Effects of pulse parameters on arc characteristics and weld penetration in hybrid pulse VP-GTAW of aluminum alloy

A novel ultrafast-convert hybrid pulse variable polarity gas tungsten arc welding process （HPVP-GTAW） is developed. High frequency pulse square-wave current which has a frequency of more than 20 kHz is exactly integrated in the positive polarity current duration. The effects of pulse current parameters on arc characteristics and weld penetration have been studied during the HPVP-GTAW process using Al-5. 8 Mg alloy plates. The arc characteristics studied by arc voltage and its profile, weld penetration noted by the ratio of weld depth to width have been found to be influenced significantly by the pulse current. The experimental results show that the HPVP-GTA W process can improve the arc profile predominantly and obtain the higher weld penetration with lower heat input. The observation may help in understanding the weld characteristics with respect to variation in the pulse current parameters which may be beneficial in using the novel HPVP-GTAW process to produce the better weld quality of aluminum alloy plates.

Novel hybrid method: pulse CO_2 laser-TIG hybrid welding by coordinated control

In continuous wave CO2 laser-TlG hybrid welding process, the laser energy is not fully utilized because of the absorption and defocusing by plasma in the arc space. Therefore, the optimal welding result can only be achieved in a limited energy range. In order to improve the welding performance further, a novel hybrid welding method--pulse CO2 laser-TIG arc hybrid welding by coordinated control is proposed and investigated. The experimental results indicate that, compared with continuous wave CO2 laser-TIG hybrid welding, the absorption and defocusing of laser energy by plasma are decreased further, and at the same time, the availability ratio of laser and arc energy can be increased when a coordinated frequency is controlled. As a result, the weld appearance is also improved as well as the weld depth is deepened. Furthermore, the effect of frequency and phase of pulse laser and TIG arc on the arc images and welding characteristics is also studied. However, the novel hybrid method has great potentials in the application of industrials from views of techniques and economy.

Design and Simulation for the Pulse High-Voltage DC Power Supply (HVPS) of 1.2 MW/2.45 GHz HT-7U Lower Hybrid Current Drive System

The superconducting tokamak HT-7U [1] has been designed by the Institute of Plasma Physics since 1998 and will be set up before 2003. The 1.2 MW /2.45 GHz HT-7U LHCD (Lower hybrid current drive) system which being the most efficient non-induction device can heat the plasma and drive the plasma current has been efficiently in operation 'owl and a particular design of the 2.8 MW/-35 kV high-voltage DC power supply has been already completed and will apply to the klystron of LHCD on HT-7 and the future HT-7U, and the project of the power supply has been examined and approved professionally by an authorized group of high-level specialist in the institute of Plasma Physics. The detailed design of the power supply and the simulation results are referred in the paper.

An Improved Submodule Unified Pulse Modulation Scheme for a Hybrid Modular Multilevel Converter

This paper presents an improved submodule unified pulse width modulation(SUPWM)scheme for a hybrid modular multilevel converter(MMC)composed of half-bridge submodules(HBSMs)and full-bridge submodules(FBSMs).The proposed SUPWM scheme can achieve an output voltage of(2N+1)(where N is the number of submodules in each arm)levels,which is the same as that of the carrier-phase-shifted PWM(CPSPWM)scheme.Meanwhile,the proposed SUPWM scheme can alleviate the uneven loss distributions between the left leg and right leg in FBSMs of the hybrid MMC.Moreover,the capacitor voltages of the sub-modules can be well balanced without complicated closed-loop voltage balancing controllers.The validity of the proposed SUPWM scheme is verified by both the simulated and experimental results.

