Modeling the pressure drop of wet gas in horizontal pipe

A model for gas–liquid annular and stratified flow through a horizontal pipe is investigated, using the two-phase hydrokinetics theory. Taking into consideration the flow factors including the void fraction, the friction between the two phases and the entrainment in the gas core, the one-dimensional momentum equation for gas has been solved. The differential pressure of the wet gas between the two tapings in the straight pipe has been modeled in the pressure range of 0.1–0.8 MPa. In addition a more objective iteration approach to determine the local void fraction is proposed. Compared with the experimental data, more than 83% deviation of the test data distributed evenly within the band of ± 10%. Since the model is less dependent on the specific empirical apparatus and data,it forms the foundation for further establishing a flow measurement model of wet gas which will produce fewer biases in results when it is extrapolated.

A Model for Predicting Holdup and Pressure Drop in Gas- Liquid Stratified Flow

The time-dependent liquid film thickness and pressure drop were measured by using parallel-wire conductance probes and capacitance differential-pressure transducers. Applying the eddy viscosity theory and an appropriate correlation of interfacial sear stress,a new two-dimensional separated model of holdup and pressure drop of turbulent/turbulent gas-liquid stratified flow was presented. Prediction results agreed well with experimental data.

Experimental study on prediction model of wet gas pressure drop across single-orifice plate in horizontal pipes in the low gas phase Froude number region

The pressure drop prediction of wet gas across single-orifice plate in horizontal pipes had been solved satisfactorily under an annular-mist flow in the upstream of orifice plates.However,this pressure drop prediction is still not clearly determined when the upstream is in an intermittent flow or stratified flow,which is corresponding to a region of low FrG(gas phase Froude number)in the flow pattern map of wet gases.In this study,the wet gas pressure drop across a single-orifice plate was experimentally investigated in the low FrG region.By the experiment,the flow pattern transition in the downstream of single-orifice plates,as well as the effects of FrG and FrL(liquid phase Froude number)on UG(gas phase multiplier),were determined and compared when the upstream is in the flow pattern transition and the stratified flow region,respectively.Prediction performances were examined on the available pressure drop models.It was found that no model could be capable of jointly predicting the wet gas pressure drop in the low FrG region with an acceptable accuracy.With a new method of correlating FrG and FrL simultaneously,new correlations were proposed for the low FrG region.Among which the modified Chisholm model shows the best prediction accuracies,with the prediction deviations of UG being within 7%and 3%when the upstream is in flow pattern transition and stratified flow region,respectively.

Investigation on Pressure Drop of Fluid-Solid Mixture Flow through Pipes Using CFD and SK Model

The carrier fluid (air or water) is used to transport solid material from the source place to its destination point through pipeline. Using air as carrier fluid to transport solid material through pipeline is called Pneumo transport, whereas transporting material with water or any other liquid through pipeline is called as hydraulic transport. A large number of installations are now available globally to transport solid materials to short, medium, and long distances using water/air as carrier fluid. However, the design of such system of pipeline is still an empirical art. In the present investigation, one generalized mathematical model developed by Shrivastava and Kar (SK Model) and CFD models were used and compared with experimental results for pneumatic and hydraulic transport of granular solids. The motivation of present work is to find the accuracy of SK model based on analytical, empirical and semi-empirical for the prediction of pressure drop and comparing the result with CFD based on mathematical equation for the mixture flow in the horizontal and vertical pipe lines. The comparison of pressure drop results obtained by using SK model and CFD model were validated with the experimental results for pneumatic and hydraulic transport of solids through. From the comparison results, it was observed that the results of pressure drop predicted by SK model are more accurate than the CFD models for all the cases considered.

A Pressure-Drop Model for Oil-Gas Two-Phase Flow in Horizontal Pipes

The accurate prediction of the pressure distribution of highly viscous fluids in wellbores and pipelines is of great significance for heavy oil production and transportation.The flow behavior of high-viscosity fluids is quite different with respect to that of low-viscosity fluids.Currently,the performances of existing pressure-drop models seem to be relatively limited when they are applied to high-viscosity fluids.In this study,a gas-liquid two-phase flow experiment has been carried out using a 60 mm ID horizontal pipe with air and white oil.The experimental results indicate that viscosity exerts a significant influence on the liquid holdup and pressure drop.At the same gas and liquid volume,both the liquid holdup and pressure drop increase with an increase in the viscosity.Combining two existing models,a modified pressure drop method is developed,which is applicable to horizontal pipes for different viscosities and does not depend on the flow pattern.This new method displays a high accuracy in predicting the new experimental data presented here and other published data in literature.

