Long-Term Outcome and Risk Factor Analysis of Surgical Pulmonary Valve Replacement in Congenital Heart Disease

Objectives:To establish long-term outcome of surgical pulmonary valve replacement(PVR)in congenital heart disease(CHD)and to identify risk factors for overall mortality,operative mortality,and repetitive PVR.Methods:This is a retrospective study of 375 surgical PVR in 293 patients who underwent surgical PVR for CHD between January 2000 and May 2020.We only included patients with index PVR with previous open-heart surgery regardless of the number of PVRs.The previous surgical history of patients who underwent PVR during the study period was also included.Patients who underwent the Rastelli operation,and those who underwent single PVR without previous open-heart surgery were excluded.Results:The median age of the patients at the time of surgical PVR was 14.9 years(Interquartile range,IQR,11.0–22.0).The median follow-up duration was 10.5 years(IQR,5.5–14.8 years).There were 3 patients with operative mortality(1.0%)and 15 patients with overall mortality(5.1%).The survival rate was 95.1%over 20 years follow-up period.Multivariate analysis demonstrated that more than 3 times of previous open-heart surgeries before surgical PVR,older age at the first operation,longer cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB)time and longer intensive care unit(ICU)stay were predictors for overall mortality.Patients who underwent surgical PVR after more than 3 times of previous open-heart surgeries had significantly higher mortality than those who underwent open-heart surgeries less than 3 times(P<0.001).Age younger than 10 years,male,multiple valve problems and longer ICU stay were significant predictors for repetitive PVR by multivariate analysis.Conclusions:Though surgical PVR has excellent long-term outcome,it should be performed with caution for those who previously underwent multiple open-heart surgeries,especially if patient received more than 3 times of open-heart surgeries.

A Systematic Approach to Pulmonary Valve Replacement in the Current Era

Background:Pulmonary valve replacement(PVR)can be accomplished via surgical,transcatheter,or hybrid approaches.There are inherent advantages to transcatheter PVR and hybrid PVR without cardiopulmonary bypass.We review the methods and results of a standardized institutional approach to PVR.Methods:Retrospective review of all PVR cases between February 2017 and February 2020.Hybrid PVR entailed off-pump RVOT plication with percutaneous transcatheter PVR.Results:Primary transcatheter PVR was attempted in 37,hybrid PVR was performed in 11,and on-pump surgical PVR was performed in 9.Median age at PVR was 27 years(6–65).Primary transcatheter PVR was successful in 35/37(2 converted to surgical).Standard surgical PVR was utilized for positive coronary compression testing(n=4),stent/valve system migration(n=2),or patient preference(n=3).In the hybrid group mean RVOT diameter was 34 mm(32–38).Median length of stay was 1 day for transcatheter PVR,5 for surgical,and 3 for hybrid(p=0.02).Median follow-up was 1.5 years.Re-interventions were one balloon valve dilation in a transcatheter PVR,and one valve dilation with subsequent transcatheter valve-in-valve PVR in the surgical cohort.One hybrid patient expired 11 months post procedure.Conclusions:A systematic approach to PVR utilizing all approaches in pre-defined order of preference leads to consistent outcomes in a wide variety of anatomic configurations.Transcatheter PVR may be accomplished in the majority of patients.When necessary,hybrid off-pump RVOT plication with transcatheter PVR avoids the need for cardiopulmonary bypass.

Predictive value of preoperative cardiopulmonary exercise testing on early outcomes of pulmonary valve replacement after repair of Tetralogy of Fallot

Objective Cardiopulmonary exercise testing(CPET)is helpful to identify right ventriclar(RV)dysfunction in patients with rapair of Tetralogy of Fallot(rTOF),but its predictive value on early outcomes of pulmonary valve replacement(PVR)of these patients is unclear when similar preoperative ventricular size and function in cardiovascular magnetic resonance(CMR)exist.The aim of this study is to evaluate whether CPET is useful to predict the early outcomes of rTOF patients after PVR.

