Life-Cycle Bearing Capacity for Pre-Stressed T-beams Based on Full-Scale Destructive Test

To investigate the evolution of load-bearing characteristics of pre-stressed beams throughout their service life and to provide a basis for accurately assessing the actual working state of damaged pre-stressed concrete T-beams,destructive tests were conducted on full-scale pre-stressed concrete beams.Based on the measurement and ana-lysis of beam deflection,strain,and crack development under various loading levels during the research tests,combined with the verification coefficient indicators specified in the codes,the verification coefficients of bridges at different stages of damage can be examined.The results indicate that the T-beams experience complete,incom-plete linear,and non-linear stages during the destructive test process.In the complete linear elastic stage,both the deflection and bottom strain verification coefficients comply with the specifications,indicating a good structural load-bearing capacity no longer adheres to the code’s requirements.In the non-linear stage,both coefficients exhi-bit a sharp increase,resulting in a further decrease in the structure’s load-bearing capacity.According to the pro-visions of the current code,the beam can be in the incomplete linear stage when both values fall within the code’s specified range.The strain verification coefficient sourced from the compression zone at the bottom of theflange is not recommended for assessing the bridge’s load-bearing capacity.

Analysis of the Application of Static Load Test in Bridge Bearing Capacity Testing

This article uses real engineering projects as examples to analyze how static load test technology is applied in testing the bridge-bearing capacity.The analysis covers aspects such as testing section layout,test load and efficiency coefficient,loading plan,evaluation optimization,test result modification,and result evaluation.The aim is to support the accurate detection and evaluation of bridge-bearing capacity.

Regressive approach for predicting bearing capacity of bored piles from cone penetration test data

In this study, th e least sq u are su p p o rt v ecto r m achine （LSSVM） alg o rith m w as applied to predicting th ebearing capacity o f b ored piles e m b ed d ed in sand an d m ixed soils. Pile g eo m etry an d cone p e n e tra tio nte s t （CPT） resu lts w ere used as in p u t variables for pred ictio n o f pile bearin g capacity. The d ata u se d w erecollected from th e existing litera tu re an d consisted o f 50 case records. The application o f LSSVM w ascarried o u t by dividing th e d ata into th re e se ts： a train in g se t for learning th e pro b lem an d obtain in g arelationship b e tw e e n in p u t variables an d pile bearin g capacity, and testin g an d validation sets forevaluation o f th e predictive an d g en eralization ability o f th e o b tain ed relationship. The predictions o f pilebearing capacity by LSSVM w ere evaluated by com paring w ith ex p erim en tal d ata an d w ith th o se bytrad itio n al CPT-based m eth o d s and th e gene ex pression pro g ram m in g （GEP） m odel. It w as found th a t th eLSSVM perform s w ell w ith coefficient o f d eterm in atio n , m ean, an d sta n d ard dev iatio n equivalent to 0.99,1.03, an d 0.08, respectively, for th e testin g set, an d 1, 1.04, an d 0.11, respectively, for th e v alidation set. Thelow values o f th e calculated m ean squared e rro r an d m ean ab so lu te e rro r indicated th a t th e LSSVM w asaccurate in p redicting th e pile bearing capacity. The results o f com parison also show ed th a t th e p roposedalg o rith m p red icted th e pile bearin g capacity m ore accurately th a n th e trad itio n al m eth o d s including th eGEP m odel.

Uplift Pile Test in Rocks and Its Bearing Capacity

This paper reports in situ tension test and laboratory model test for large diameter, manually digging anchorage piles in the 2nd Luzhou Changjiang Bridge. Tension behavior, uplift bearing capacity and influence of rock characteristics on bearing capacity are discussed. Proposes are presented with respect to issues related to the construction and design of uplift piles.