液氮灭火系统管路输送压力损失影响因素及计算方法研究

结合液氮防灭火工程管路实际,分析了环境温度、液氮温度、入口流速、管长、管径、出口口径对管路出口液氮含量、输送压降的影响,并结合模拟与试验分析了均相模型预测管路输送压降的计算方法。结果表明:环境温度、液氮温度对液氮含量和管路压降影响较小;管路流速越快、输送距离越长、管径越小,压降增加越显著;随管路出口口径的减小压降迅速增加。对于低干度的气液两相氮适合用于均相模型计算,提出的简化计算经验模型压降预测值与试验值吻合良好,可以预测气液两相氮的管路输送压降,为液氮输送管路的工程应用设计提供理论支撑。

新型双筒体旋风分离器的分离性能和流场

为降低普通逆流式旋风分离器的阻力,设计了一种双筒体旋风分离器(简称双筒体分离器),即在筒体内部增加一个同心内筒、进口移至筒体下端、升气管插入内筒一段长度。通过冷模对比实验和数值模拟研究了该双筒体分离器的分离性能和流场。结果表明:双筒体分离器的效率在低入口气速区低于PV型高效旋风分离器(简称PV型分离器),但当入口气速高于28 m/s时则高于PV型分离器;双筒体分离器的效率总是高于环流式除尘器;压降与环流式除尘器相近但比PV型分离器低约50%。双筒体分离器耦合了常规逆流和直流旋风分离器中的2种旋涡流动,克服了逆流式分离器气体流路长和顶灰环的缺陷,同时还增加了部分细颗粒循环再分离的机会,效率高于直流式旋风分离器,是一种具有较低阻力和较高分离效率的新型旋风分离器,对于入口颗粒稍粗的分离应用具有显著的节能优势。

基于CFD-DEM方法与多孔介质模型的管式固定床反应器柱状颗粒床层特性研究

使用计算流体力学与离散元法(CFD-DEM)和多孔介质模型分别对管式固定床反应器进行数值模拟,讨论在不同装填方式与管径比条件下,柱状颗粒床层的堆积特性与单位压降变化规律,并对比两种数值模拟方法计算结果的一致性和计算效率。计算结果表明,混合装填方式比单一装填方式更容易使柱状颗粒床层达到稳定状态。在采用单一装填方式且管径比一定时,床层压降会随入口气速增大而增大,在实际应用中应选择合适的入口气速,以防止设备损坏。当采用混合装填方式时,床层截面压力波动显著减小20.63%,床层颗粒堆积更均匀。对比CFD-DEM与多孔介质模型的计算结果与效率,发现当颗粒雷诺数(Re_(p))小于229时,多孔介质模型与耦合算法得到的床层压降最大偏差为6.3%;当Re_(p)从229增大到458时,床层压降的偏差随Re_(p)增大而增大,最大偏差为13.4%,满足工程误差要求。在计算效率方面,使用多孔介质模型计算所需要的时间是CFD-DEM耦合算法的1320。因此,当管径比大于16.58、Re_(p)小于458时,多孔介质模型对于柱状颗粒床层计算的适用性和可靠性更高。

天然气过滤分离器全生命周期成本优化

过滤分离器是脱除天然气中固体颗粒、液体杂质等的重要设备。通过对滤芯压降与天然气流量、粉尘累计量的关系分析,综合考虑壳体加工、滤芯更换、运行能耗成本和更换滤芯时排放天然气、惰性气体置换等操作成本,建立了过滤分离器全生命周期成本数学模型和分析计算方法。实例计算表明:运行能耗成本是生产成本的重要组成部分,所占比重较大,终止压降0.12 MPa时运行能耗成本为总成本的80%左右;以全生命周期成本最低为目标,存在最优滤芯数量和设备规格以及最优滤芯更换周期。利用数学模型对设备进行全生命周期全面、系统地优化分析,指导设备设计和运行管理,可以节约能源和资源。

流化床气化旋流—过滤复合除尘设备的功能耦合研究

流化床气化出炉合成气中含尘量高,通常采用多级旋风分离器+颗粒床过滤的方式进行气固分离,工艺流程较长。本文提出一种耦合旋流分离与过滤分离功能的新型旋流-过滤复合除尘设备,可缩短除尘工序工艺流程。通过冷模实验考察了复合除尘设备的分离性能,采用正交实验方法确定了各因素的影响程度,采用单因素实验获得了除尘器性能的变化规律。研究结果表明,旋流分离可去除大部分粒径>1μm的粉尘颗粒,颗粒床过滤几乎可以捕集<1μm的大部分微细粉尘,复合除尘设备的整体分离效率稳定在99.9%以上。

