Prevalence and Study of the Clonality of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae Strains in Neonatology at the University Hospitals of Abidjan by the Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis and the Quantitative Antibiogram

Background: ESBL-producing strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae, one of the main causes of nosocomial and hospital-acquired infections, are commonly associated with therapeutic impasses. Surveillance of these multidrug-resistant pathogens is a crucial tool for controlling and preventing infections. This surveillance involves the use of appropriate molecular and phenotypic typing techniques. The choice of techniques is based on criteria such as discriminatory power, intra- and inter-laboratory reproducibility, epidemiological concordance, ease of use and cost. The aim of our study was to identify clusters of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL-K. pneumoniae) strains circulating in neonatology using quantitative antibiogram (QA) and Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 55 K. pneumoniae strains isolated from a total of 513 samples. These various samples are taken from newborns, healthcare personnel, and the environment. K. pneumoniae identification followed standard bacteriological procedures and was confirmed using the Vitek® 2 (bioMérieux). The detection of the ESBL phenotype was performed using the synergy test. QA and PFGE were used to identify clonal relationships between the various strains isolated. Concordance between these two methods was assessed by calculating Cohen’s KAPPA coefficient and Simpson’s diversity index. Results: Among the 55 K. pneumoniae strains included in this study, 58.2% (32/55) were found to be Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) producers. Most of these strains were isolated from neonatal samples (blood samples and rectal swabs). The quantitative antibiogram method applied to 28 out of the 32 ESBL-producing strains revealed that the isolates were grouped into 5 clusters. Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis performed on a total of 16 ESBL-producing strains showed the existence of four profiles. A perfect concordance was observed between the two methods. Conclusion: The results of this study highlighted the existence of clonal strains of various origins within neonatology units.

CHARACTERIZATION OF PATHOGENIC FUNGI GENOMES USING PULSED FIELD GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

Pulsed field gel electrophoresis(PFGE) has been firstly introduced in characterization of the pathogenic fungi Penicillium marne f fei and Exophiala dermatitidis genomes.The numbers and sizes of their chromosomes have been detected.Polymorphism was identified on the smallest chromosome of E.dermatitidis.The result shows that PFGE for characterization of large molecular DNA pathogenic fungi is very suitable,it is more simple and more efficacy.The result also shows the diversity of pathogenic fungi is relative common even in rare occurred pathogenic fungi such as E.dermatitidis.

Establishment and Comparison of Pulsed-field Gel Electrophoresis,Multiple-locus Variable Number Tandem Repeat Analysis and Automated Ribotyping Methods for Subtyping of Citrobacter Strains

Objective To establish and compare the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis （PFGE）, multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis （MLVA） and automated ribotyping for subtyping of Citrobacter strains. Methods PFGE protocol was optimized in terms of plug preparation procedure, restriction enzymes and configuration of electrophoretic parameters. MLVA method was evaluated by finding variable number tandem repeats in two genomes of Citrobacter strains. The ribotyping was performed by using the automated RiboPrinter system. Results We optimized the plug preparation procedure, focused on the cell suspension concentration （turbidity of 2.5 to 3.5）, SDS addition （no SDS needed） and lysis time （1 h）, and selected the appropriate restriction enzyme （Xbal） and the electrophoretic parameters （1.0 s-20.0 s for 19 h） of PFGE. There was nearly no discriminatory power of MLVA between Citrobacter strains. For 51 Citrobacter strains, automated ribotyping gave a D-value of 0.9945, while PFGE gave a D-value of 0.9969. Both PFGE and automated ribotyping clustered strains from the same sources （with the same species from the same place at the same time identified as the same source） and divided strains from different sources （from different years, places and hosts） into different subtypes. Conclusion PFGE protocol established in this paper and automated ribotyping are suitable for application in Citrobacter subtyping.

Optimization of Pulse-Field Gel Electrophoresis for Borrelia burgdorferi Subtyping

Objective To optimize the performance of Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis （PFGE） for the comparison of inter-laboratory results and information exchange of Borrelia burgdorferi subtypingo Methods A panel of 34 strains of B. burgdorferi were used to optimize PFGE for subtyping. In order to optimize the electrophoretic parameters （EPs）, all 34 strains of B. burgdorferi were analyzed using four EPs, yielding different Simpson diversity index （D） values and the epidemiological concordance was also evaluated. Results The EP of a switch time of l s to 25 s for13 h and l s to10 s for 6 h produced the highest D value and was declared to be optimal for Mlul and 5mal PFGE of B. burgdorferi. Mlul and Smal were selected as the first and second restriction enzymes for PFGE subtyping of B. burgdorferi according to discrimination and consistency with epidemiological data. Conclusion PFGE can be used as a valuable test for routine genospecies identification of B burgdorferi.