Evaluation of Left Ventricular Systolic Function after Pulmonary Valve Replacement Using Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Following reparative surgery for tetralogy of Fallot or critical pulmonary stenosis(PS),patients frequently present with severe right ventricular(RV)volume overload due to pulmonary regurgitation,resulting in decreased RV function.Surgical pulmonary valve replacement(PVR)is known to improve RV function,but changes in left ventricular(LV)function after PVR have rarely been described.We sought to determine the midterm results regarding LV systolic function after PVR using cardiac MRI in 40 consecutive patients with repaired TOF(31 patients)or PS(9 patients)with an age of 29±9 years who underwent PVR from 2006 to 2011 at a single center.Cardiac MRI RV and LV volumes before and after PVR were analyzed.Demographics,clinical variables,cardiopulmonary bypass duration,and medications were reviewed.LV ejection fraction(LVEF)increased from(54±8)to(57±6)%(P=0.02).Before PVR,26 patients had depressed LVEF of(49±5)%(range 36– 54%).In this group,LVEF increased by(7±7)%(P<0.0001)after PVR.Low LVEF before PVR was correlated with increased LVEF after PVR(regression coefficient-0.7,R 2=0.59,P<0.0001).Demographics,medications,prior pregnancies,and cardiopulmonary bypass duration had no effect on LVEF after PVR.The increase in LVEF was most significant in patients with low pre-PVR LVEF.

In vitro bench testing using patient-specific 3D models for percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation with Venus P-valve

Background:Due to the wide variety of morphology,size,and dynamics,selecting an optimal valve size and location poses great difficulty in percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation(PPVI).This study aimed to report our experience with in vitro bench testing using patient-specific three-dimensional(3D)-printed models for planning PPVI with the Venus P-valve.Methods:Patient-specific 3D soft models were generated using PolyJet printing with a compliant synthetic material in 15 patients scheduled to undergo PPVI between July 2018 and July 2020 in Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University.Results:3D model bench testing altered treatment strategy in all patients(100%).One patient was referred for surgery because testing revealed that even the largest Venus P-valve would not anchor properly.In the remaining 14 patients,valve size and/or implantation location was altered to avoid valve migration and/or compression coronary artery.In four patients,it was decided to change the point anchoring because of inverted cone-shaped right ventricular outflow tract(RVOT)(n=2)or risk of compression coronary artery(n=2).Concerning sizing,we found that an oversize of 2-5 mm suffices.Anchoring of the valve was dictated by the flaring of the in-and outflow portion in the pulmonary artery.PPVI was successful in all 14 patients(absence of valve migration,no coronary compression,and none-to-mild residual pulmonary regurgitation[PR]).The diameter of the Venus P-valve in the 3D simulation group was significantly smaller than that of the conventional planning group(36[2]vs.32[4],Z=-3.77,P<0.001).Conclusions:In vitro testing indicated no need to oversize the Venus P-valve to the degree recommended by the balloon-sizing technique,as 2-5 mm sufficed.

Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement in congenital heart diseases

Surgical repair of a variety of congenital heart diseases involves repair of the right ventricular outflow tract(RVOT)with valved or non-valved conduit to connect the right ventricle(RV)to the pulmonary artery(PA)or just patch enlargement of the native RVOT.With time,this RV-PA conduit will degenerate with deterioration of function,either causing pulmonary stenosis or pulmonary regurgitation.This RVOT dysfunction may result in RV dilation,RV dysfunction,and eventual RV failure and arrhythmias.Multiple surgical pulmonary valve replacement(PVR)is often required throughout the patient’s lifetime.Patients are subjected to increased risks with each additional cardiac operation.Transcatheter PVR(TPVR)has been developed over the past two decades as a valuable non-surgical alternative to restore the RVOT and RV function,and hence reduce patients’lifetime risks related to surgery.This article will discuss the long-term results of TPVR which are demonstrated to be comparable to surgical results and the latest development of large pulmonary valves which will allow TPVR to be performed on native or larger RVOT.

Pulmonary Valve Replacement after Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot:A Review

Tetralogy of fallot （TOF） occurs in approximately 1 in 5000 live births and accounts for 12% - 14% of congenital heart disease. Surgical repair was first introduced in the 1950s and there is now a large population of adults with repaired TOF. Some of them may suffer from significant pulmonary regurgitation （PR）, progressive right ventricle （RV） dilation, RV dysfunction and restrictive right ventricular physiology（RRVP）.