Hybrid Simulation of Duty Cycle Influences on Pulse Modulated RF SiH_4/Ar Discharge

A one-dimensional fluid/Monte-Carlo（MC）hybrid model is developed to describe capacitively coupled SiH_4/Ar discharge,in which the lower electrode is applied by a RF source and pulse modulated by a square-wave,to investigate the modulation effects of the pulse duty cycle on the discharge mechanism.An electron Monte Carlo simulation is used to calculate the electron energy distribution as a function of position and time phase.Rate coefficients in chemical reactions can then be obtained and transferred to the fluid model for the calculation of electron temperature and densities of different species,such as electrons,ions,and radicals.The simulation results show that,the electron energy distribution f（ε）is modulated evidently within a pulse cycle,with its tail extending to higher energies during the power-on period,while shrinking back promptly in the afterglow period.Thus,the rate coefficients could be controlled during the discharge,resulting in modulation of the species composition on the substrate compared with continuous excitation.Meanwhile,more negative ions,like Si H_3^-and Si H_2^-,may escape to the electrodes owing to the collapse of ambipolar electric fields,which is beneficial to films deposition.Pulse modulation is thus expected to provide additional methods to customize the plasma densities and components.

Removal of phenol by activated alumina bed in pulsed high-voltage electric field

A new process for removing the pollutants in aqueous solution-activated alumina bed in pulsed high-voltage electric field was investigated for the removal of phenol under different conditions. The experimental results indicated the increase in removal rate with increasing applied voltage, increasing pH value of the solution, aeration, and adding Fe^2＋. The removal rate of phenol could reach 72.1% when air aeration flow rate was 1200 ml/min, and 88.2% when 0.05 mmol/L Fe^2＋ was added into the solution under the conditions of applied voltage 25 kV, initial phenol concentration of 5 mg/L, and initial pH value 5.5. The addition of sodium carbonate reduced the phenol removal rate. In the pulsed high-voltage electric field, local discharge occurred at the surface of activated alumina, which promoted phenol degradation in the thin water film. At the same time, the space-time distribution of gas-liquid phases was more uniform and the contact areas of the activated species generated from the discharge and the pollutant molecules were much wider due to the effect of the activated alumina bed. The synthetical effects of the pulsed high-voltage electric field and the activated alumina particles accelerated phenol degradation.

Stability of fiber laser-MIG hybrid welding of high strength aluminum alloy

The effect of fiber laser on MIG arc was investigated with 8 mm 7075-T6 high strength aluminum alloy as base material.The arc shape,droplet transfer form and electrical signal in the process of MIG welding and laser-MIG hybrid welding were analyzed.The stability of the hybrid welding process was evaluated by standard deviation analysis.The results show that with the increase of laser power,a large number of laser-induced plasma enters the arc column area,providing more conductive channels,which makes the heat of MIG arc more concentrated and the short circuit transition disappear.Due to the continuous effect of laser,the keyhole becomes a continuous electron emission source,and a stable cathode spot will be formed near the keyhole,which enhances the stability of MIG arc at the base current state.By using the method of standard deviation analysis,the voltage standard deviation of single MIG welding arc and laser-MIG hybrid arc within 4 seconds was calculated.The standard deviation of single MIG arc voltage was 1.05,and the standard deviation of MIG arc voltage in laser-MIG hybrid welding was 0.71–0.86,so the hybrid welding process was more stable.

CHARACTERISTICS OF DROPLET TRANSFER IN CO_2 LASER-MIG HYBRID WELDING WITH SHORTCIRCUITING MODE

LF6 aluminum alloy plates with 4.5 mm thickness are welded in this experiment. Welding is carried out by using the CO2 laser-MIG paraxial hybrid welding in fiat position. The experimental results indicate that the inherent droplet transfer cycle time of conventional MIG arc is changed due to the interaction between CO2 laser beam and MIG arc in the short-circuiting mode of laser-MIG hybrid welding. Because of the preheating action of CO2 laser to electrode and base material, the droplet transfer frequency of MIG arc is increased in the hybrid welding process. When laser power is increased to a certain degree, the droplet transfer frequency is decreased due to the effect of laser-induced keyhole. Furthermore, through analyzing the MIG welding current and arc voltage waveforms and the characteristics of droplet transfer in the hybrid welding process, the effect of laser energy and the action point between laser beam and arc on the frequency of droplet transfer and weld appearance is investigated in details.