Effect of Fine Content on the Bearing Capacity of Replaced Sand Gravely Subgrad-Field Test

The compacted soil replacement procedure has been widely used worldwide for overcoming the unfavorable actions of some problematic soils,such as expansive,collapsing soils and ground fill.Compaction of the replacement soil is necessary for stabilizing such layer for improving its performance.In this study,gravelly-sand soil,which consists of gravel,sand and fines,is widely used as replacement soil in the field.The effect of fines content on possibly achieved density of such soil is experimentally investigated.A series of laboratory compaction and plate loading tests were carried out on the replaced soil at different fine contents of 0,5,8,10,12 and 15%.The results showed that,the supporting capacity of a replacement soil increases with the increase of its dry density.Therefore,the density of the replacement layer is the major factor controlling its behavior under the effect if external stresses.Compacted sand and gravelly sand are preferred materials when used for soil replacement.They tend to have better engineering properties,if they are placed according to the standard specifications.Another experimental stage of the effect of fines on the bearing capacity of circular footings on gravelly-sand with different percentages of fines was performed.It was found that a fine content of 10%gives the highest dry density,if the soil is compacted according to modified proctor specifications and with the addition of fines,the footing settlement increases and the ultimate bearing carrying capacity decreases.

Discussion on bearing capacity of soft rock ground based on in-situ load test

The suitability of five methods was discussed here,taking the typical results from in-situ load test of Renshou Mansion and Caifu Plaza in Yueyang City for example.It shows that bearing capacity can be obtained by the proportion load and limit load from p-s curve with the first and the second point of contraflexure easily.It is recommended that the accurate value of bearing capacity can be obtained by hyperbola fitting method and minimum curvature radius method theoretically.The rebound method is clear in principle,in which the elastoplasticity characteristic is thought about.Out of consideration for the unsteadiness and unobviousness of bearing capacity from relative settlement method,it can be only adopted as reference.So bearing capacity of soft rock ground should be determined by weathering condition of soft rock and curve type.

California Bearing Ratio Test on the Bearing Capacity of a Foundation in Unsaturated Soil

The value of the California bearing ratio (CBR) test is an index making it possible to evaluate the load of the foundation soil and the resistance of the pavement materials. The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of unsaturated soils is particularly related to their quality. The mechanism affecting the bearing capacity, in the case of California Bearing Ratio (CBR), has been studied as a transformation of red clay for the backfill. In this study, the effect of compaction energy on compaction characteristics and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values was investigated. The relationship between the CBR value (California Ratio Ratio) and the degree of compaction is characterized by a gradual evolution of unsaturated soils with different water contents. The results show that the compaction degree and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) value of the soil in the cold region are insufficient, but the bearing capacity of the compacted soil after immersion under the maximum dry density can still meet the filling requirements. The red clays tested are considered useful as bedding in areas of unsaturated soils.

H-M Bearing Capacity of A Modified Suction Caisson Determined by Using Load-/Displacement-Controlled Methods

This paper presents a series of monotonically combined lateral loading tests to investigate the bearing capacity of the MSCs （modified suction caissons） in the saturated marine fine sand. The lateral loads were applied under load- and displacement-controlled methods at the loading eccentricity ratios of 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5. Results show that, in the displacement-controlled test, the deflection-softening behavior of load-deflection curves for MSCs was observed, and the softening degree of the load-deflection response increased with the increasing external skirt length or the decreasing loading eccentricity. It was also found that the rotation center of the MSC at failure determined by the load-controlled method is slightly lower than that by the displacement-controlled method. The calculated MSC capacity based on the rotation center position in serviceability limit state is relatively conservative, compared with the calculated capacity based on the rotation center position in the ultimate limit state. In the limit state, the passive earth pressures opposite the loading direction under load- and displacement-controlled methods decrease by 46% and 74% corresponding to peak values, respectively; however, the passive earth pressures in the loading direction at failure only decrease by approximately 3% and 7%, compared with their peak values.

Experimental research on ultimate bearing capacity of grouted-round-steel-tube N-joint

As an important structural member in self-supporting concrete floor during construction,encased steel truss-concrete composite beam has brilliant prospect in outer-jacketing structures for adding stories or mega frame structures.Compared with encased angle truss,encased round steel tube truss can facilitate layout of itself in column and facilitate layout and anchorage of prestressed reinforcement placed horizontally.N-joint is wildly used in encased steel truss.For cave-in failure easily occurs in hollow steel-tube joint,the idea that the chord is grouted to increase cave-in bearing capacity of hollow tube is proposed.Test results of 8 grouted-round-steel-tube N-joints from the beginning of loading to failure are reported.Mechanical property and failure mode of this kind of truss joint are analyzed,and the formulas of ultimate bearing capacity of the joint corresponding to different failure modes are established.All these can provide basic data for spreading encased steel truss-concrete composite beam.

