Development of a 2D spatial displacement estimation method for turbulence velocimetry of the gas puff imaging system on EAST

A gas puff imaging(GPI)diagnostic has been developed and operated on EAST since 2012,and the time-delay estimation(TDE)method is used to derive the propagation velocity of fluctuations from the two-dimensional GPI data.However,with the TDE method it is difficult to analyze the data with fast transient events,such as edge-localized mode(ELM).Consequently,a method called the spatial displacement estimation(SDE)algorithm is developed to estimate the turbulence velocity with high temporal resolution.Based on the SDE algorithm,we make some improvements,including an adaptive median filter and super-resolution technology.After the development of the algorithm,a straight-line movement and a curved-line movement are used to test the accuracy of the algorithm,and the calculated speed agrees well with preset speed.This SDE algorithm is applied to the EAST GPI data analysis,and the derived propagation velocity of turbulence is consistent with that from the TDE method,but with much higher temporal resolution.

Exploring pore-scale production characteristics of oil shale after CO_(2) huff‘n’puff in fractured shale with varied permeability

Recent studies have indicated that the injection of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))can lead to increased oil recovery in fractured shale reservoirs following natural depletion.Despite advancements in understanding mass exchange processes in subsurface formations,there remains a knowledge gap concerning the disparities in these processes between the matrix and fractures at the pore scale in formations with varying permeability.This study aims to experimentally investigate the CO_(2) diffusion behaviors and in situ oil recovery through a CO_(2) huff‘n’puff process in the Jimsar shale oil reservoir.To achieve this,we designed three matrix-fracture models with different permeabilities(0.074 mD,0.170 mD,and 0.466 mD)and experimented at 30 MPa and 91℃.The oil concentration in both the matrix and fracture was monitored using a low-field nuclear magnetic resonance(LF-NMR)technique to quantify in situ oil recovery and elucidate mass-exchange behaviors.The results showed that after three cycles of CO_(2) huff‘n’puff,the total recovery degree increased from 30.28%to 34.95%as the matrix permeability of the core samples increased from 0.074 to 0.466 mD,indicating a positive correlation between CO_(2) extraction efficiency and matrix permeability.Under similar fracture conditions,the increase in matrix permeability further promoted CO_(2) extraction efficiency during CO_(2) huff‘n’puff.Specifically,the increase in matrix permeability of the core had the greatest effect on the extraction of the first-cycle injection in large pores,which increased from 16.42%to 36.64%.The findings from our research provide valuable insights into the CO_(2) huff‘n’puff effects in different pore sizes following fracturing under varying permeability conditions,shedding light on the mechanisms of CO_(2)-enhanced oil recovery in fractured shale oil reservoirs.

Impact of resonant magnetic perturbation on blob motion and structure using a gas puff imaging diagnostic on the HL-2A tokamak

The impact of resonant magnetic perturbation(RMP)on blob motion and structure in the SOL of the HL-2A tokamak is studied using a gas puff imaging diagnostic.Ellipse fitting is applied to study the structure and motion of blobs quantitatively.The radial locations,amplitudes and scale sizes of blobs are obtained based on the fitted ellipse.Furthermore,based on the measurement of blob location,the radial and poloidal velocities of blobs are calculated.With the application of RMP,the edge poloidal shear flow is significantly weakened and the wave number spectrum changes from quasisymmetric to significantly up-down asymmetric.The application of RMP also causes the detected blob location to be much further into the far scrape-off layer(SOL)and increases the blob amplitude.Blob poloidal velocity in the SOL is slowed.Larger-size and longer-lifetime blobs are observed with RMP.With the application of RMP,stronger-amplitude and larger-size blobs are detected in the far SOL and they may cause a more serious erosion problem to the first wall.

Horizontal Well Interference Performance and Water Injection Huff and Puff Effect on Well Groups with Complex Fracture Networks:A Numerical Study

Well interference has become a common phenomenon with the increasing scale of horizontal well fracturing.Recent studies on well interference in horizontal wells do not properly reflect the physical model of the postfracturing well groups and the realistic fracturing process of infill wells.Establishing the correspondence between well interference causative factors and manifestations is of great significance for infill well deployment and secondary oil recovery.In this work,we develop a numerical model that considers low velocity non-Darcy seepage inshale reservoirs to study the inter-well interferencephenomenon that occurs in theSantanghufield,andconstruct an explicit hydraulic fracture and complex natural fracture network model with an embedded discrete fracture model,focusing on the effect of fracture network morphology on well interactions.The model also considers a multi-segment wellbore model to accommodate the effect of inter-well crossflow on wellbore tubular flow.The changes in formation pressure and water saturation during fracturing are performed by controlling the injection pressure and water injection rate.The result shows that the shape of the fracture network generated by the infill well with the old well determines the subsequent fluid and oil-increasing performance of the disturbed well.The synergistic production or competitive relationship formed by fractures with different connectivity between the two wells determines the positive and negative effects of the interference.The paper also investigates the adaptation study of water injection huff and puff schemes for well groups with different connectivity,and demonstrated a potential yield increase of up to 10.85%under adaptation injection.This method of identifying well interference based on the production dynamics of affected wells and the subsequent corresponding water injection method provides valuable references for the selection of secondary oil recovery measures.

