks were studied. After 32 days of culture, the biomass of hairy roots increase 15 times and reach 3.2 g dry weight. Hairy root growth was inhibited by Y_2O_3, NaSeO_3 and Sm^(3+) because of brown formation. But significant promoting effect on root growth due to callus formation was observed in La^(3+) treatments. It is the most noteworthy that the production of total isoflavonoids and puerarin was enhanced greatly by La^(3+) treatment. A major portion of increased total isoflavonoids and puerarin was released into medium in La^(3+) treatment while the hairy root viabilities were preserved. Some specific secondary metabolite release processes could be induced by La^(3+) and their possible mechanism is discussed.

Peduncin, A New Indole Alkaloid from Pueraria peduncualris

A new indole alkaloid, peduncin was isolated from the roots of Pueraria peduncularis. Its structure was established as 1 by NMR spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic analysis.

Study on the Production Technology of Pueraria lobata Jelly

An orthogonal experiment was carried out to investigate the optimal production formula of Pueraria lobata jelly combining P. lobata,red beans and sugar as the main raw materials. The isoflavone contents in P. lobata and the P. lobata jelly were determined by colorimetry and sensory evaluation. The results showed that the optimal formula for the product was: P. lobata paste 50%,red bean paste 60%,and white granular sugar and agar 20% and 3% of the total weight of P. lobata paste and bean paste,respectively. The development of this product is of great significance to the utilization of P. lobata.

Fermented Ethnic Medicine (<i>Pueraria mirifica</i>) Designed by Lactobacillus Regulated Leukocyte Subsets via Activation of Complement Components

A plant fermentation was carried out by Lactobaccilli against the Rhizome from Pueraria milifica (f-PMF). This material was evidenced by safe in animal toxic study. The main aim of this study was to revise the traditional way of hot water extraction to fermentation so as to use up the original material and finding new activity. We tried to show the new activity through phytoestrogen and immune-competent cells from the host that administrated either of original remedy and the new fermented sample, plus activated water SRE. In mice, compromised host was prepared by cancer chemotherapeutic agent (Mitomycin-C). After administration of f-PMF to immno-suppressed animals, the effects by both samples were augmented by lymphocyte in number and functions, macrophage activities, anti-oxidative activity. However, the intense of effect was much more by fermented one but not by conventional one. The anti-oxidative assay was also carried out ex-vivo system by peritoneal macrophage that we proposed as suitable system for evaluating anti-oxidative assay. In our clinical study by 20 healthy volunteers, granulocyte and lymphocyte ratio was regulated as neutral in peripheral white blood cells, increasing one, two and three weeks after the administration of f-PMF. We have found the significant regulation of blood chemical factors that were important makers for the lifestyle-related diseases. The mechanism of augmentation by probing directory with immuno-electrophoretic method, generating new complement component, especially found by alternative pathway of complement. So we discussed the process concerning designed f-PMF molecule for activation of complement component and bound for the biological activity of each physical component. In a limited condition, fewer numbers of volunteers, the breast size was tending to increase along with the administration time. Including these evidences, we discussed the possibility of this traditional ethnic medicine, originally found and spread in the highland area in Thailand and Myanmar.