Analysis of the Pump-turbine S Characteristics Using the Detached Eddy Simulation Method

Current research on pump-turbine units is focused on the unstable operation at off-design conditions, with the characteristic curves in generating mode being S-shaped. Unlike in the traditional water turbines, pump-turbine operation along the S-shaped curve can lead to difficulties during load rejection with unusual increases in the water pressure, which leads to machine vibrations. This paper describes both model tests and numerical simulations. A reduced scale model of a low specific speed pump-turbine was used for the performance tests, with comparisons to computational fluid dynamics（CFD） results. Predictions using the detached eddy simulation（DES） turbulence model, which is a combined Reynolds averaged Naviers-Stokes（RANS） and large eddy simulation（LES） model, are compared with the two-equation turbulence mode results. The external characteristics as well as the internal flow are for various guide vane openings to understand the unsteady flow along the so called S characteristics of a pump-turbine. Comparison of the experimental data with the CFD results for various conditions and times shows that DES model gives better agreement with experimental data than the two-equation turbulence model. For low flow conditions, the centrifugal forces and the large incident angle create large vortices between the guide vanes and the runner inlet in the runner passage, which is the main factor leading to the S-shaped characteristics. The turbulence model used here gives more accurate simulations of the internal flow characteristics of the pump-turbine and a more detailed force analysis which shows the mechanisms controlling of the S characteristics.

3D Two-way Coupled TEHD Analysis on the Lubricating Characteristics of Thrust Bearings in Pump-turbine Units by Combining CFD and FEA

The thermal elastic hydro dynamic （TEHD） lubrication analysis for the thrust bearing is usually conducted by combining Reynolds equation with finite element analysis （FEA）. But it is still a problem to conduct the computation by combining computational fluid dynamics （CFD） and FEA which can simulate the TEHD more accurately. In this paper, by using both direct and separate coupled solutions together, steady TEHD lubrication considering the viscosity-temperature effect for a bidirectional thrust bearing in a pump-turbine unit is simulated combining a 3D CFD model for the oil film with a 3D FEA model for the pad and mirror plate. Cyclic symmetry condition is used in the oil film flow as more reasonable boundary conditions which avoids the oil temperature assumption at the leading and trailing edge. Deformations of the pad and mirror plate are predicted and discussed as well as the distributions of oil film thickness, pressure, temperature. The predicted temperature shows good agreement with measurements, while the pressure shows a reasonable distribution comparing with previous studies. Further analysis of the three-coupled-field reveals the reason of the high pressure and high temperature generated in the film. Finally, the influence of rotational speed of the mirror plate on the lubrication characteristics is illustrated which shows the thrust load should be balanced against the oil film temperature and pressure in optimized designs. This research proposes a thrust bearing computation method by combining CFD and FEA which can do the TEHD analysis more accurately.

A master-slave generalized predictive synchronization control for preheating process of multi-cavity hot runner system

As a key component of injection molding,multi-cavity hot runner(MCHR)system faces the crucial problem of polymer melt filling imbalance among the cavities.The thermal imbalance in the system has been considered as the leading cause.Hence,the solution may rest with the synchronization of those heating processes in MCHR system.This paper proposes a’Master-Slave’generalized predictive synchronization control(MS-GPSC)method with’Mr.Slowest’strategy for preheating stage of MCHR system.The core of the proposed method is choosing the heating process with slowest dynamics as the’Master’to track the setpoint,while the other heating processes are treated as‘Slaves’tracking the output of’Master’.This proposed method is shown to have the good ability of temperature synchronization.The corresponding analysis is conducted on parameters tuning and stability,simulations and experiments show the strategy is effective.

Power Stabilization System with Counter-Rotating Type Pump-Turbine Unit for Renewable Energy

Traditional type pumped storage system contributes to adjust the electric power unbalance between day and night, in general. The pump-turbine unit is prepared for the power stabilization system, in this serial research, to provide the constant power with good quality for the grid system, even at the suddenly fluctuating/turbulent output from renewable energies. In the unit, the angular momentum changes through the front impeller/runner must be the same as that through the rear impeller/runner, that is, the axial flow at the outlet should be the same to the axial flow at the inlet. Such flow conditions are advantageous to work at not only the pumping mode but also the turbine mode. This work discusses experimentally the performance of the unit, and verifies that this type unit is very effective to both operating modes.