Antimicrobial resistance, genotypic characterization and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing of extended spectrum β-lactamases-producing clinical Escherichia coli strains in Macao, China

Background The rise of the production of CTX-M class extended spectrum β-lactamases （ESBLs） has been well documented in traveling countries but no data are found for Macao, an international travel city. The objectives of this study were to identify the antimicrobial resistance pattern, and determine the prevalence, genotype and clonal relationship of ESBLs in 209 clinical Escherichia coli strains from Macao, China. Methods Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed to determine the resistance patterns of the isolates using the disk diffusion method with 17 antimicrobial agents. Phenotypic detection was screened and confirmed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Genotypic characterization was detected by isoelectric focusing analysis, polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. The clonal relationship between the different ESBL isolates was studied by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis （PFGE）. Results Imipenem and meropenem exhibited 100% susceptible among 209 strains. Overall, 82.3%, 67.3%, 52.9%, 51.2% and 51.0% of the isolates displayed resistance to ampicillin, tetracylcline, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole trimethoprin and gentamycin. The prevalence rate of ESBLs was 30.1%. Antibiotic resistances were found to be significantly higher among the ESBL producing group compared to non-ESBL producing group. We detected CTX-M-14 to be the major genotypic characterization of ESBLs （76.2%）. Two strains showed indistinguishable patterns by PFGE. Conclusions The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance is alarming high in Macao. Antimicrobial resistance is significantly higher among the ESBL producing group. This study documented CTX-M-14 as the predominant ESBL type. Although indistinguishable pattern was found between two strains, it was too small to decide whether any of the investigated strains was epidemic. Our findings may be also pertinent for other geographic areas undergoing similar travel characteristics to understand the corresponding effects on bacterial populations.

2022—2023年贵州省单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌PFGE分型及耐药性分析

目的了解2022—2023年贵州省单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌血清表型、脉冲场凝胶电泳(pulse-field gel electrophoresis,PFGE)分子分型特征和耐药情况,旨在为贵州省李斯特氏菌病的防控提供实验室数据支持并提高预警监测能力。方法收集2022年1月—2023年12月贵州省致病菌识别网中心实验室监测腹泻疾病相关样本1220份,按照GB 4789.30—2016《食品安全国家标准食品卫生微生物学检验单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌检验》的执行标准分别进行分离培养,按照《国家致病菌识别网实验室监测技术手册(2022试用版)》进行实时荧光聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)检测方法鉴定,多重PCR检测血清型分型、PFGE分子分型和药敏试验。结果1220份腹泻疾病相关样本分离出424株菌株,其中单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌11株,阳性率为2.59%(11/424);11株单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌分为6种血清表型,血清型分布为1/2a、1/2b、1/2c、3a、3b和3c型;11株单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌对头孢西丁(cefoxitin,FOX)耐药率高达100%,对氯霉素(chloroamphenicol,CHL)中介率为72.72%,剩余12种药物[红霉素(erythromycin,ERY)、复方新诺明(trime-thoprim/sulfamethoxazole,T/SUL)、庆大霉素(gentamicin,GEN)、亚胺培南(imipenem,IPM)、苯唑西林(benzoxacillin,OXA)、克林霉素(clindamycin,CLI)、环丙沙星(ciprofloxacine,CIP)、达托霉素(datomycin,DAP)、氨苄西林(ampicillin,AMP)、四环素(tetracycline,TET)、万古霉素(vancomycin,VAN)、青霉素(chloramphenical,PEN)]均100%敏感;经AscⅠ酶切后11株单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌分成7种PFGE带型,相似性为40%~100%,其中3株菌相似性高达100%。结论2022—2023年贵州省发生了一起家庭聚集性李斯特氏菌病事件,遵义市肉制品中存在相同的污染来源,且污染源持续存在,贵州省具有多种致病性单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌,但尚未出现严重耐药情况。

深圳市伤寒PulseNet数据库的初步建立与应用

[目的]建立深圳市伤寒PulseNet数据库,用于伤寒的实时监测和分子流行病学调查。[方法]采用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)技术,对深圳市2002～2005年106株伤寒的染色体DNA进行酶切,用BioNumerics软件对PFGE分型图谱电子化数据分析,建立分子分型数据库。[结果]深圳市各年的伤寒菌株变异较多,呈现30多种PFGE图谱。同一起伤寒暴发的临床分离株具有相同的PFGE图谱。[结论]深圳市伤寒PulseNet数据库的初步建立,对直观地分析各起疫情之间的相互关系,对疫情的控制和传染来源的追踪具有重要意义。