基于压降模型的多联机配管长度评估方法及试验验证

多联机的配管长度决定了制冷剂输配、回油方案,掌握多联机配管长度识别的精确算法,可以针对性改进制冷剂输配、回油,使得系统更加节能。提出了一种基于阻力模型的多联机配管长度识别方法,包括利用基于等熵效率的压缩机广义热平衡法迭代计算系统制冷剂的循环量;建立基于内机开机台数的阻力加权系数的联机主支管和末端支管压降模型,以精确的评估不同负荷率下的主管和支管压降;建立以末端支管长度和阻力为引导的包含不确定度的多联机配管长度模型,客观评估预测的联机管长度。试验验证表明所述方法,对于短配管(L为15m),通过模型计算得到的长度均值16 m,各工况下计算误差不超过10%;对于长配管(L为150m),通过模型计算得到的长度均值141 m,各工况下计算误差不超过20%。该算法可以克服直接采用压降难以识别配管长度的难题。

基于双流体模型的气力卸船机水平管道气固两相流研究

应用欧拉双流体模型,对水平管道内气力输送过程进行仿真研究。在进行研究前,对欧拉双流体模型进行验证,与其他学者提出的压降预测公式以及试验结果进行对比,具有较好的一致性。对100 t/h气力卸船机的水平气力输送管道进行气-固双流体模拟,研究不同固-气比对压降以及速度的影响,得出管道在不堵料的情况下固-气比存在极大值的结论。

Lockhart-Martinelli两相流摩擦压降模型与典型均相流模型的验证对比分析

两相流摩擦压降的计算对于两相流设备与管道的设计选型和流阻分析至关重要。在已有的两相流摩擦压降模型中,均相流模型和Lockhart-Martinelli模型(L-M模型)是比较常用的两相流摩擦阻力压降计算模型。两相流压力对两相流摩擦压降影响很大,然而,之前的模型验证分析并未分析这些模型在不同压力条件下的计算精度。L-M模型是否适用于中高压两相流,均相流模型在什么压力范围内适用,并未有相关验证分析及结论。本研究对比了均相流模型和L-M模型计算值与文献中公开发表的两相流摩擦压降数据,主要包括OuldDidi的制冷剂两相流摩擦压降数据、GASPARI的7 MPa两相流摩擦压降数据及陈听宽的高压两相流摩擦压降实验数据。通过验证对比分析发现在中高压条件下,L-M模型计算误差非常大,压力越高,模型计算误差越大。而均相流模型,对于高压两相流,特别是对高压低质量含气率两相流有比较好的预测精度。

A biofilter model for simultaneous simulation of toluene removal and bed pressure drop under varied inlet Ioadings

In this study, a biofiltration model including the effect of biomass accumulation and inert biomass growth is developed to simultaneously predict the Volatile Organic Compounds （VOCs） removal and filter bed pressure drop tmder varied inlet loadings. A laboratoryscale experimental biofilter for gaseous toluene removal was set up and operated for 100 days with inlet toluene concentration ranging from 250 to 2500 mg· m^-2 According to sensitivity analysis based on the model, the VOCs removal efficiency of the biofilter is more sensitive to Henry＇s constant, the specific surface area of the filter bed and the thickness of water layer, while the filter bed pressure drop is more sensitive to biomass yield coefficient and original void fraction. The calculated toluene removal efficiency and bed pressure drop satisfactorily fit the experimental data under varied inlet toluene loadings, which indicates the model in this study can be used to predict VOCs removal and bed pressure drop simultaneously. Based on the model, the effect of mass-transfer parameters on VOCs removal and the stable-run time of a biofilter are analyzed. The results demonstrate that the model can function as a good tool to evaluate the effect of biomass accumulation and optimize the design and operation of biofilters.

A PHYSICAL MODEL FOR PREDICTING THE PRESSURE DROP OF GAS-LIQUID SLUG FLOW IN HORIZONTAL PIPES

A comprehensive treatment of all sources of pressure drop within intermittent gas-liquid flow is presented. A slug unit is divided into three parts and the pressure gradient of each part is calculated separately. In the mixing zone the momentum theory is employed and the mixing process between the film and slug is simulated by a two-dimensional wall jet entering a large reservoir to calculate the mixing length. The boundary layer theory is utilized to calculate the pressure drop for the slug body and the momentum equation of the film zone is integrated to calculate the pressure drop for the film zone. The pressure drop predicted in present model is in good agreement with all the measurements.