Research on the Jilin Oilfield Field Trials of Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery

This paper describes the experience of Jilin oilfield trials for Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR). A new technique to identify microbes with DNA for MEOR has been established, and useful microbes selected for use in field trials. Behaviors of bacteria activated in the reservoir, oil recovery and water cut, and the viscosity of crude oil produced through huff & puff testing and flooding with molasses-injection tests, have been investigated in situ. CJF-002, which produces biopolysaccharide, is the best among the microbes used for field trials, as it can use molasses as nutrient and produce a small quantity of CO2 and a mass of water-insoluble biopolymer. The metabolic behavior in the reservoir showed that CJF-002 had a good potentiality for MEOR.

应用吸收结构法预测火山灰云漂移轨迹

火山灰云能对航空运输安全产生直接危害,所以对火山灰云轨迹进行预测是非常必要的。吸收结构法和PUFF模型都能依据数值天气预报的数据预测火山灰云飘移轨迹。应用这两种方法的原理,采用美国1958年至1997年的精确大气轨迹参数数据,计算了风场的吸收结构,减化了计算过程,摆脱了对数值天气预报数据的依赖,实现了火山灰云漂移路径预测,并与吸收结构方法进行了比较。结果表明,应用风场计算的方法进行火山灰云追踪是可行的。

Simulation of Revised Puff Trajectory Model in Regional Atmospheric Environmental Risks

[Objective] The aim was to research application of revised puff trajectory model in atmospheric environmental risks simulation.[Method] In the research,theory of puff trajectory model for pollution diffusion in atmosphere in urban areas was analyzed and CALPUFF,a revised puff trajectory model,was applied in prediction on atmospheric environmental risks in Xining City.[Result] The simple puff trajectory model can not be applied for long-distance transport or in complex terrain and airflow field.In contrast,CALPUFF would be applied in urban areas,and complex terrain or underlying surface.With high resolution ratio,it would depict the beginning condition and detailed distribution of pollutants transport and diffusion.For prediction on atmospheric environmental risks in Xining City,northwest wind dominated in Huangshui Valley;north wind dominated in Beichuan Valley;temperature inversion occurred at high altitude.These had a significant effect on the downwind direction in Xining urban district.The simulation results indicated that puffs usually spread along Huangshui Valley and some non-steady phenomena occurred,such as blocking effect by mountains,deformation of puff by airflow field in ridges and influence of valley wind.[Conclusion] The research is of significance for precise prediction on characters,influence and extent of atmospheric environmental risks in cities.

一种适用于各向异性材料的修正PUFF物态方程

给出一种适用于各向异性材料的修正PUFF物态方程,既能体现各向异性材料在压缩和膨胀过程中材料体积变化的非线性特征,又能反映材料的各向异性强度效应.以正交各向异性材料二维碰撞问题和X射线辐照下的二维热击波为例,利用有限元方法编写程序进行数值模拟,对根据传统PUFF物态方程和修正PUFF物态方程计算得到的平均正应力值作对比研究,结果表明,低压和拉伸状态下二者存在明显差异,在高压下二者趋于一致.

Numerical Experiment on Two-Dimensional Line Thermal

The time evolution of a two-dimensional line thermal-a turbulent flow produced by an initial element with significant buoyancy released in a large water body, is numerically studied with the two-equation k - epsilon model for turbulence closure. The numerical results show that the thermal is characterized by a vortex pair flow and a kidney shaped concentration structure with double peak maxima; the computed flow details and scalar mixing characteristics can be described by self-similar relations beyond a dimensionless time around 10. There are two regions in the flow field of a line thermal: a mixing region where the concentration of tracer fluid is high and the flow is turbulent and rotational with a pair of vortex eyes, and an ambient region where the concentration is zero and the flow is potential and well-described by a model of doublet with strength very close to those given by early experimental and analytical studies. The added virtual mass coefficient of the thermal motion is found to be approximately 1. The aspect ratio for the kidney-shaped sectional thermal is found to be around 1.45 for the self-similar phase. The predicted thermal spreading and mixing rate compares well with experimental data.

