Pulsed gas–liquid discharge plasma catalytic degradation of bisphenol A over graphene/Cd S:process parameters optimization and O_(3)activation mechanism analysis

In the present work,pulsed gas–liquid hybrid discharge plasma coupled with graphene/Cd S catalyst was evaluated to eliminate bisphenol A(BPA)in wastewater.The optimization of a series of process parameters was performed in terms of BPA degradation performance.The experimental results demonstrated that nearly 90%of BPA(20 mg l^(-1))in the synthetic wastewater(p H=7.5,σ=10μS m^(-1))was degraded by the plasma catalytic system over 0.2 g l^(-1)graphene/Cd S at 19k V with a 4 l min^(-1)air flow rate and 10 mm electrode gap within 60 min.The BPA removal rate increased with increasing the discharge voltage and decreasing the initial BPA concentration or solution conductivity.Nevertheless,either too high or too low an air flow rate,electrode gap,catalyst dosage or initial solution p H would lead to a decrease in BPA degradation.Moreover,optical emission spectroscopy was used to gain information on short-lived reactive species formed from the pulsed gas–liquid hybrid discharge plasma system.The results indicated the existence of several highly oxidative free radicals such as·O and·OH.Finally,the activation pathway of O_(3)on the catalyst surface was analyzed by density functional theory.

Activation of peroxydisulfate by gas-liquid pulsed discharge plasma to enhance the degradation of p-nitrophenol

Pulsed discharge in water and over water surfaces generates ultraviolet radiation,local high temperature,shock waves,and chemical reactive species,including hydroxyl radicals,hydrogen peroxide,and ozone.Pulsed discharge plasma（PDP） can oxidize and mineralize pollutants very efficiently,but high energy consumption restricts its application for industrial wastewater treatment.A novel method for improving the energy efficiency of wastewater treatment by PDP was proposed,in which peroxydisulfate（PDS） was added to wastewater and PDS was activated by PDP to produce more strong oxidizing radicals,including sulfate radicals and hydroxyl radicals,leading to a higher oxidation capacity for the PDP system.The experimental results show that the increase in solution conductivity slightly decreased the discharge power of the pulse discharge over the water surface.An increase in the discharge intensity improved the activation of PDS and therefore the degradation efficiency and energy efficiency of p-nitrophenol（PNP）.An increase in the addition dosage of PDS greatly facilitated the degradation of PNP at a molar ratio of PDS to PNP of lower than 80：1,but the performance enhancement was no longer obvious at a dosage of more than 80：1.Under an applied voltage of 20 kV and a gas discharge gap of 2 mm,the degradation efficiency and energy efficiency of the PNP reached 90.7%and45.0 mg kWh^（-1） for the plasma/PDS system,respectively,which was 34%and 18.0 mg kWh^（-1）higher than for the discharge plasma treatment alone.Analysis of the physical and chemical effects indicated that ozone and hydrogen peroxide were important for PNP degradation and UV irradiation and heat from the discharge plasma might be the main physical effects for the activation of PDS.

Spectroscopic diagnosis of plasma in atmospheric pressure negative pulsed gas-liquid discharge with nozzle-cylinder electrode

The plasma characteristics of a gas-liquid phase discharge reactor were investigated by optical and electrical methods.The nozzle-cylinder electrode in the discharge reactor was supplied witha negative nanosecond pulsed generator.The optical emission spectrum diagnosis revealed that OH（A2∑＋ → X2Π,306–309 nm）,N32（CΠ→B3Πg,337 nm）,O（3p5p→3s-5s-0,777.2 nm）and O（3p3p→3s3s0,844.6 nm）were produced in the discharge plasma channels.The electron temperature（Te）was calculated from the emission relative intensity ratio between the atomic O 777.2 nm and 844.6 nm,and it increased with the applied voltage and the pulsed frequency and fell within the range of 0.5–0.8 e V.The gas temperature（Tg）that was measured by Lifbase was in a range from 400 K to 600 K.