Early Results of Mitral Valve Replacement in Severe Pulmonary Artery Hypertension—An Institutional Prospective Study

Introduction: In patients undergoing surgery for mitral valve replacement (MVR) for valvular heart disease, pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) has been considered a major risk factor. In this prospective study, we have studied the early hemodynamic changes and post-operative outcomes of MVR among patients with severe PAH. Methods: 68 consecutive patients who underwent mitral valve replacement for severe rheumatic mitral valve disease with severe PAH (pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) > 50 mmHg) were studied prospectively for immediate postoperative hemodynamics and outcomes. The mean age of the patients was 32.1 years. 32 (47.05%) patients had mitral stenosis, 13 (19.11%) had mitral regurgitation and 23 (33.82%) had mixed lesions. Patients were divided into two groups based on preoperative pulmonary artery pressures. In 56 patients (82.35%, group I) PAP was sub-systemic or systemic, with a mean of 58.4 mmHg. Twelve patients (17.65%, group II) had supra-systemic PAP with a mean of 82.4 mmHg. Results: After mitral valve replacement, the PAP and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) decreased significantly in group I to near normal levels. In group II also the PAP and PVR decreased significantly but significant residual PAH remained. Operative mortality was 3.5% in group I and 16.6% in group II. Conclusions: MVR is safe and effective at the presence of severe PAH as long as the PAP is below or equal to systemic pressures. With suprasystemic PAP, MVR carries a high risk of mortality and the patient continues to have severe PAH in the postoperative period.

Percutaneous pulmonary and tricuspid valve implantations: An update

The field of percutaneous valvular interventions is one of the most exciting and rapidly developing within interventional cardiology.Percutaneous procedures focusing on aortic and mitral valve replacement or interventional treatment as well as techniques of percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation have already reached worldwide clinical acceptance and routine interventional procedure status.Although techniquesof percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation have been described just a decade ago,two stent-mounted complementary devices were successfully introduced and more than 3000 of these procedures have been performed worldwide.In contrast,percutaneous treatment of tricuspid valve dysfunction is still evolving on a much earlier level and has so far not reached routine interventional procedure status.Taking into account that an "interdisciplinary challenging",heterogeneous population of patients previously treated by corrective,semi-corrective or palliative surgical procedures is growing inexorably,there is a rapidly increasing need of treatment options besides redo-surgery.Therefore,the review intends to reflect on clinical expansion of percutaneous pulmonary and tricuspid valve procedures,to update on current devices,to discuss indications and patient selection criteria,to report on clinical results and finally to consider future directions.

Aorto-Pulmonary Artery Fistula Following Aortic Valve Replacement: A Diagnostic Dilemma

Aorto-pulmonary artery fistula is a rare and lethal occurrence after thoracic surgery and aortic aneurysms. Here we present a rare occurrence of acute aorto-pulmonary artery fistula in outpatient department in a follow up patient of aortic valve replacement and discuss challenges faced in diagnosis, etiopathogenesis and management.

Outcomes of Self-Expanding Transcatheter Pulmonary Valves:Extended Follow-Up of a Prospective Trial

Background:The Venus-P valve was the first self-expanding valve used world-wide for transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement(TPVR)in patients with severe pulmonary regurgitation(PR).We intended to report the extended follow-up results from the prospective trial(No.NCT02590679).Methods:A total of 38 patients with severe PR(mean age 24.2±13.2)were included.Follow-up data were obtained after implanted at 1,6,and 12 months and yearly after.The frame geometry was assessed on post-implant computer tomography(CT)scanning by calculating the non-circularity[circularity ratio(minimum diameter/maximum diameter)<0.9]and under-expansion[expansion ratio(derived external valve area/nominal external valve area)<0.9).Adverse events(all-cause mortality,reintervention,valve dysfunction,stent fracture and endocarditis)were recorded.Results:All valves were implanted successfully with normal function at discharge.Geometric CT analysis showed underexpanded valve was detected in 22 patients(63%)and non-circular valve was seen in 16 patients(46%).During a median follow-up of 4.8 years(range 0.3-8.1),there were 1 death and 1 surgical explant,both resulting from endocarditis.Five-year freedom from valve dysfunction and stent fracture were 84.8%(95%CI 74.8-94.7)and 83.5%(95%CI 73.8-93.2).Endocarditis occurred in 3 patients at a median time of 7 months.Stent fracture was more common in patients with non-circularity stents.Conclusion:TPVR using Venus-P valve is associated with favorable outcomes at 5 years.Non-circular shapes in the valve level may have a higher risk of stent fracture.