IP_3R钙离子通道集团中的blip动力学

利用一个双Ca2+浓度模型系统地研究了IP3R钙离子通道集团所产生的blip的动力学行为,并与最近关于人类成神经细胞瘤SH-SY5Y细胞中IP3R通道Ca2+释放事件的实验进行了比较。结果发现在由几个IP3R通道所形成的集团中,blip事件与受它激发而产生的puff事件之间存在竞争关系。因此,从单通道IP3R集团和从多通道IP3R集团所释放的blip的动力学行为并不相同。

The Structure of A Turbulent Jet in A Crossflow-Effect of Jet-Crossflow Velocity

A comprehensive numerical study on the three-dimensional structure of a turbulent jet in crossflow is performed. The jet-to-crossflow velocity ratio (R) varies in the range of 2 - 16; both vertical jets and inclined jets without excess streamwise momentum are considered. The numerical results of the Standard two-equation k-ε model show that the turbulent structure can be broadly categorised according to the jet-to-crossflow velocity ratio. For strong to moderate jet discharges, i.e. R> 4, the jet is characterized by a longitudinal transition through a bent-over phase during which the jet becomes almost parallel with the main freestream, to a sectional vortex-pair flow with double concentration maxima; the computed flow details and scalar mixing characteristics can be described by self-similar relations beyond a dimensionless distance of around 20-60. The similarity coefficients are only weakly dependent on R. The cross-section scalar field is kidney-shaped and bifurcated, vvith distinct double concentration maxima; the aspect ratio is found to be around 1.2. A loss in vertical momentum is ob-served and the added mass coefficient of the jet motion is found to be approximately 1. On the other hand, for weak jets in strong crossflow, i. e. R ≥ 2, the lee of the jet is characterized by a negative pressure region. Although the double vortex flow can stili be noted, the scalar field becomes more symmetrical and no longer bifurcated. The similarity coeffcients are al-so noticeably different. The predicted jet flovv characteristics and mixing rates are well supported by experimental and field dala

A Three-Dimensional Model of Transport and Diffusion of Seeding Agents within Stratus

It is essential to learn the temporal and spatial concentration distributions and variations of seeding agents in cloud seeding of precipitation enhancement. A three-dimensional puff trajectory model incorporating a mesoscale nonhydrostatic model has been formulated, and is applied to simulating the transporting and diffusive characteristics of multiple line sources of seeding agents within super-cooled stratus. Several important factors are taken into consideration that affect the diffusion of seeding materials such as effects of topography and vertical wind shear, temporal and spatial variation of seeding parameters and wet deposition. The particles of seeding agents are assumed to be almost inert, they have no interaction with the particles of the cloud or precipitation except that they are washed out by precipitation. The model validity is demonstrated by the analyses and comparisons of model results, and checked by the sensitivity experiments of diffusive coefficients and atmospheric stratification. The advantage of this model includes not only its exact reflection of heterogeneity and unsteadiness of background fields, but also its good simulation of transport and diffusion of multiple line sources. The horizontal diffusion rate and the horizontal transport distance have been proposed that they usually were difficult to obtain in other models. In this simulation the horizontal diffusion rate is 0.82 m s(-1) for average of one hour, and the horizontal average transport distance reaches 65 km after 1 4 which are closely related to the background Fields.

Microscopic production characteristics of crude oil in nano-pores of shale oil reservoirs during CO_(2)huff and puff

The parameters such as pore size distribution,specific surface area and pore volume of shale rock samples are analyzed by low-temperature nitrogen adsorption experiment,and then the conversion coefficient between relaxation time(T_(2))and pore size is calibrated.Nuclear magnetic resonance experiments of CO_(2)huff and puff in shale samples are carried out to study the effects of gas injection pressure,soaking time and fractures on the oil production characteristics of shale pores from the micro scale.The recovery degrees of small pores(less than or equal to 50 nm)and large pores(greater than 50 nm)are quantitatively evaluated.The experimental results show that the recovery degree of crude oil in large pores increases rapidly with the increase of injection pressure under immiscible conditions,and the effect of injection pressure rise on recovery degree of large pores decreases under miscible conditions;whether miscible or not,the recovery degree of crude oil in small pores basically maintains a linear increase with the increase of injection pressure,and the lower size limit of pores in which oil can be recovered by CO_(2)decreases with the increase of gas injection pressure;with the increase of soaking time,the recovery degree of crude oil in large pores increases slowly gradually,while the recovery degree of crude oil in small pores increases faster and then decelerates,and the best soaking time in the experiments is about 10 h;the existence of fractures can enhance the recovery degrees of crude oil in small pores and large pores noticeably.