Removal of phenol by activated alumina bed in pulsed high-voltage electric field

A new process for removing the pollutants in aqueous solution-activated alumina bed in pulsed high-voltage electric field was investigated for the removal of phenol under different conditions. The experimental results indicated the increase in removal rate with increasing applied voltage, increasing pH value of the solution, aeration, and adding Fe^2＋. The removal rate of phenol could reach 72.1% when air aeration flow rate was 1200 ml/min, and 88.2% when 0.05 mmol/L Fe^2＋ was added into the solution under the conditions of applied voltage 25 kV, initial phenol concentration of 5 mg/L, and initial pH value 5.5. The addition of sodium carbonate reduced the phenol removal rate. In the pulsed high-voltage electric field, local discharge occurred at the surface of activated alumina, which promoted phenol degradation in the thin water film. At the same time, the space-time distribution of gas-liquid phases was more uniform and the contact areas of the activated species generated from the discharge and the pollutant molecules were much wider due to the effect of the activated alumina bed. The synthetical effects of the pulsed high-voltage electric field and the activated alumina particles accelerated phenol degradation.

Spectroscopic study of bipolar nanosecond pulse gas-liquid discharge in atmospheric argon

Atmospheric gas-liquid discharge with argon as a working gas is presented by employed nanosecond pulse power. The discharge is presented in a glow-like mode. The discharge powers are determined to be less than 1 W, and remains almost constant when the discharge duration time increases. Bountiful active species are determined by capturing optical emission spectra, and their main generation processes are also discussed. The plasma gas temperature is calculated as 350 K by comparing the experimental spectra and the simulated ones of N2（C3Ⅱg→B3Ⅱg, △v=-2）. The time resolved vibrational and rotational temperature is researched to present the stability of discharge when pulse voltage and discharge duration vary. The electron density is determined to be 1016 cm-3 according to the Stark broadening effect of the Ha line.

Discharge characteristics and reactive species production of unipolar and bipolar nanosecond pulsed gas–liquid discharge generated in atmospheric N2

In this paper,unipolar pulse(including positive pulse and negative pulse)and bipolar pulse voltage are employed to generate diffuse gas–liquid discharge in atmospheric N2with a rumpetshaped quartz tube.The current–voltage waveforms,optical emission spectra of excited state active species,FTIR spectra of exhaust gas components,plasma gas temperature,and aqueous H2O2,NO2-,andNO3-production are compared in three pulse modes,meanwhile,the effects of pulse peak voltage and gas flow rate on the production of reactive species are studied.The results show that two obvious discharges occur in each voltage pulse in unipolar pulse driven discharge,differently,in bipolar pulse driven discharge,only one main discharge appears in a single voltage pulse time.The intensities of active species(OH(A),and O(3p))in all three pulsed discharge increase with the rise of pulse peak voltage and have the highest value at 200 ml min-1of gas flow rate.The absorbance intensities of NO2and N2O increase with the increase of pulse peak voltage and decrease with the increase of gas flow rate.Under the same discharge conditions,the bipolar pulse driven discharge shows lower breakdown voltage,and higher intensities of excited species(N2(C),OH(A),and O(3p)),nitrogen oxides(NO2,NO,and N2O),and higher production of aqueous H2O2,NO2-,andNO3-compared with both unipolar positive and negative discharges.

文丘里喷射装置在PVC包装上的创新与应用

分析了文丘里喷射装置在粉末输送中应用的现状,设计了文丘里喷射器在集装箱装载装置中的不同安装方式。对装载装置进行了优化改造,有效消除了集装箱装载不足的现象,提高了装载效率,满足了长途集装箱运输装载方式的要求,实现了包装形式的多样化,降低了装载成本和作业人员的劳动强度。

多堆共轨燃料电池脉冲阀引射器仿真分析

基于某峰值功率为200 kW的大功率三堆共轨质子交换膜氢燃料电池(PEMFC),使用Fluent软件对脉冲阀引射器单体和供氢系统的多缸共轨脉冲阀引射器进行稳态计算流体力学(CFD)迭代计算,确定引射器方案,利用引射器台架试验验证了设计方案和仿真模型的可靠性,对脉冲阀引射器引射系数的影响因素进行仿真分析,可知同等压力变化条件下,二次流喷射压力对引射系数的影响最大,入堆压力次之,喷射压力影响最小,同时,氮气含量对引射系数影响较大,最后进行脉冲阀引射器瞬态仿真分析,结果表明:同稳态结果相比较,瞬态条件下计算的引射系数有很大的裕度,因此在电堆实际工作时可以进一步覆盖低功率工况;保持脉冲阀占空比不变,提高喷射频率,有利于引射系数的提高。