Modeling and Experimental Validation on Pressure Drop in a Reverse-flow Cyclone Separator at High Inlet Solid Loading

High inlet solid loading is one of the most important features of cyclone separators in high density circulating fluidized beds （CFB）. In this work, the effect of high solid loading on pressure drop in a reverse-flow cyclone was experimentally studied. The particles used were sand and 2zAl203. Art extended range of inlet solid loadings （M）, up to 30 kg of solids/kg of air was tested at different inlet air velocities （Vin=16~24 m/s）, well beyond the solid loading range reported before. The experiments showed that, in the tested range of solid loadings, the cyclone pressure drop decreased dramatically with increasing solid loading when M〈7.5 kg/kg and then almost remained constant. A new semi-empirical model for predicting cyclone pressure drop was also developed. The calculated and experimental results showed good agreement for particle free flow and particle laden flow.

Experimental Verification of Model for Liquid-Cooled Staggered Pin Fin Heat Sinks with Top Bypass Flow

Pressure drops and heat transfer over staggered pin fin heat sinks with top bypass flow were experimentally evaluated. The authors considered liquid-cooling applications because there were few data available comparing to air-cooling applications. Empirical equations to predict heat transfer on the endwall were developed by obtaining experimental data on the copper base plate with acrylic pins. A new model for predicting pressure drops and heat transfer over staggered pin fin heat sinks with top bypass flow based on mass, momentum, and energy conservation within the two control volumes is proposed. The first control volume in the model is located within the finned area, and the second is located in the gap between the tip of the pins and the flow channel. This model combines two conditions according to the boundary-layer thickness. A comparison between experimental and calculated results revealed that dimensionless pressure drops and the Nusselt number could be predicted within 30% error for the former and 50% error for the latter.

页岩气水平井井筒压降计算新模型

井筒压力计算是气井生产动态分析、优化配产和排水采气设计的基础。页岩气井生产具有井口压力、产量、气液比等参数变化快的特点,全生命周期的井筒压降难以通过现有单一模型准确预测。文章以页岩气水平井为研究对象,开展空气—水两相管流实验,分析了表观气流速、表观液流速、井斜角、管径对持液率的影响规律。基于实验测试数据,引入滑脱速度,建立了实验条件下持液率计算新模型,修正气相/液相无因次准数来实现实验低压向气井高压条件转换。采用Mukherjee&Brill模型计算页岩气井井筒摩阻,形成了页岩气井井筒压力降计算新模型。经页岩气井现场生产数据验证,新模型平均相对百分误差为-5.48%,明显优于常用的气液两相管流模型。该模型对于页岩气水平井高效开发及生产动态分析提供理论技术支撑。

压缩空气泡沫水平管路压力损失数值模拟研究

为厘清压缩空气泡沫水平管道输运压力衰减规律,考虑压缩空气泡沫实际工程运用,利用STAR-CCM软件研究泡沫液种类、混合比和管径对湿泡沫水平管网输运过程中压力衰减的影响规律,并结合理论分析建立压缩空气泡沫水平输运过程中的压力衰减预测模型。研究结果表明:管路压降与泡沫液黏度呈正相关性,在混合液流量270 L/min,气体流量1750 L/min条件下,相同管径高黏度抗溶性水成膜泡沫(AFFF/AR)压降约为低黏度A类和水成膜泡沫(AFFF)1.3倍;对于相同类型泡沫,混合比对管路压降影响较小,100 m长90 mm管径不同混合比之间最大压降差值约为7.21 kPa;管径对压降影响较大,相同泡沫条件下,50 mm管径压降是80 mm管径压降的约9.4倍,80 mm管径压降是100 mm管径压降的约2.8倍,当管径大于80 mm时,不同泡沫对压降的影响逐步减小。压力衰减预测模型计算的压降值与模拟值较前人开展研究所得实验值误差在18%以内,研究结果可以为压缩空气泡沫水平管网设计提供一定理论参考。

燃气发生器内气体吹除过程压降特性实验研究

为了提高运载火箭变推力调节过程中气体吹除乳化技术的成熟度,使液体燃料在低流量条件下流经喷注器时能够保持足够高的压降水平,并实现充分雾化,通过实验手段,以水和氮气为工质,针对某型号燃料头腔开展了单相液及气液两相对比实验,定量分析气体吹除乳化过程对压降水平的提升效果,基于泊金汉定理提出了一种可描述高速气液两相流混合乳化过程压降特性的数学模型。研究结果表明:气体吹入可显著提高燃料流经燃气发生器产生的压降;单相流动时,压降最高产生于阀芯处,且压降随液体流量的升高呈指数形式,而两相流动的最大压降产生于乳化混合段,且液体流量一定时,压降与气体流量呈现线性规律。通过定义无量纲参数乳化数E表征气体吹除乳化过程气液两相撞击时的动量交换强度,所建立的压降模型计算结果与实验数据的平均误差为4.38%,能够较为准确地预测气体吹除乳化过程的两相压降特性。