Impact loading in female runners with single and multiple bone stress injuries during fresh and exerted conditions

Background:Bone stress injuries(BSIs)are common in female runners,and recurrent BSI rates are high.Previous work suggests an association between higher impact loading during running and tibial BSI.However,it is unknown whether impact loading and fatigue-related loading changes discriminate women with a history of multiple BSIs.This study compared impact variables at the beginning of a treadmill run to exertion andthe changes in those variables with exertion among female runners with no history of BSI as well as among those with a history of single or multiple BSIs.Methods:We enrolled 45 female runners(aged 18-40 years)for this cross-sectional study:having no history of diagnosed lower extremity BSI(N-BSI,n=14);a history of 1 lower extremity BSI(1-BSI,n=16);and diagnosed by imaging,or a history of multiple(>3)lower extremity BSIs(M-BSI,n=15).Participants completed a 5-km race speed run on an instrumented treadmill while wearing an Inertial Measurement Unit.The vertical average loading rate(VALR),vertical instantaneous loading rate(VILR),vertical stiffness during impact via instrumented treadmill,and tibial shock determined as the peak po sitive tibial acceleration via Inertial Measurement Unit were measured at the beginning and the end of the run.Results:There were no differences between groups in VALR,VILR,vertical stiffness,or tibial shock in a fresh or exerted condition.However,compared to N-BSI,women with M-BSI had greater increase with exertion in VALR(-1.8%vs.6.1%,p=0.01)and VILR(1.5%vs.4.8%,p=0.03).Similarly,compared to N-BSI,vertical stiffness increased more with exertion among women with M-BSI(-0.9%vs.7.3%,p=0.006)and 1-BSI(-0.9%vs.1.8%,p=0.05).Finally,compared to N-BSI,the increase in tibial shock from fresh to exerted condition was greater among women with M-BSI(0.9%vs.5.5%,p=0.03)and 1-BSI(0.9%vs.11.2%,p=0.02).Conclusion:Women with 1-BSI or M-BSIs experience greater exertion-related increases in impact loading than women with N-BSI.These observations imply that exertion-related changes in gait biomechanics may contribute to risk of BSI.

轴流式水轮发电机组不对中-碰摩耦合故障振动特性分析

针对轴流式水轮发电机组因联轴器偏角不对中引起的碰摩转子-转轮系统振动问题,基于修正的LuGre摩擦模型,该研究推导了联轴器不对中故障下转轮叶片碰摩力表达式。在此基础上,搭建了综合考虑不平衡磁拉力等外激励作用下系统动力学模型。采用数值方法研究了不对中角度对系统振动特性的影响,并结合Floquet理论分析了以转速为控制变量的系统周期解稳定性。结果表明,不对中的存在增大了系统发生失稳可能性,显著改变了系统动态特性。此外,不对中角度对转子与转轮振动响应的影响具有较大差异,随着不对中角度的增加,转轮振动变化明显且碰摩程度较为恶劣。该研究结果可为轴流式水轮发电机组安全运行及稳定性分析提供有益借鉴。

左右后雾灯边框的顺序阀热流道注塑模设计

结合新能源汽车的左右后雾灯边框注塑时易产生熔接痕和脱模时易变形的问题,设计了1模2腔的侧浇口二板式热流道注塑模具。基于Moldflow模拟分析结果,确定了左右后雾灯边框的最佳浇口位置、浇口数量,通过综合分析塑件尺寸、生产技术和效率等设计了模具的浇注系统、冷却系统、抽芯机构、脱模机构等结构。为合理控制塑件的熔接痕,采用冷流道与热流道相结合的复合流道,利用顺序阀控制进浇点的进浇时间;为了实现高效脱模,将模具引入了斜顶机构、倒装的斜导柱侧抽芯的组合式脱模结构,替代了传统注塑推杆式脱模,采用两侧油缸驱动推板运动的脱模方式。最后,利用UG软件对模具的导向机构、复位机构和其他辅助机构进行分析,完成了模具设计。

异形分流管热流道家族注塑模具设计

介绍了某款异形分流管零件热流道注塑模具的设计过程。模具设计中,首先,分析了注塑件的零件特征和生产要求,确定了模具的基本结构方案;再利用Moldflow软件分析模具注塑成型过程,预测零件的成型时间、翘曲变形量、熔接痕位置等,最终完成整套模具的设计。模具采用两板式热流道冷浇口注塑成型,浇口选择潜伏式点浇口形式,开模时自动拉断与注塑件分离;模具定模型腔设计了1个弹性脱模镶件,保证了开模时塑件紧贴型芯侧;模具分型面上共分布了5个侧抽芯滑块结构,由弯销导向并延时开模。对常用型弯销滑块机构进行了改进,将两段式弯销改进为三段式弯销,有效地避免了常用弯销滑块机构容易出现卡死和锁闭不紧的问题。模具经过实际生产验证可知,结构合理可靠,制备得到的零件尺寸精度满足设计要求。

基于NX与VERICUT转轮体五轴高效加工方案研究与实践

介绍了一种基于NX和VERICUT的转轮体五轴高效加工方案。首先,通过NX软件建立转轮体的三维模型,并进行CAD/CAM预处理,得到数控加工程序。其次,通过VERICUT虚拟加工系统进行仿真验证,优化加工策略。最后,在GS200五轴高速机床上对零件进行高效加工验证。文中的研究结果对于提高零件加工精度和效率具有一定的借鉴价值。