福建省嗜肺军团菌血清1型及血清6型菌株PFGE分型研究

目的研究福建省2008年至2010年公共场所空调冷却塔水及冷凝水中分离的嗜肺军团菌血清Ⅰ型(LP1)及血清Ⅵ型(LP6)的基因特征。方法应用脉冲场凝胶电泳(pulsed-field gel electrophoresis,PFGE)技术对57株LP1型军团菌及15株LP6军团菌进行电泳,并用BioNumerics(version 6.0,Applied Maths,Inc)软件包对其进行聚类分析。结果 57株LP1军团菌可分为40种PFGE型,菌株间相似性系数在24.107%～100.000%之间不等,大部分菌株的PFGE型别差异明显,无优势型别。不同地区分离的LP1军团菌既有差异较大的带型,也存在相同和相似的带型;相同地区,菌株间相似性系数存在差异,无优势菌株。15株LP6军团菌可分为12个不同的PFGE型别,菌株间相似性系数在27.87%～100.00%之间。结论 2008-2010年福建省公共场所空调冷却塔水及冷凝水中分离的LP1及LP6军团菌呈现基因多样性。

烧伤病房MRSA医院感染暴发的PFGE分型研究

利用表型分型和基因分型的方法解析医院感染常见致病菌——耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)造成医院感染暴发的可能传播途径。本实验对某医院烧伤科、ICU、肿瘤科病房内从患者和环境分离的19株MRSA,进行了16种抗生素的耐药性实验和全基因组稀有位点限制性内切酶酶切脉冲凝胶电泳(PFGE)分析,并聚类分析归纳了菌株之间的相关性。结果发现在19株MRSA中有11株属于同一个菌种A型,在这些菌株中,有8株属于相同的克隆亚型A1型,分别来自烧伤科和ICU患者以及烧伤科医生、护士的手。4株属于B型,均分离自同一烧伤病房。这暗示该医院可能存在MRSA(A型)院内感染的暴发,并且存在B型流行的潜在危险。MRSA很有可能通过医护工作人员的手及鼻腔等媒介在患者间传播。因此,加强医护人员的感染控制观念,利用灵敏、可靠且分辨率强的分型技术加强MRSA感染监控至关重要。

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌PFGE分型研究

目的:检测不同医院耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)优势菌株是否相同。方法:用常规方法对从天津医科大学第二医院及武汉同济医院临床标本中分离的金黄色葡萄球菌进行鉴定,采用头孢西丁纸片扩散法及mecA基因检测筛选出MRSA。采用脉冲场凝胶电泳法(PFGE)进行分型,以了解不同地区两家医院的优势菌株是否相同。结果:共分离出金黄色葡萄球菌127株,MRSA83株,其中天津56株,武汉27株。天津56株MRSA临床株PFGE分型为15型27个亚型,以A1型为主;武汉27株MRSA临床株PFGE分型为6型12个亚型,以A2、A4型为主。结论:2家医院MRSA优势菌株并不相同,尚未发现MRSA流行菌株。

嗜肺军团菌SBT、PFGE、AFLP分子分型方法的比较

比较SBT、PFGE、AFLP三种分子分型方法在嗜肺军团菌分型研究中的分辨力,探讨SBT方法在嗜肺军团菌分型中的可应用性。收集石家庄市6所医院冷却塔水中分离的32株嗜肺军团菌,对其中的24株血清I型嗜肺军团菌进行SBT分型研究,并与PFGE和AFLP分型结果进行了比较。24株LP1型嗜肺军团菌共分为4个ST型,分辨系数为0.239 1。PFGE方法将32株菌株共分为15个PFGE型,分辨系数为0.925 4。AFLP方法将32株菌株分为23个AFLP型,分辨系数为0.973 7。通过比对EWGLI网站SBT数据库,ST1021型和ST345型为本地区独特型别且属于同一克隆系;ST1型为优势型别并在我国长期流行;由于缺失neuA而未分型的嗜肺军团菌株与其他23株菌分属于不同的克隆系。SBT方法的分型能力不及PFGE方法和AFLP方法。但SBT分型方法能够通过全球比对数据库得到更多的关于菌株遗传进化和流行分布的资料,在研究菌株分子流行病学及进化方面优于PFGE和AFLP方法。