The numerical simulation of laser-MIG hybrid welding for Invar alloy

Composites are widely applied to the manufacturing of aircraft in aviation. Forming of large-scale composite component in aircraft requires the corresponding mold with precise size. The laser-MIG hybrid welding has a significant advantage in the manufacturing of Invar mold for aircraft composites. This paper mainly introduces the application of the laser-MIG hybrid welding,and the distribution of thermal field and flow field on the Invar alloy laser-MIG hybrid three-layer welding is analyzed and discussed specifically.

Mathematical analysis of the role of recoil pressure in weld pool dynamics during laser-MIG hybrid welding

A mathematical model was established to simulate the weld pool development and dynamic process in stationary iaser-MlG hybrid welding. Surface tension and buoyancy were considered to calculate liquid metal flow patter, moreover, typical phenomena of MIG welding, such as filler droplets impinging weld pool, electromagnetic force in the weld pool, and typical phenomena of laser beam welding, such as recoil pressure, Inverse Bremsstrahlung absorption, Fresnel absorption were all considered in the model. The laser beam and arc couple effect were introduced into this model by the plasma width during hybrid welding. The role of recoil pressure in the weld formation was discussed. Transient weld pool shape and complicated liquid metal velocity distribution from two kinds weld pool to an unified weld pool were calculated. The simulated weld bead geometry with consideration recoil pressure was in good agreement with experimental measurement.

Effects of Tailed Pulse-Bias on Ion Energy Distributions and Charging Effects on Insulating Substrates

Abstract A hybrid sheath model, including a fluid model and a Monte Carlo （MC） method, is proposed to study ion energy distributions （IEDs） driven by a radiofrequency （RF） with a tailed pulse-bias on an insulating substrate, where a charging effect is obviously caused by the ions accumulated. This surface charging effect will significantly affect the IEDs on the insulating substrate. In this paper, a voltage compensation method is employed to eliminate the charging effect by making the pulse-bias waveform have a certain gradient. Furthermore, we investigate the IEDs under the condition of different pulse-bias duty ratios, waveforms, amplitudes, and cycle proportions. It is found that the parameters of the pulsed source can effectively modulate the IEDs on the insulating substrate and the charging effect, and more desired IEDs are obtained by using the voltage compensation method with modulations of pulse parameters.

Detection of butt weld of laser-MIG hybrid welding of thin-walled profile for high-speed train

Purpose–This study aims to solve the problem of weld quality inspection,for the aluminum alloy profile welding structure of high-speed train body has complex internal shape and thin plate thickness(2–4 mm),the conventional nondestructive testing method of weld quality is difficult to implement.Design/methodology/approach–In order to solve this problem,the ultrasonic creeping wave detection technology was proposed.The impact of the profile structure on the creeping wave detection was studied by designing profile structural test blocks and artificial simulation defect test blocks.The detection technology was used to test the actual welded test blocks,and compared with the results of X-ray test and destructive test(tensile test)to verify the accuracy of the ultrasonic creeping wave test results.Findings–It is indicated that that X-ray has better effect on the inspection of porosities and incomplete penetration defects.However,due to special detection method and protection,the detection speed is slow,which cannot meet the requirements of field inspection of the welding structure of aluminum alloy thin-walled profile for high-speed train body.It can be used as an auxiliary detection method for a small number of sampling inspection.The ultrasonic creeping wave can be used to detect the incomplete penetration welds with the equivalent of 0.25 mm or more,the results of creeping wave detection correspond well with the actual incomplete penetration defects.Originality/value–The results show that creeping wave detection results correspond well with the actual non-penetration defects and can be used for welding quality inspection of aluminum alloy thin-wall profile composite welding joints.It is recommended to use the echo amplitude of the 10 mm 30.2 mm 30.5 mm notch as the criterion for weld qualification.