Estimation of Axial Pile Bearing Capacity According to Shear Strength Parameters of Soil

At pesent, it is very popular to estimate pile bearing capacity by use of empirical formula and physical indexes of soil provided in the design codes for civil construction in China. This paper attempts to apply mechanical indexes of soil and semi-empirical formulas, which are based on soil mechanical theories and were summarized and presented by Meyerhof in 1976, to calculate the axial pile bearing capacity. Loading test results of 24 single piles in Tianjin area have been collected and compared with the proposed calulation approach.

Effect of Bearing Capacity on Designing Foundations in Iraq Using STAAD Pro-v8i

Most of Iraqi soil is classified as Quaternary deposits, especially in the Mesopotamian plain and tributaries of the River Tigris. Soil varies from north to south of Iraq. These differences in soil affected the process to select the suitable type of foundation. This research is to study the effect of bearing capacity on shallow foundations in different regions of Iraq. Seventy nine samples were collected from 23 boreholes at three different locations (Mosul at the North, Baghdad at the middle and Basrah at the south of Iraq). The samples were collected at varying depth between 1 to 24 m. They were subjected to the following testes: Atterberg limits, sieve and hydrometers, consolidation, direct shear, unconfined compression and the filed (SPT test). The values of the bearing capacity parameters ( and c) were obtained from the above tests. The results obtained were used in the application of the general equation of the bearing capacity. Then, the model of a building was designed (two floors, with mat foundation type) using STAAD Pro software. The average values of bearing capacity in each region were applied in the program (Mosul = 177 KPa, Baghdad = 125 KPa and Basrah = 84 KPa). In addition, the worst bearing capacity values were also used for the three regions (Mosul = 77 KPa, Baghdad = 68 KPa and Basrah = 24 KPa). The results obtained from the average and worst bearing capacity indicated that for Mosul, we could use shallow foundation (spread and mat used if there was basement) for different areas and for buildings with many stories. For Baghdad region, shallow foundation was more suitable for building not higher than five stories. Finally, for Basrah region, shallow foundations were an appropriate selection, but for most areas deep foundation was the right choice.

Numerical and experimental analyses for bearing capacity of rigid strip footing subjected to eccentric load

A footing may get an eccentric load caused by earthquake or wind, thus the bearing capacity of footing subjected to eccentric load become a fundamental geotechnical problem. The conventional limit equilibrium method used for this problem usually evaluates the material properties only by its final strength. But the classical finite element method(FEM) does not necessarily provide a clear collapse mechanism associated with the yield condition of elements. To overcome these defects, a numerical procedure is proposed to create an explicit collapse mode combining a modified smeared shear band approach with a modified initial stress method. To understand the practical performance of sand foundation and verify the performance of the proposed procedure applied to the practical problems, the computing results were compared with the laboratory model tests results and some conventional solutions. Furthermore, because the proposed numerical procedure employs a simple elasto-plastic model which requires a small number of soil parameters, it may be applied directly to practical design works.

Evaluation of ultimate bearing capacity of Y-shaped vibro-pile

Based on Mindlin stress solution, a numerical computational method was proposed to calculate the stresses in the ground induced by side friction and the resistance of Y-shaped vibro-pile. The improved Terzaghi's and ЪерезанцевВГ's methods for ultimate bearing capacity evaluation were proposed by considering the stress strength induced by friction resistance at pile head level of Y-pile. A new method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of Y-pile was also proposed based on the assumptions of soil failure mode at the tip of Y-pile and the use of Mohr-Coulomb soil yield criterion and Vesic compressive correction coefficient with the induced stresses in the ground. Based on the comparisons with the field static load test results, it is found that the improved Terzaghi's method gives higher ultimate capacity, while the other two methods shows good agreement with the field results.