Dynamic characteristics and influencing factors of CO_(2) huff and puff in tight oil reservoirs

CO_(2)huff and puff experiments of different injection parameters,production parameters and soaking time were carried out on large-scale cubic and long columnar outcrop samples to analyze dynamic characteristics and influencing factors of CO_(2)huff and puff and the contribution of sweeping mode to recovery.The experimental results show that the development process of CO_(2)huff and puff can be divided into four stages,namely,CO_(2)backflow,production of gas with some oil,high-speed oil production,and oil production rate decline stages.The production of gas with some oil stage is dominated by free gas displacement,and the high-speed oil production stage is dominated by dissolved gas displacement.CO_(2)injection volume and development speed are the major factors affecting the oil recovery.The larger the injected CO_(2)volume and the lower the development speed,the higher the oil recovery will be.The reasonable CO_(2)injection volume and development speed should be worked out according to oilfield demand and economic evaluation.There is a reasonable soaking time in CO_(2)huff and puff.Longer soaking time than the optimum time makes little contribution to oil recovery.In field applications,the stability of bottom hole pressure is important to judge whether the soaking time is sufficient during the huff period.The oil recovery of CO_(2)huff and puff mainly comes from the contribution of flow sweep and diffusion sweep,and diffusion sweep contributes more to the oil recovery when the soaking time is sufficient.

Development of Debris-free Laser Plasma Sources for EUV Lithography in CIOMP

We have been developing debris-free laser plasma sources for EUV lithography since 1996. Two types of debris-free sources, such as cryogenic target and gas-puff target laser plasma sources, were designed and built up in CIOMP. EUV radiation spectra of the sources with a variety of targets have been obtained by different ways.

Observation of blobs using a gas puff imaging diagnostic on the HL-2A tokamak

A gas puff imaging(GPI) diagnostic has been developed and applied to measure edge plasma turbulence on the HL-2A tokamak.The principle and experimental setup of GPI are described.GPI is applied to investigate blobs in the edge and scrape-off layer.Statistical characterizations of GPI line emission intensity are calculated, including the probability density functions(PDFs),skewness, and kurtosis of the intensity, which are found to be consistent with measurements by Langmuir probes.Besides, the track of blob motions is recorded by time sequence of individual frames.The characteristics of the original images and the relatively high-frequency(>10 kHz)/low-frequency(1–10 kHz) component images are illustrated.The observation of the blob’s structures and high-speed motions proves the success and high performance of the GPI diagnostic.

Comparison between Non-Gaussian Puff Model and a Model Based on a Time-Dependent Solution of Advection-Diffusion Equation

A comparison between a non-Gaussian puff model and an advanced time-dependent model to simulate the pollutant dispersion in the Planetary Boundary Layer is presented. The puff model is based on a general technique for solving the K-equation, using the truncated Gram-Charlier expansion (type A) of the concentration field and finite set equations for the corresponding moments. The other model (named ADMM: Analytical Dispersion Multilayers Model) is an semi- analytical solution to the time-dependent two-dimensional advection-diffusion equation based on a discretization of the PBL in N sub-layers;in each sub-layers the advection-diffusion equation is solved by the Laplace transform technique, considering an average value for eddy diffusivity and the wind speed. A preliminary performance evaluation is shown in the case of continuous emission from an elevated source in a variable boundary layer. Both models were able to correctly reproduce the concentration field measured and so to be used as operative air pollution models.

Puff Models for Simulation of Fugitive Hazardous Emissions in Atmosphere

A puff model for the dispersion of material from fugitive hazardous emissions is presented. For vertical diffusion the model is based on general techniques for solving time dependent advection-diffusion equation: the ADMM (Advection Diffusion Multilayer Method) and GILTT (Generalized Integral Laplace Transform Technique) techniques. Both approaches accept wind and eddy diffusion coefficients with any restriction in their height functions. Comparisons between values predicted by the models against experimental ground-level concentrations (from Copenhagen data set) are shown. The preliminary results confirm the applicability of the approaches proposed and are promising for future work.

The optimization of development mode during the later steam hu and puff in heavy oilfield taking the M block in Liaohe Oilfield as example

The M block in Liaohe Oilfield uses steam huff and puff coupled with water flooding, and it has entered the middle-later period of oilfield development To keep stable yield, the development mode should be changed. Based on the geological characteristics in the M block, this paper puts forward two different ways： Horizontal well injects steam to steam drive; Horizontal well as product well when vertical well injects steam. Combined with practical data and using numerical simulation to analysis, the results show that： Horizontal Well injects steam to steam driving is the best way; the recovery percent is as high as 22.72%. This development mode will work no matter in the short run or getting the economic limit rate.

HL-2A Tokamak Gas Puff Imaging

Gas puff imaging （GPI） is one of the important diagnostics for the （ITPAC international tokamak physics activity ） and entering the ITPA IDD （ international diagnostics database ） . GPI is related to many investigations, for example, edge radiations, etc.