基于NX的转轮体五轴加工应用研究

结合NX软件在零件加工方面的强大功能,利用GS200五轴高速机床,提出一套对转轮体进行五轴数控加工的工艺整体方案,构建了加工刀路,生成了转轮体的后置处理程序,并在GS200五轴高速机床对零件进行了试切加工验证。加工结果表明:通过刀路的检查与实际加工可及时发现刀具跟零件之间有无过切、干涉、碰撞等问题,对五轴加工零件加工工艺方案制定具有实际指导意义。

热流道板真空钎焊有限元模拟与分析

采用BNi-2镍基钎料对热流道板进行真空钎焊,须根据钎焊件设定加热工艺曲线。加热工艺曲线的设定是钎焊过程最重要的环节之一,决定着钎焊的质量和效率。该文结合真空加热的特点及钎焊要求,运用Ansys有限元软件数值模拟的方法,对壁厚、体积较大的多层热流道板真空钎焊进行仿真分析,通过对比不同工艺方案及不同钎焊件的模拟结果,探究真空钎焊过程升温规律,从而调整各阶段的相关参数及制定合理的加热工艺曲线,避免了现场反复调试参数造成的资源浪费,节约了时间和成本,提高了效率。此外,通过在实际钎焊试验过程中布置热电偶对钎焊件测量温度,并与数值模拟结果对比,两者基本吻合,验证了有限元分析的准确性,能为之后其他零部件的真空钎焊提供参考。

工业监控器外罩收缩侧型芯注射模设计

结合工业监控器外罩塑件的注射成型,设计了一副两板式热流道模具。在模具整体结构设计的基础上,利用CAE仿真辅助分析并验证了复合式浇注系统的可行性及冷却系统的有效性。分析结果表明,成型后塑件的变形可减小至0.58 mm,能满足MT3级要求。为解决模具结构中塑件转轴套内壁环凹槽的自动脱模问题,设计了一种2次抽芯复合机构,相向收缩抽芯的2个差速滑块在有限空间内(20 mm)实现了环槽的自动脱模。为解决内壁上倒钩柱的自动脱模问题,设计了一种两瓣式弹性顶针用作该特征的脱模。当两瓣弹性顶针顶出倒钩柱时,两瓣弹性顶针由于弹性原因而张开,与倒钩柱分离,实现了该特征的自动脱模。

驱动电机并联流道的冷却性能研究

冷却流道的设计对电机冷却性能有重要影响,为研究并联流道的冷却性能,文章以135 kW永磁同步电机为研究对象,利用计算流体动力学(CFD)仿真方法分析了并联流道数量对电机冷却性能的影响,对比了并联式流道和串联式流道冷却性能的差异。结果表明,周向并联型流道数量对电机壳体温度场和速度场有明显的影响,随着流道数量的减少,壳体内壁最高温度下降,流道平均流速和速度均匀性系数提升,流道进出口压力升高,但变化幅度很小。周向并联型流道相比周向Z串联型流道,其电机壳体内壁温升更高,但温度分布均匀,平均流速平缓,速度均匀性系数更高,进出口压力差更低,降低了近5倍。

PEMFC船形堵块阴极流场的性能

建立流体体积(VOF)两相流模型,研究船形堵块流道的排水性能。建立不同开孔率的船形堵块流道三维模型,研究船形堵块及开孔率对质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)性能的影响。船形堵块流道峰值净功率密度相较于传统直流道可提升9.4%,相较于同堵塞率下的梯形堵块流道可提高2.9%,具有较好的强化传质作用。通过提高船形堵块流道的开孔率,PEMFC可以获得更好的性能。在相同开孔率下,船形堵块流道的氧气摩尔浓度较直流道和梯形堵块流道分别提高28.6%和14.0%。结果表明,相较于传统直流道,船形堵块流道可降低排水周期和流道内平均水含量,具有更好的排水性能。

1000 MW水轮机转轮径向安装偏差对流动特征的影响

本文以百万千瓦混流机组为研究对象,使用ANSYS软件进行三维全流道稳态数值分析。探究在额定工况下,当转轮出现Y轴负方向0.1 mm、0.3 mm、0.5 mm、1.5 mm、2.5 mm的径向安装偏差时,间隙分布不均匀对于百万千瓦大型水轮机组内部流动特征的影响。研究发现,在一定偏差数值内,随着间隙的减小,该区域压力逐渐上升,但超过该数值以后,流体无法流入则变为了低压区。另外,上冠腔和下环腔均出现了相同数量的旋涡演变周期,但旋涡的发生位置不同,上冠腔旋涡较剧烈,且数量与叶片数呈非整数倍关系。最后阐明了下环腔内壁面受到的旋涡流动冲击程度要大于上冠腔内壁面。因此,本研究可以应用于其他大中型混流式水轮机的设计与安装,对于提高水轮机运行质量、降低运行成本和提高水电站效益具有重要意义。