近远场地震下RC大跨轻柔拱桥减隔震支座方案优化

为探明不同地震动输入对某大跨轻柔拱桥减隔震的影响,通过非线性有限元模型分析近远场地震下桥梁结构的响应规律,得到大桥支座的优化布置方案.首先,基于模态分析,对比该桥与传统钢筋混凝土(RC)拱桥动力特性差异;其次,选取不同脉冲周期的近场地震动、近场无脉冲及远场长周期地震动记录;最后,研究近远场地震下拱桥的响应行为和损伤演化路径,得到优化桥梁的减隔震支座设计方案.研究结果表明:近场脉冲及远场长周期地震下的桥梁结构响应大于无脉冲地震响应;纵竖向地震下高墩柱剪力及弯矩包络曲线呈“S”形,墩身中部易形成塑性铰,高阶振型影响显著;桥梁纵桥向先于横向震损,损伤路径依次为矮柱、高墩柱及拱肋实心-空心截面段;摩擦摆支座减震效果最佳但位移较大,高阻尼支座方案在近场中长脉冲周期及远场长周期地震下仍会发生损伤,板式橡胶支座方案因无法保证支座同步滑移而不能形成准隔震体系;“高阻尼+摩擦摆”混合方案的支座位移小,拱肋及墩柱均处于弹性,是近断层大跨轻柔RC拱桥的优选减隔震方案.

一种混合滞环控制的LLC控制器应用研究

为优化LLC变换器的瞬态性能、间歇工作特性及轻载效率,提出了一种LLC的混合滞环控制方法及变换器实现方案。在深入分析混合滞环控制原理、对称半桥LLC变换器设计方法的基础上,给出基于混合滞环控制的模拟控制器应用方法及200 W对称半桥LLC变换器的关键参数设计,包括控制器外围电路设计,对称半桥电路设计,驱动电路设计,LLC谐振腔各项参数设计等,并通过实验样机进行详细验证。实验结果表明,所提出的混合滞环控制方法及控制器的应用设计科学可行。

用于细胞活性研究的高重频脉冲磁场装置

一定时间的脉冲磁场序列可刺激某些类型的细胞和组织产生有益的生物效应。由于磁体本质上是一个大感性负载,难以同时实现磁体电流的高di/dt和高精度调节。为此,该文提出一种两级联合调控拓扑,前级电路为同步降压电路,用于实现di/dt随磁场期望值同步调节,后级电路是桥式电路,用于实现脉冲磁场波形周期、振幅、稳定度、刺激间隔等参数的控制,为了实现电流从快速上升到稳定值的平滑过渡,引入一种由滞环控制器和PI控制器组成的混合型控制器。在此基础上,研制了频率范围为1 Hz~5 kHz、脉冲边沿小于50μs、可调精度为0.1 mT、峰值强度高达10 mT的便携式高频脉冲磁场发生装置样机,并应用于脉冲磁场对高龄小鼠的体外成熟卵母细胞受精和胚胎发育能力影响的研究。在脉冲磁场作用下囊胚形成率从15.15%提高至52.94%,表明脉冲磁场显著促进了高龄小鼠体外成熟卵母细胞的发育能力。

大冷量多级推移活塞型脉管制冷机

使用阶梯推移活塞加惯性管的复合调相方式结合二者的调相优势,改善非最佳匹配尺寸下推移活塞脉管制冷机性能。对阶梯推移活塞加惯性管的复合调相方式的双级脉管制冷机进行了实验研究。在第二级采用复合调相结构时,在充气压力2 MPa,运行频率51 Hz时,得到了86.4 K/22.9K的无负荷温度,在1 251 W输入功时,第二级在34.7 K得到5 W的冷量,为推移活塞双级脉管制冷机的性能优化提供了参考。