脉冲爆震发动机喷管实验研究

在直管脉冲爆震发动机上安装不同类型的喷管，利用推力传感器测量了不同频率下发动机的瞬态推力和平均推力。结果表明：台架对瞬态推力的测量结果具有明显影响，推力峰值明显落后于推力壁压力峰值，而且随频率的变化推力峰值的大小发生明显的变化；发动机平均推力随频率的增加呈非线性递增，与没有喷管的发动机平均推力相比，收敛引射组合喷管增推比最高，其次是收敛喷管，扩张喷管在较低的工作频率下能够增推，但是在较高的频率下扩张喷管会产生较明显的负推力。收敛喷管在高频工作时增推比有所下降。引射喷管位于发动机出口截面下游-0．3～1倍发动机出口直径的范围内具有较高的增推效果。

脉冲爆震发动机引射器的实验研究

实验采用汽油为燃料,压缩空气为氧化剂,对多循环脉冲爆震发动机(PDE)引射器的性能参数进行了实验研究。研究的特性参数包括引射器的冲量、平均推力和引射空气量。实验结果表明引射系统可以利用排出爆震管的强激波所储存的能量使爆震管单独产生的平均推力增加,平均推力增益最高可达38%。爆震频率越高,引射空气量越大,当爆震频率为35Hz时引射比达4.62。

引射器轴向位置对PDE的性能影响实验

根据脉冲爆震发动机(PDE)工作特点为其设计了6组不同结构的圆柱型引射器,并针对各种结构引射器,采用力传感器法对不同轴向位置处引射器的增推性能进行了实验研究,实验采用汽油为燃料,空气为氧化剂。实验结果发现,轴向位置对引射器的增推性能有非常明显的影响,当引射器入口正好位于脉冲爆震发动机出口处(0点)或位于下游1/2倍脉冲爆震发动机直径处时,系统会出现一个至少高于35%的推力增益点,但是当引射器入口从该点继续远离发动机出口位置时,推力将会急剧地下降;当引射器从0点逐渐向上游移动时,引射器的推力增益呈先下降后上升再下降的趋势,最高推力增益可达80.5%。

脉冲爆震发动机引射器增推性能的实验研究

为了研究脉冲爆震燃烧这种耦合有复杂激波结构的非稳态脉动气流的引射增推性能,采用汽油为燃料、空气为氧化剂,对基于爆震燃烧的脉冲爆震发动机在加引射器前后的推力进行了实验测试。实验采用在技术比较成熟的内径60 mm脉冲爆震火箭发动机上安装内径120 mm的引射器,分别测试了15 Hz、20 Hz、25 Hz、30 Hz 4种不同频率下,引射器与发动机11种不同相对轴向位置处的推力增益。实验发现脉冲爆震发动机引射器能很好地提高发动机推力,当引射器入口位于发动机出口上游位置比处于其下游时推力增益较好,最大推力增益可达158%;并且发动机高频比低频产生的推力增益大。

爆震发动机扩张型引射喷管的非定常流动过程研究

为揭示PDE引射喷管的瞬态流动机理,采用带化学反应的非定常仿真方法,对使用二维扩张型引射器PDE的非定常排气过程进行分析,获得了流场结构的瞬态演化过程,并将其单循环的积分冲量与无引射喷管状态进行了对比。结果表明,仿真中形成了稳定的爆震波,其主要特性参数与理论值相差较小,并且仿真获得爆震排气过程的流动结构与试验结果吻合良好。带引射器PDE的单循环主要流动过程可以分为:爆震波产生和排出阶段、引射器主动进气阶段、爆震管第一次倒流阶段、爆震管主动排气阶段、爆震管第二次倒流阶段。相比无引射器状态,使用扩张型引射器可以使PDE单循环积分冲量增加21.76%,并且其对爆震管头壁压强、单次循环周期无明显影响。