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement in elderly patients

Aortic stenosis is the most common native valve disease, affecting up to 5% of the elderly population. Surgical aortic valve replacement reduces symptoms and improves survival, and is the definitive therapy in patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis. However, despite the good results of classic surgery, risk is markedly increased in elderly patients with co-morbidities. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement （TAVR） allows implantation of a prosthetic heart valve within the diseased native aortic valve without the need for open heart surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass, offering a new therapeutic option to elderly patients considered at high surgical risk or with contraindications to surgery. To date, several multicenter registries and a randomized trial have confirmed the safety and efficacy of TAVR in those patients. In this chapter, we review the background and clinical applications of TAVR in elderly patients.

Use of the GORE^(®) DrySeal Flex Introducer Sheath to Facilitate Implantation of the Transcatheter Venus P-valve

Objectives:We report our experience of using the 65 cm large diameter GORE^(®) DrySeal Flex Introducer sheath to facilitate transcatheter implantation of the Venus P-valve in the pulmonary position.Background:Transcatheter implantation of pulmonary valves can be difficult due to rigidity of the valve delivery system or the anatomy of the RVOT and pulmonary artery bifurcation and the risk of iatrogenic damage to the tricuspid valve support apparatus.Using long sheaths to pass and protect the tricuspid valve may facilitate the procedure.Methods:Multi-centre registry of patients who underwent transcatheter pulmonary valve implantation of the Venus P-valve using the GORE^(®) DrySeal Flex introducer sheath to facilitate passage of the valve to the right ventricular outflow tract.Procedural success,time to valve implantation and radiation safety parameters were analyzed.These data were compared to a control group of subjects treated between July 2014 and May 2016 with the same valve but without the use of GORE^(®) DrySeal.Results:Between December 2016 and September 2018,the Venus P-valve was successfully deployed through the GORE^(®) DrySeal in 12 patients.There were no procedure-related complications.As a control group,10 subjects treated between July 2014 and May 2016 were included.Total procedure time was significantly shorter in the GORE^(®) DrySeal group compared to the control group 96±27 min vs.164±12 min(p<0.001).Total screening time was significantly shorter in the GORE^(®) DrySeal group(24±11 min)when compared with the control group(32±14 min,p<0.001).Conclusions:We describe a modification to the previously described techniques of implanting the Venus P-valve in the pulmonary position after surgical repair of congenital heart disease.In our experience,the GORE^(®) DrySeal sheath has considerably facilitated the procedure and reduced the potential risks.

Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation: Experience of Sainte Clotilde Hospital in Reunion Island