单核细胞增生李斯特菌的毒力基因检测及PFGE分型的研究

目的了解福建省食品中单核细胞增生李斯特菌携带hly、plcA、plcB和prfA毒力基因的情况及脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)的分型情况。方法将hly、plcA、plcB和prfA基因作为靶序列选取4对引物,通过聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测61株单核细胞增生李斯特菌和2株可疑单核细胞增生李斯特菌的毒力基因,用PulseNet单核细胞增生李斯特菌标准方法进行7株单核细胞增生李斯特菌的PFGE分子分型。结果61株单核细胞增生李斯特菌毒力基因为hly+、plcA+、plcB+和prfA+,2株可疑单核细胞增生李斯特菌的毒力基因分别为hly-、plcA+、plcB-、prfA-和hly-、plcA-、plcB-、prfA-。7株单核细胞增生李斯特菌的PFGE分为5个型。结论实验结果表明福建省食品中分离到的单核细胞增生李斯特菌均含有hly、plcA、plcB和prfA基因,属于致病株。对2株可疑单核细胞增生李斯特菌进行了进一步的鉴定,排除了单核细胞增生李斯特菌,该毒力基因检测方法可用于可疑单核细胞增生李斯特菌的进一步鉴别。7株菌中有两对2株PFGE型别一致,一致的菌株来自不同年份不同销售地点的同一品牌,应用PFGE方法可以进一步调查该厂冻鸡肉中单核细胞增生李斯特菌的传播途径和污染源。

荧光PCR和PFGE在副溶血弧菌食物中毒诊断中的应用研究

[目的]探讨荧光PCR和脉冲场电泳(PFGE)在副溶血弧菌食物中毒调查中的应用。[方法]对中毒样品进行荧光PCR检测,副溶血弧菌临床分离株基因组DNA经NotI酶切,通过PFGE获得电泳图谱,利用BioNumerics软件对图谱进行聚类分析。[结果]部分样品荧光PCR检测结果呈阳性,同起食物中毒菌株PFGE图谱一致。[结论]荧光PCR可以快速准确的鉴定病原体。PFGE具有很强的菌株同源性分析能力,适用于食物中毒病原菌学鉴定和传染源溯源。荧光PCR和PFGE在食物中毒的快速诊断中可发挥重要作用。

禽肉中弯曲菌的分离、PFGE和DGGE分型

随机选取某肉菜市场8份鸡肉和鸭肉样品中的弯曲菌(Campylobacter),分别采用Bolton和Preston肉汤增菌,然后以Skirrow、mCCDA选择分离培养和膜过滤的方法同时分离,运用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)和变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)对分离出的菌株进行分子水平的分型和溯源.结果表明:共有6份样品污染了空肠弯曲菌(C.jejuni)或结肠弯曲菌(C.coli);Preston肉汤增菌、mCCDA选择分离培养法的分离效果最好;4份样品被同一种C.coli污染,2份样品分别污染了2种C.jejuni和3种C.coli;与PFGE相比,DGGE分型方法的灵敏度略低,但更快速、成本更低,且稳定、准确,可用于食品中弯曲菌的快速分型.

2株萎缩芽孢杆菌铬去除差异基因的PFGE分析

为寻找2株萎缩芽孢杆菌与铬去除相关的差异基因,探索PFGE技术在寻找差异基因方面的可行性,本研究以萎缩芽孢杆菌(Bacillus atrophaeus)ATCC 9372菌株和Ua菌株为材料,分别考察2株菌对Cr(VI)的耐受性和去除能力;采用PFGE技术进行基因组酶切片段分析,以期获得差异基因;利用转基因技术对得到的差异基因Cr(VI)去除功能进行验证。结果表明:2株菌在48h时菌体生长和对Cr(VI)的去除率达到最大值,ATCC 9372菌株的生长状况和Cr(VI)去除能力明显高于Ua菌株;基因组通过内切酶EcoRI-Hind III组合酶切后,PFGE分析得到了一条3kb左右的差异条带,测序比对结果表明该序列含有Yth A基因和Yti B基因;差异序列的酶切位点与内切酶组合一致,PCR结果表明差异序列只存在于Ua菌株中,转基因菌株ATCC 9372-Yti B的Cr(VI)去除率下降了约12%,表明Yti B基因与Cr(VI)的去除负相关。本研究利用PFGE技术成功发现2株萎缩芽孢杆菌的铬去除差异基因,经验证该技术可行性高,为寻找差异基因提供了一种新途径。