基于多物理场耦合的某型防暴喷射管喷射过程数值模拟

采用多物理场耦合的方法,对某型防暴喷射管射流高压气体膨胀、活塞推动以及射流喷射3个物理过程分别建立数值模型,基于Comsol Multiphysics平台进行耦合计算。结果表明:在初始压力为10 MPa的条件下,活塞在0.31 ms内速度达到最大值8.81 m/s,在18.47 m/s运动到喷嘴处,速度约为2.02 m/s;在活塞推动下管内战剂压力以弹性波的形式向喷嘴传播,其最大值约9.12 MPa;战剂在喷嘴处加速,经过长圆柱段的整形加速从喷口喷出,最大出口速度为70 m/s;管外射流可分为伞状结构阶段、水团形成并破碎阶段和射流继续发展阶段,空气摩擦阻力是射流破碎的主要因素。所建立的数值模型能为下一步火药选型、喷射管和喷嘴结构优化等提供借鉴。

引射器位置对脉冲爆震发动机性能影响

以氢气和氧气混合物为例,通过对加装收敛扩张型引射器,采用数值计算方法对脉冲爆震发动机性能进行模拟,获得了爆震管出口相对引射器喉部处于上游、中间和下游三种引射器位置对脉冲爆震发动机性能的影响规律。计算结果表明,爆震管出口相对引射器喉部处于下游时的增推效果最好,处于中间时次之,上游时效果最差。将二次流率与增推比进行比较,发现引射器的冲量增推比随引射的二次流率增加而增大。

引射器形式对脉冲爆震发动机性能的影响分析

为了研究引射器结构形式对脉冲爆震发动机性能的影响,以氢气和氧气混合物为例,采用数值计算方法,对加装收敛、扩张和收扩型三种引射器的脉冲爆震发动机进行了数值模拟,并对其性能进行了比较与分析。计算结果表明,只有收扩型引射器能起到增推作用。同时,将二次流率与增推比相比较,发现二者成正比关系。研究结果对脉冲爆震发动机设计中引射器的选型具有一定的参考意义。

引射器喉部面积比对脉冲爆震发动机性能的影响

以氢气和氧气混合物为例,采用数值计算方法,通过对加装收敛扩张型引射器的脉冲爆震发动机性能进行数值模拟,获得了不同引射器喉部面积比对脉冲爆震发动机性能的影响规律。计算结果表明:引射器喉部面积比越小时,冲量增推比越大;而引射2次流率却随面积比的减小而减小。

脉冲爆震火箭发动机引射模态的起爆实验研究

为实现脉冲爆震火箭发动机(PDRE)引射模态下主爆震室的起爆,采用航空煤油和氧气作为推进剂,设计了PDRE引射模态的模型机,采用压电传感器测量主爆震室中爆震波的压力和速度。在主爆震室中成功实现了5～8Hz稳定连续的爆震,爆震波的峰值压力能够达到3MPa,爆震波以1600～2000m/s左右的速度在主爆震室中传播。实验结果表明:PDRE引射模态下主爆震室的DDT距离,远低于常规高能电喷起爆下的两相PDRE的DDT距离;高频PDRE引射模态下主爆震室的起爆难度加大;加长主爆震室、末端增加收敛段可以提高引射模态的爆震性能。

变截面引射器轴向位置对脉冲爆震火箭发动机的性能影响

在5～15Hz工作频率下,以煤油为燃料,氧气为氧化剂,当量比为1.0的条件下,对不同轴向位置处变截面引射器的增推性能进行了实验研究。通过试验,获得不同安装位置时PDRE的推力。研究表明,引射器轴向安装位置对增推性能有很大影响。扩张型引射器适宜安装在PDRE射流出口下游2～3倍射流出口直径处,最大推力增益为102.57%;收敛型引射器适宜安装在上游一倍射流出口半径处,最大推力增益为86.7%。实验中,所有轴向安装位置都可产生正推力增益。

环形爆震室引射增推试验研究

对爆震室的填充比、引射喷管的种类、轴向位置、长度等参数对环形爆震室引射推力增量的影响进行了试验研究分析。研究发现直引射喷管和直-扩引射喷管都是在轴向位置X=0 mm处时增推效果最好;直-扩引射喷管对爆震室的引射推力增量比直引射喷管的推力增量大;直引射喷管长度为590 mm时推力增量最大,直-扩引射喷管长度为690 mm时推力增量最大,推力增量最大值分别为25.9%和40.1%。