The by-products obtained from plant processing industries are the cheap source of bioactive compounds especially antioxidants.Extraction of bioactive compounds can be obtained by using conventional and non-conventiona...The by-products obtained from plant processing industries are the cheap source of bioactive compounds especially antioxidants.Extraction of bioactive compounds can be obtained by using conventional and non-conventional methods.Extraction efficiency of any conventional method mainly depends on the choice of solvents.The major challenges of conventional extraction are longer extraction time,requirement of costly and high purity solvent,evaporation of the huge amount of solvent,low extraction selectivity,and thermal decomposition of thermolabile compounds.To overcome these limitations of conventional extraction methods,new and promising extraction techniques are introduced.These techniques are referred as non-conventional extraction techniques.Therefore,in this review,some of the most promising techniques such as ultrasoundassisted extraction,pulsed electric field extraction,enzyme-assisted extraction,microwave-assisted extraction,pressurized liquid extraction,supercritical fluid extraction,pressurized low-polarity water extraction,and molecular distillation were discussed.The process systems along with industrial applications for non-conventional method of antioxidants extraction were discussed,and the comparative efficacies of different extraction methods were highlighted.Replacing conventional technologies by non-conventional ones for the extraction of valuable compounds from plant by-products processing industries has several advantages,which includes reduction of the processing time,energy consumption,and the uses of harmful and expensive solvents and increase in the extraction yields.Incorporation and development of hybrid methods should be investigated,while considering plant material characteristics and choice of compounds in future.Proper choice of standard methods also influences the measurement of extraction efficiency.The increasing economic significance of bioactive compounds and commodities rich in these bioactive compounds may lead to find out more sophisticated extraction methods in future.展开更多
Coherent pulse stacking（CPS） is a new time-domain coherent addition technique that stacks several optical pulses into a single output pulse, enabling high pulse energy and high average power. A Z-domain model target...Coherent pulse stacking（CPS） is a new time-domain coherent addition technique that stacks several optical pulses into a single output pulse, enabling high pulse energy and high average power. A Z-domain model targeting the pulsed laser is assembled to describe the optical interference process. An algorithm, extracting the cavity phase and pulse phases from limited data, where only the pulse intensity is available, is developed to diagnose optical cavity resonators. We also implement the algorithm on the cascaded system of multiple optical cavities,achieving phase errors less than 1.0°（root mean square）, which could ensure the stability of CPS.展开更多
文摘The by-products obtained from plant processing industries are the cheap source of bioactive compounds especially antioxidants.Extraction of bioactive compounds can be obtained by using conventional and non-conventional methods.Extraction efficiency of any conventional method mainly depends on the choice of solvents.The major challenges of conventional extraction are longer extraction time,requirement of costly and high purity solvent,evaporation of the huge amount of solvent,low extraction selectivity,and thermal decomposition of thermolabile compounds.To overcome these limitations of conventional extraction methods,new and promising extraction techniques are introduced.These techniques are referred as non-conventional extraction techniques.Therefore,in this review,some of the most promising techniques such as ultrasoundassisted extraction,pulsed electric field extraction,enzyme-assisted extraction,microwave-assisted extraction,pressurized liquid extraction,supercritical fluid extraction,pressurized low-polarity water extraction,and molecular distillation were discussed.The process systems along with industrial applications for non-conventional method of antioxidants extraction were discussed,and the comparative efficacies of different extraction methods were highlighted.Replacing conventional technologies by non-conventional ones for the extraction of valuable compounds from plant by-products processing industries has several advantages,which includes reduction of the processing time,energy consumption,and the uses of harmful and expensive solvents and increase in the extraction yields.Incorporation and development of hybrid methods should be investigated,while considering plant material characteristics and choice of compounds in future.Proper choice of standard methods also influences the measurement of extraction efficiency.The increasing economic significance of bioactive compounds and commodities rich in these bioactive compounds may lead to find out more sophisticated extraction methods in future.
基金supported by the Director,Office of Science,Office of High Energy Physics,of the U.S.Department of Energy under Contract No.DE-AC02-05CH11231by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.11475097
文摘Coherent pulse stacking（CPS） is a new time-domain coherent addition technique that stacks several optical pulses into a single output pulse, enabling high pulse energy and high average power. A Z-domain model targeting the pulsed laser is assembled to describe the optical interference process. An algorithm, extracting the cavity phase and pulse phases from limited data, where only the pulse intensity is available, is developed to diagnose optical cavity resonators. We also implement the algorithm on the cascaded system of multiple optical cavities,achieving phase errors less than 1.0°（root mean square）, which could ensure the stability of CPS.