超大容量水斗式水轮机水力特性数值模拟分析

为满足超高水头、超大容量水电站建设需求,提出了一种额定水头1000 m,单机容量接近800 MW的三转轮立轴串联水斗式水轮机方案。阐明了这种通过增多转轮来增大容量的设计理念和结构组成,给出了方案的理论设计参数,并应用CFD模拟预测了其水力特性、分析和优化转轮及转轮室流态。研究表明:三转轮水斗式水轮机的额定工况效率可达87%,工作特性曲线变化平稳。转轮室溅水干扰是影响效率的主要因素。通过优化各层转轮相对位置和喷嘴方位,可一定程度提高效率,减小力矩振荡,保证出力稳定。此初步尝试证明了概念的可行性,也发现溅水优化的重要性,能为后续优化研究提供参考。

四缸发动机进气歧管热流道注射模设计

结合大型尺寸塑件发动机进气歧管批量生产需要,选用玻璃纤维增强聚酰胺专用塑料对其进行注射成型,材料中加纤质量分数为33%。模具使用一模一腔布局,模腔使用2个针阀式浇口进行浇注,相应的注塑工艺参数为模温70℃、注射压力100 MPa、充填时间5.5 s、保压压力50 MPa、保压时间11 s。针对塑件结构复杂、脱模困难问题,运用脱模方向集成设计方法设计了5个特殊脱模机构用于塑件的脱模;其中定模一侧布置3个联动式油缸驱动滑块斜抽芯机构,将斜向抽芯转化为水平侧抽芯,能有效减少斜抽芯机构件对模具厚度尺寸的要求;动模一侧布置的1个水平侧抽芯滑块机构和1个弯管抽芯机构,结合塑件弯管内壁的脱模采用分段抽芯脱模法进行设计,有效解决了塑件弯管内壁既有直线段又有弯管段而难以设计脱模机构的难题,保证了塑件自动化注塑生产的实现。结合弯管抽芯机构的动作需要,两板热流道模模架的开模由单次开模改进为两次开模,第二次开模使用油缸驱动动模板顶出而实现。塑件的顶出脱模借助两种油缸分两次实施顶出而实现。模具整体结构设计、机构配置合理,有较好的设计参考意义。

Mini Zoom IPG Runner系统双向电泳分析血浆蛋白实验条件优化

背景与目的优化MiniZoomIPGRunner系统双向电泳条件。材料与方法使用Invitrogen公司与MiniZoomIPGRunner系统配套的商品化预制胶(一向和二向)和溶液体系对血浆蛋白进行双向电泳,采用不同的聚焦条件和样品预处理,观察其对实验结果的影响。结果提高聚焦电压增强聚焦及脱盐处理可获得比推荐条件更好的双向电泳图谱。结论提高聚焦电压增强聚焦及脱盐处理可改善MiniZoomIPGRunner系统分析血浆样品的双向电泳结果。

基于Moldex3D的油漆桶桶盖注塑成型过程分析

利用模流分析软件Moldex3D模拟油漆桶桶盖注塑成型过程,研究桶盖模具使用阀式热流道与开式热流道两种不同浇注方案的成型差异,并结合仿真结果设计热流道。通过设计Taguchi DOE实验的因素与水平,优化桶盖产品的注塑工艺参数。结果表明:设定工艺参数为熔体温度250℃,保压时间2 s,冷却时间18 s时,产品没有短射、包封等外观质量问题;优化后的注塑工艺参数有效降低了产品的冷却时间。

喷针开度对冲击式水轮机转轮水力性能影响研究

冲击式水轮机是一种适用于中高水头段水力资源开发的流体机械,在我国西南地区高水头水力资源的开发中有着广阔的应用前景。本文以西藏紫霞水电站冲击式水轮机模型机转轮为研究对象,在5个不同的喷针开度下分别进行了转轮内部三维非定常多相流动数值模拟,分析了喷针开度对转轮水力性能与内部流动特性的的影响。预测结果显示转轮水力效率随开度上升而先上升后下降,在设计开度下水力效率最优。在0.75~1.60倍设计流量区间中,转轮水力效率的变化幅度小于1%。根据3个典型开度下转轮水斗内部非定常流动过程的对比分析,发现大开度工况时,水斗缺口处会发生水膜流的漏流现象,喷针开度越大时的泄漏量也越大,从水斗缺口处的漏流现象是其水力损失加剧的主要流动原因。研究为紫霞水电站230 MW大型冲击式水轮转轮水斗的水力优化设计提供了重要参考。