Bearing Capacity Map for An-Najaf and Kufa Cities Using GIS

An-Najaf province is situated in south-western part of Iraq. It is 70 meters above the sea level in the dry desert environment. The city is considered as one of the most important cities in Iraq, facing a fast population growth and continuous development in constructions such as residential complexes, hotels, bridges and shopping malls. Soil investigation data for An-Najaf Province (An-Najaf and Kufa cities) from 464 boreholes drilled by the Na-tional Centre for Construction Laboratories & Researches (NCCLR)/Babylon laboratory were used in this research. The data were analysed and possessed using Excel program then represented on the Geographical Information System (GIS) program by Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) tool to create an allowable bearing capacity map for the soil at depths 0 - 2 meters. The allowable bearing capacity is one of the most important soil characteristics to be considered when making a database for An-Najaf city soil. Geographical Information System GIS program enables to create reliable database for any characteristic and it is one of the best programs to produce an accurate map and allow ease in dealing with it. Those maps cover all the studied areas and by using contour lines, approximate values for no-data areas can be obtained. The results show that the allowable bearing capacity range is 5 - 20 Ton/m2 for both An-Najaf and Kufa cities. Kufa city has the range 5 - 9 Ton/m2. An-Najaf city has the range 7 - 18 at the center, 8 - 10 Ton/m2 at the north eastern part, 7 - 14 Ton/m2 for the north western part, 6 - 12 Ton/m2 at the south eastern and 12 - 19 Ton/m2 at the south western.

Bearing Capacity Analysis of Shallow Foundations Supported on an Artificial Fill(Substation at Kashari,Tirana)

The paper presents conclusions related to the design of shallow foundations,at the site where the Substation at Kashari,in Tirana is foreseen to be constructed.The project includes buildings with small to medium structures with 1-3 stories.The geological survey works include 6 boreholes of a depth 20.0 m,90 SPT(Standard Penetration Tests)tests,and laboratory works include 13 direct shear tests,27 unconfined and compressive strength tests,7 CU(consolidated undrained)tests and 9 UU(unconsolidated undrained)tests,etc.The foundation design must fulfill both,bearing and settlement criteria,but in this case the settlements of foundations are not possible to be calculated,since the laboratory works do not include any consolidation test.So,the local bearing capacity is expected to control the design in terms of bearing capacity and settlements.The local bearing capacity of shallow square foundations is evaluated by using Terzaghi’s formula,based on reduced shear strength parameters of soils below the bottom of foundations.The results are compared with the bearing capacity values calculated by using Burland and Burbdige(1984)method,based on the data of SPT tests.This method is used for checking the settlement(serviceability)criterion in the foundation design,when the direct settlement calculation is missing.The paper presents some conclusions related to local bearing capacity foundation-based design.

Prediction of bearing capacity of pile foundation using deep learning approaches

The accurate prediction of bearing capacity is crucial in ensuring the structural integrity and safety of pile foundations.This research compares the Deep Neural Networks(DNN),Convolutional Neural Networks(CNN),Recurrent Neural Networks(RNN),Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM),and Bidirectional LSTM(BiLSTM)algorithms utilizing a data set of 257 dynamic pile load tests for the first time.Also,this research illustrates the multicollinearity effect on DNN,CNN,RNN,LSTM,and BiLSTM models’performance and accuracy for the first time.A comprehensive comparative analysis is conducted,employing various statistical performance parameters,rank analysis,and error matrix to evaluate the performance of these models.The performance is further validated using external validation,and visual interpretation is provided using the regression error characteristics(REC)curve and Taylor diagram.Results from the comparative analysis reveal that the DNN(Coefficient of determination(R^(2))_(training(TR))=0.97,root mean squared error(RMSE)_(TR)=0.0413;R^(2)_(testing(TS))=0.9,RMSE_(TS)=0.08)followed by BiLSTM(R^(2)_(TR)=0.91,RMSE_(TR)=0.782;R^(2)_(TS)=0.89,RMSE_(TS)=0.0862)model demonstrates the highest performance accuracy.It is noted that the BiLSTM model is better than LSTM because the BiLSTM model,which increases the amount of information for the network,is a sequence processing model made up of two LSTMs,one of which takes the input in a forward manner,and the other in a backward direction.The prediction of pile-bearing capacity is strongly influenced by ram weight(having a considerable multicollinearity level),and the effect of the considerable multicollinearity level has been determined for the model based on the recurrent neural network approach.In this study,the recurrent neural network model has the least performance and accuracy in predicting the pile-bearing capacity.