Introduction: Degenerative aortic stenosis is the most common valvulopathy in developed countries. The implantation of a percutaneous aortic valve (TAVI) has taken an important place in the management of this valvulopathy. The objective of this work is to report the results of patients treated by TAVI by the team of Sainte Clotilde Hospital (Reunion Island). Patients and?Methods: This was a descriptive retrospective study conducted from 01/10/2014?to 01/10/ 2017 in the Sainte Clotilde Hospital, Reunion Island. All patients who received TAVI for degenerative aortic stenosis were included in the study. Follow-up was completed until 31/08/19. Results: Forty-six (46) patients were included (sex ratio 0.53). The age was 82 (±7.5). Respectively,?56.5%, 21.7% and 6.5% of patients were diabetic [n = 26 (56.5%)], severe renal impairment [n = 10 (21.7%)] and hemodialysis [n = 3 (6.5%)]. All procedures were performed by femoral route under consious sedation. Edwards’ prostheses were used more often (93%), 100% Sapien 3, 6% of which were size 23. The primary success rate was 97.8% and the failure rate was 2% (deaths per procedure). The TAVI range of 0.66 ± 0.14 and 46.8 ± 15.5 against 1.48 ± 4.3 and 13.8 ± 5 in post TAVI. Severe pulmonary arterial?hypertension (>60 mmHg) was observed in 21.7% of pre-TAVI patients?compared to 4% in post TAVI patients. The overall rate of complications was 17% (n = 8). They were related to conductive disorders [6.5% (n = 3)], paraprosthetic leakage [2% (n = 1)], tamponade [2% (n = 1)], and hemorrhagic complications [6.5% (n = 3)]. Mean follow-up was 946 days (median = 1007.5 days), mean follow-up death rate was 30.4% (n = 14). The causes of death were non-cardiac in 57% (n = 8) of the cases. Conclusion: The TAVI results of the Sainte Clotilde Hospital Clinic are comparable to those observed in the literature.

胸腔镜下二尖瓣置换同期行三尖瓣成形术的疗效分析

目的 探讨胸腔镜下二尖瓣置换术(MVR)同期行三尖瓣成形术(TVP)的疗效。方法 选取2020年5月至2022年5月汕头市中心医院收治的接受胸腔镜下MVR+TVP的患者102例进行回顾性研究。收集患者的临床资料,所有患者均确诊为中-重度风湿性二尖瓣病变,且合并中度及以上的三尖瓣反流(TR),入院后完善常规检查,行MVR+TVP。记录两组患者的手术时间、主动脉阻断时间、体外循环时间、呼吸机辅助时间、术后24 h胸腔引流量、术后住院时间及并发症发生情况;比较手术前后的左心室前后径、左室射血分数(LVEF)、右室舒张末径(RVEDD)、右心房内径(RA)、肺动脉压力。术后随访1年,根据患者病情是否复发,分成复发组(n=20)、非复发组(n=82),比较两组临床资料,经多因素Logistic回归模型分析患者术后病情复发的独立危险因素。结果 患者平均手术时间为(258.54±20.06)min,主动脉阻断时间为(140.66±13.58)min,体外循环时间为(215.65±20.67) min,呼吸机辅助时间为(22.06±1.39) h,术后24 h胸腔引流量为(220.74±10.93) mL,术后住院时间为(8.76±1.05) d。102例患者并发症发生率为15.69%。患者术后1周的左心室前后径、RVEDD、RA、肺动脉压力分别为(43.69±4.87) mm、(61.35±5.19)%、(29.52±3.69) mm、(31.25±5.40) mm、(25.98±4.27) mmHg,术后6个月的分别为(44.13±4.91) mm、(60.87±4.73)%、(30.04±4.10) mm、(31.69±5.37) mm、(25.13±6.48) mmHg,均低于术前[(50.87±6.35) mm、(61.47±4.92)%、(36.94±4.51) mm、(42.19±6.72) mm、(48.52±7.84) mmHg],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果提示,术前重度TR、术后6个月肺动脉压力增高是患者胸腔镜下MVR+TVP术后病情复发的危险因素,人工瓣环成形术是预防病情复发的保护因素(P<0.05)。结论 胸腔镜下MVR+TVP能改善中-重度风湿性二尖瓣病变合并中度及以上TR患者的心功能与肺动脉压力,未引起严重并发症,安全性高,但患者术后病情复发仍受术前TR程度、术后肺动脉压力变化、三尖瓣成形术方式的影响。

经导管主动脉瓣置换术后急性脑梗死早期识别并成功取栓一例

经导管主动脉瓣置换术(TAVR)是指南推荐重度症状性主动脉瓣狭窄的重要手段之一。急性脑梗死是TAVR术后的严重并发症,显著影响患者预后和生活质量。溶栓和机械取栓是指南推荐的治疗急性脑梗死的标准方案,但其在TAVR患者的有效性和安全性证据有限。本文报道一例TAVR术后脑梗死患者,接受了急诊脑血管造影并成功经导管取栓。