基于混合谐波注入的潜水感应电机电磁噪声削弱

针对感应电机在变频供电时会在绕组中产生时间谐波而导致电机的电磁振动和噪声增大的问题,提出了一种采用混合谐波注入的改进型正弦脉宽调制控制策略。以一台1120 kW的潜水感应电机为研究对象,通过对电机进行3、9次混合谐波注入,削弱了电压的调制波和载波谐波及其边带谐波分量,从而降低了电机的振动和噪声。对3、9次混合谐波注入方法中的谐波占比系数进行优化,进一步强化了对边带谐波的削弱效果,整体降低了电机噪声。最后通过对采用混合谐波注入方法的电机与优化前的常规电机进行铁耗、铜耗等方面的性能对比,验证了所提策略在不影响电机的基本性能的前提下,有效削弱了电机的电磁噪声。

基于卷积神经网络-长短期记忆神经网络模型利用光学体积描记术重建动脉血压波信号

目的直接动脉血压(arterial blood pressure,ABP)连续监测是侵入式的,传统袖带式的间接血压测量法无法实现连续监测。既往利用光学体积描记术(photoplethysmography,PPG)实现了连续无创血压监测,但其为收缩压和舒张压的离散值,而非ABP波的连续值,本研究期望基于卷积神经网络-长短期记忆神经网络(CNN-LSTM)利用PPG信号波重建ABP波信号,实现连续无创血压监测。方法构建CNN-LSTM混合神经网络模型,利用重症监护医学信息集(medical information mart for intensive care,MIMIC)中的PPG与ABP波同步记录信号数据,将PPG信号波经预处理降噪、归一化、滑窗分割后输入该模型,重建与之同步对应的ABP波信号。结果使用窗口长度312的CNN-LSTM神经网络时,重建ABP值与实际ABP值间误差最小,平均绝对误差(mean absolute error,MAE)和均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)分别为2.79 mmHg和4.24 mmHg,余弦相似度最大,重建ABP值与实际ABP值一致性和相关性情况良好,符合美国医疗器械促进协会(Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation,AAMI)标准。结论CNN-LSTM混合神经网络可利用PPG信号波重建ABP波信号,实现连续无创血压监测。

重频速射电磁发射用混合储能系统控制策略

面向重频快速电磁发射的应用需求,针对其对混合储能系统初级储能向次级储能超高频率充电的难题,提出了一种基于“超级电容-脉冲电容”的新型混合储能系统,与现有“蓄电池-脉冲电容”混合储能相比,该系统具有快速充电和长寿命的优势。首先,在介绍该储能系统基本电路结构和原理的基础上,结合时序串联充电方式推导了其内部能量转移过程的理论模型;然后,基于Matlab仿真平台搭建系统仿真模型,给出了时序串联充电控制策略,以及充电电压和电流波形,并定量分析了回路阻抗对充电波形的影响。仿真结果表明:所提出的基于“超级电容-脉冲电容”的混合储能系统可实现数十发/分的射速,可为重频速射电磁发射的应用提供有效的能源供给方案,且该混合储能系统基于时序串联控制可实现对电磁发射脉冲电源电压的精准控制。

速度脉冲型近场地震作用下某混合减震结构动力响应特性研究

近断层地震动的速度脉冲效应对结构的抗震性能具有不利影响,我国规范对近场效应的考虑通过不同断层距的近场增大系数体现。以距离断裂带不足5km的某混合减震框架结构为工程背景,选取一组典型的速度脉冲型近场地震波,并用基于小波分析的识别方法进行验证,同时基于抗规选波方式考虑场地地震环境选取另一组地震波,在均满足有效持时、地震动加速度峰值、反应谱相似性的前提下,对比设防、罕遇地震下脉冲波和规范选波结构响应的差异。结果表明:速度脉冲型地震动对近断层减震项目的结构响应有一定的放大作用,设防地震下基底剪力增大系数约为1.07,罕遇地震下基底剪力增大系数约为1.18~1.19,罕遇地震下消能元件的耗能更充分,结构构件的塑性损伤进一步发展,放大作用较设防地震更为显著;对于短周期减震结构,当选波没有区分速度脉冲地震记录同时又按抗规乘以1.5的近场增大系数时,可能高估结构的响应。