Model tests on uplift capacity of double-belled pile influenced by distance between bells

To optimize the distance between the bells in pile design,this paper reports a series of small scale tests on the uplift capacity of double belled piles embedded in dry dense sand considering different bell space ratios.Finite element modelling is also performed to evaluate the range of soil failure around the piles during pile uplift displacement.Test results show that when bell space ratio is 6 or 8,the uplift capacity reaches the peak value.The upper bell bears more load than the lower one for the piles with bell space ratio less than 6,while the lower bell bears more load than the upper one for the piles with bell space ratio larger than 8.

动力打桩桩周泥岩损伤特性与损伤模型

针对泥岩地基同施工场地条件下动力打入桩的承载力差异性大且部分打入桩承载力不足等异常现象,文章开展了桩周0.2m处打桩前后的桩周泥岩单轴抗压强度对比试验,和打桩后的桩端中风化泥岩三轴压缩试验,明确打桩后桩周泥岩的损伤特性,基于统计损伤理论建立考虑受打桩影响的桩周泥岩损伤本构模型,并对泥岩地基打入桩的承载性能进行探讨。研究表明:打桩后桩周0.2m处泥岩强度平均损伤28.2%,弹性模量平均损伤41.4%;桩端中风化泥岩损伤后抗剪强度参数平均值为c=217.2kPa、φ=21.6°,φ仅是同场地原状强风化和全风化泥岩的49.1%和51.4%;打桩后桩周泥岩应力-应变曲线的损伤模型计算值的与实测值吻合较好,验证模型的合理性;泥岩地基打入桩承载力异常特征为桩端受力小,但桩端沉降显著,静载破坏时桩端阻力的平均占比为5.25%;动力打桩对桩周泥岩的损伤是泥岩地基打入桩承载力异常的重要原因;泥岩地基打入桩的设计计算与数值模拟采用原状泥岩力学参数不合理,泥岩损伤后不易恢复,建议按损伤特性赋予参数。研究结果对泥岩地基打入桩的设计、施工、承载力评价有较强的参考价值。

型钢-UHPC轻型组合桥面板及其抗弯性能研究

正交异性钢桥面是目前800m以上国内外特大跨径钢桥的唯一选择,主因是自重轻、强度高、架设方便。但其存在疲劳开裂风险大、运维成本高的缺点。随着高性能材料UHPC的研发和应用,为构建自重轻、病害少、经济性好的桥面新结构提供了可能性。经过多年研究,作者提出一种新型桥面板结构——型钢-UHPC轻型组合桥面结构,将型钢、钢板条与UHPC组合,桥面板的形成无任何板件焊接,因而具有高抗疲劳性,且与传统钢桥面相比,自重持平、造价减半,可作为除“正交异性钢桥面”外的“第二种”大跨径钢桥的桥面结构方案。该文研究这种轻型组合桥面板预制板及横向接缝的抗弯性能,制作4个条带模型(包括2个预制板试件和2个接缝试件),开展三点弯曲的横向接缝负弯矩试验和预制板正弯矩试验,并对试验结果进行分析;基于“条带法”建立预制板试件极限承载力计算模型,提出接缝试件的UHPC开裂名义拉应力计算方法;基于某斜拉桥应用实例,进行整体计算和局部计算,验证新型组合桥面结构在实桥上应用的可行性。研究结果表明:(1)型钢与UHPC间在极限状态前相对滑移非常小,具有良好的协同受力性能;(2)预制板试件的正弯矩极限承载力以型钢屈服控制,而接缝试件负弯矩极限承载力以UHPC开裂和加密钢筋断裂控制;(3)接缝试件的“T形”接缝、加密钢筋、燕尾形的企口、交错式切割型钢钢条等构造设计对接缝整体抗弯拉性能有很好的提高效果;(4)预制板试件极限承载力计算模型所得计算值与试验值吻合良好,该模型搭配名义拉应力计算方法,可帮助工程实际问题的设计与应用;(5)试验结果与实桥的有限元计算值相比,新型桥面结构均有1.3倍以上的安全系数,新型组合桥面应用于实桥具有可行性。