二维斑点追踪成像评估法洛四联症修复术后肺动脉瓣反流经皮肺动脉瓣置换术后心室功能

法洛四联症是紫绀型先天性心脏病最常见的病因,并与修复术后肺动脉瓣反流发生率高密切相关,通常需要进行肺动脉瓣置换术。经皮肺动脉瓣置换术治疗肺动脉瓣反流可代替传统的外科手术,并弥补其创伤大的缺点。超声心动图在评价心室功能方面具有重要作用,但传统的超声心动图参数具有一定局限性,本研究拟综述二维斑点追踪成像评估法洛四联症修复术后肺动脉瓣反流患者经皮肺动脉瓣置换术后心室功能的应用进展。

基层医院急诊经导管主动脉瓣置换术治疗主动脉瓣狭窄合并急性心力衰竭休克患者1例

主动脉瓣狭窄作为常见的心脏瓣膜病病情进展快、临床预后差。在合并急性心力衰竭的情况下,心脏泵血功能严重受损,可能导致心脏输出量显著减少,从而引起休克。经导管主动脉瓣置换术(TAVR)自2002年首例成功以来,已成为老年主动脉瓣狭窄患者的一线治疗手段。在国内,随着技术的进步和医师培训的加强,基层医院在TAVR治疗方面的能力正在增强。本病例报道1例伴有急性心力衰竭休克的重度主动脉瓣狭窄患者在基层医院接受急诊TAVR治疗。因条件限制,在不备体外循环及体外膜肺氧合支持下紧急实施了TAVR。患者术中扩张瓣膜后血压即升至105/65 mmHg,术后症状明显缓解,复查心脏彩色多普勒超声示狭窄解除,心功能明显改善。本例手术的成功为基层医院重度主动脉瓣狭窄合并心力衰竭患者行急诊TAVR治疗提供了一定的借鉴。

重度主动脉瓣狭窄合并慢性冠状动脉疾病患者经导管主动脉瓣置换术同期/分期经皮冠状动脉介入治疗救治策略的研究进展

目前,经导管主动脉瓣置换术(TAVR)已不仅仅是外科高危重度主动脉瓣狭窄(AS)患者的优选替代方案,中危和低危AS患者也有所获益。近1/2的AS患者合并冠状动脉疾病(CAD),因此在TAVR治疗重度AS合并CAD的患者中行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)成为临床常见需求。当前TAVR与PCI孰先孰后亦或同期进行存在较大争议。本文将对行TAVR治疗的重度AS合并慢性CAD患者行PCI的时机进行综述。

Percutaneous valve stent insertion to correct the pulmonary regurgitation： an animal feasibility study

Background Pulmonary regurgitation leads to progressive right ventricular dysfunction, susceptibility to arrhythmias,and sudden cardiac death. Percutaneous valve replacement has been developed in recent years, providing patients with an alternative option. Percutaneous pulmonary valve replacement has been recently introduced into clinical practice. The goal of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of percutaneous valve stent insertion to correct the pulmonary regurgitation in sheep using a cup-shaped valve stent.Methods Pulmonary regurgitation was created by percutaneous cylindrical stent insertion in native pulmonary annulus of 8 sheep. One month after the initial procedure, the sheep with previous cylindrical stent implanted underwent the same implantation procedure of pulmonary valve stent. The valve stent consisted of a cup-shaped stent and pericardial valves.Hemodynamic assessments of the bioprosthetic pulmonary valve were obtained by echocardiography at immediately post-implant and at 2 months follow up.Results Successful transcatheter cylindrical stent insertion was performed in 7 sheep but failed in 1 sheep because the cylindrical stent was released to right ventricle outflow tract. After one month the 7 sheep with pulmonary regurgitation underwent valve stent implantation successfully. Echocardiography confirmed the stents were in desired position during the follow-up. No evidence of pulmonary valve insufficiency occurred in any animals. Echocardiography showed all heart function markers were normal.Conclusions Percutaneous cylindrical stent insertion to induce significant pulmonary regurgitation in sheep was feasible, simple and reproducible. Percutaneous pulmonary valve stent implantation can reduce pulmonary regurgitation in a sheep model. Further development of animal model and clinical trials are warranted.