深圳市嗜肺军团菌血清Ⅰ型菌株PFGE分型指纹图谱研究

目的研究深圳市公共场所中央空调冷却塔水中分离的嗜肺军团菌血清Ⅰ型(LpⅠ)的基因特征。方法应用脉冲场凝胶电泳(Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis,PFGE)技术对30株LpⅠ型军团菌进行电泳,并经Bionumer-ics软件进行聚类分析。结果30株菌可分为28种PFGE型。不同地区间分离出部分菌株,经PFGE分型,相似性系数为100%,表明深圳市公共场所中央空调冷却塔水间可能存在交叉污染;同一地区,菌株间相似性系数存在差异,没有优势菌株;同一采样地点,存在两种以上PFGE型别。结论深圳市公共场所冷却塔水中分离的LpⅠ型菌株基因呈多样性。

中国部分食品中肠炎沙门菌分离株的PFGE分子型别分析研究

目的研究中国食品中肠炎沙门菌分离株的分子谱别。方法用脉冲场凝胶电泳分型技术对从中国11个省市食品中分离的51株肠炎沙门菌进行分子分型。结果肠炎沙门菌经2种内切酶XbaⅠ、SpeⅠ处理后,均分为11个不同的带型。两种内切酶的分型结果不相同,但其中有部分交叉。2种内切酶的PFGE分型都有2个主要的带型,分别涵盖了分离株的70%,并在两型之间有部分兼容性。通过双酶系统的双重分型,还可以将其中的型别进一步区分为亚型。在各地区之间菌株的型别分布无明显规律,在各种食品之间菌株的型别分布,SpeⅠ酶切后的结果更有规律。分离自羊肉中的4株菌经XbaⅠ、SpeⅠ酶切表现为同一PFGE型别,在XbaⅠ分型结果中为XF型,在SpeⅠ分型结果中为SE型,揭示了一定的亲缘关系。结论脉冲场凝胶电泳分型技术是肠炎沙门菌分子分型的有效手段。

福氏志贺菌PFGE和MLVA分子分型方法的应用与评价

目的比较和评价脉冲场凝胶电泳技术(PFGE)和多位点可变数目串联重复序列分析技术(MLVA)在福建地区福氏志贺菌研究中的应用。方法运用PFGE和MLVA技术对43株分离自福建地区的福氏志贺菌进行分子分型,结合流行病学资料分析比较分型效果。结果 43株福氏志贺菌经PFGE分型后相似度在61.70%～100%之间,按照100%的相似水平可分为36个PFGE型,没有优势PFGE型别,分辨系数为0.992 2,存在4个优势簇(G1～G4);福氏志贺菌经MLVA分型后,按照100%的相似水平可分为41个MLVA型别,遗传关联度介于6.207%～100%之间,没有优势MLVA型别,分辨系数为0.997 8,得到5个优势基因群(Cluster1～5)。在最小生成树上,部分F4c与Fx亲缘关系较近,并都由F2a和F1a分支而来,表现出一定的遗传关系。结论两种分型方法的分辨率基本一致,PFGE分型结果与流行病学背景资料及血清型别基本吻合,MLVA在分析菌株种群进化关系上更具优势。

PFGE方法在医院感染病原学监测中的应用

目的应用ＰＦＧＥ对我院１９９５年９月～１９９６年１１月间，金黄色葡萄球菌引起的医院感染进行病原学监测。方法收集、鉴定分离菌株，检测ＭＲＳＡ，分析病历资料并进行了ＰＦＧＥ分型研究。结果共分离到８４株金黄色葡萄球菌，ＭＲＳＡ４４株（５２．４％）。病历资料显示有５３株为医院感染菌，其中４１株为ＭＲＳＡ；经ＰＦＧＥ分析儿科、肾内科、皮科、骨科等有ＭＲＳＡ流行株存在，社区感染菌多为散发。结论引起医院感染的金黄色葡萄球菌多为ＭＲＳＡ，ＰＦＧＥ是一个研究感染流行情况。

云南省椰毒假单胞菌酵米面亚种污染分析及PFGE分型

目的 椰毒假单胞菌酵米面亚种的分布和传播情况。方法 对59份样品进行细菌分离与鉴定,用限制性内切酶SpeI酶切17株椰酵假单胞菌染色体DNA以进行脉冲电泳(PFGE)分析。结果 采集样品59份,分离鉴定出椰酵假单胞菌14株,检出率为23.73%,17株菌的PFGE图谱的相似性系数在53.6%~100%之间,经聚类分析得到14个PFGE型别。结论 云南省部分地区椰酵假单胞菌污染严重,存在食品安全隐患,应进一步从食品源头加强卫生监测;PFGE带型呈多样性,对今后云南省椰毒假单胞菌酵米面亚种引起食物中毒的诊断和溯源有重要意义。