An Overview of Self-piercing Riveting Process with Focus on Joint Failures, Corrosion Issues and Optimisation Techniques

Self-piercing riveting(SPR)is a cold forming technique used to fasten together two or more sheets of materials with a rivet without the need to predrill a hole.The application of SPR in the automotive sector has become increasingly popular mainly due to the growing use of lightweight materials in transportation applications.However,SPR joining of these advanced light materials remains a challenge as these materials often lack a good combination of high strength and ductility to resist the large plastic deformation induced by the SPR process.In this paper,SPR joints of advanced materials and their corresponding failure mechanisms are discussed,aiming to provide the foundation for future improvement of SPR joint quality.This paper is divided into three major sections:1)joint failures focusing on joint defects originated from the SPR process and joint failure modes under different mechanical loading conditions,2)joint corrosion issues,and 3)joint optimisation via process parameters and advanced techniques.

Prediction of Cross-Tension Strength of Self-Piercing Riveted Joints Using Finite Element Simulation and XGBoost Algorithm

Self-piercing riveting(SPR)has been widely used in automobile industry,and the strength prediction of SPR joints always attracts the attention of researchers.In this work,a prediction method of the cross-tension strength of SPR joints was proposed on the basis of finite element(FE)simulation and extreme gradient boosting decision tree(XGBoost)algorithm.An FE model of SPR process was established to simulate the plastic deformations of rivet and substrate materials and verified in terms of cross-sectional dimensions of SPR joints.The residual mechanical field from SPR process simulation was imported into a 2D FE model for the cross-tension testing simulation of SPR joints,and cross-tension strengths from FE simulation show a good consistence with the experiment result.Based on the verified FE model,the mechanical properties and thickness of substrate materials were varied and then used for FE simulation to obtain cross-tension strengths of a number of SPR joints,which were used to train the regression model based on the XGBoost algorithm in order to achieve prediction for cross-tension strength of SPR joints.Results show that the cross-tension strengths of SPR steel/aluminum joints could be successfully predicted by the XGBoost regression model with a respective error less than 7.6%compared to experimental values.

Study of galvanic corrosion and mechanical joint properties of AZ31B and carbon-fiber–reinforced polymer joined by friction self-piercing riveting

A new testing methodology was developed to quantitively study galvanic corrosion of AZ31B and thermoset carbon-fiber–reinforced polymer spot-joined by a friction self-piercing riveting process.Pre-defined areas of AZ31B in the joint were exposed in 0.1 M NaCl solution over time.Massive galvanic corrosion of AZ31B was observed as exposure time increased.The measured volume loss was converted into corrosion current that was at least 48 times greater than the corrosion current of AZ31B without galvanic coupling.Ninety percent of the mechanical joint integrity was retained for corroded F-SPR joints to 200 h and then decreased because of the massive volume loss of AZ31B。

Numerical investigation on the position of holes for reducing stress concentration in composite plates with bolted and riveted joints

This paper studies the effects of fiber orientaion and holes position on stress concentration and the determination of weakened areas in the composite of glass fiber reinforced epoxy resin around the hole for joints by using the finite element method.In this study,for the observation of areas affected by stress concentration Tsai-Wu failure criterion is used to determine the failed elements and ANSYS Software is implemented for modeling.In order to compare the effect of geometric parameters on stress concentration around the holes,two types of hole position arrangement along with fibers orientation have been studied.Results show that the stress concentration coefficient is lower in the second type of holes arrangement in comparison with the first type for the same component dimensions.Increasing the distance from hole center to upper or lower edge of the sample and also decreasing the distance between holes,would result in an increase in the stress concentration.

Progressive Failure Analysis of Composite/Aluminum Riveted Joints Subjected to Pull-Through Loading

Out-of-plane mechanical properties of the riveted joints restrict the performance of the wing box assembly of airplane.It is necessary to investigate the pull-through performance of the composite/metal riveted joints in order to guide the riveting design and ensure the safety of the wing box assembly.The progressive failure mechanism of composite/aluminum riveted joint subjected to pull-through loading was investigated by experiments and finite element method.A progressive damage model based on the Hashin-type criteria and zero-thickness cohesive zone method was developed by VUMAT subroutine,which was validated by both open-hole tensile test and three-point bending test.Predicted load-displacement response,failure modes and damage propagation were analysed and compared with the results of the pull-through tests.There are 4 obvious characteristic stages on the load-displacement curve of the pull-through test and that of the finite element model:first load take-up stage,damage stage,second load take-up stage and failure stage.Relative error of stiffness,first load peak and second load peak between finite element method and experiments were 8.1%,-3.3%and 10.6%,respectively.It was found that the specimen was mainly broken by rivet-penetration fracture and delamination of plies of the composite laminate.And the material within the scope of the rivet head is more dangerous with more serious tensile damages than other regions,especially for 90°plies.This study proposes a numerical method for damage prediction and reveals the progressive failure mechanism of the hybrid material riveted joints subjected to the pull-through loading.

铆接夹层间隙对单搭接铆接头振动疲劳性能的影响研究

为了考虑装配间隙对单搭接结构振动疲劳性能的影响,利用ABAQUS软件建立了飞机发动机进气道局部结构金属铆接头的弹塑性有限元模型,采用Johnson-Cook失效模型模拟铆钉与被连接件的渐进失效行为,得到了不同装配间隙量的铆接头应力场分布与振动疲劳寿命。对单搭接铆接头进行振动疲劳试验,试验结果与仿真结果在疲劳寿命方面吻合较好,验证了数值模型的准确性。与无间隙模型相比,含间隙铆接试件各铆钉疲劳寿命降低了4.7%~18.0%,间隙的存在也导致了压铆过程中相邻铆钉间的挤压载荷传递,整体表现为铆钉与被连接板接触界面应力激增,导致有间隙铆接头残余应力场与无间隙铆接头残余应力场之间的差异,从而影响铆接头的振动疲劳性能。

穿透式自冲铆接接头成形工艺及力学性能

为探究穿透式自冲铆接工艺,建立了穿透式自冲铆接过程的有限元仿真模型,并开展了工艺试验研究,探究了铆钉长度和底板厚度对铝合金/聚碳酸酯异质穿透式自冲铆接接头力学性能的影响,分析了PC板的预热温度对铆接成形裂纹产生的影响。结果表明,穿透式自冲铆接工艺过程可分为压紧、刺穿上板、刺穿下板和成形4个阶段;穿透式自冲铆接接头的失效载荷和能量吸收值均随着铆钉长度和底板厚度的增加而增加;热处理不仅可以抑制裂纹的产生,还可以提高接头的力学性能,预热处理后接头的最大失效载荷相较于常温处理的试样提升了26.21%。

胶铆复合连接接头成形质量研究

以汽车车身异种金属板料的胶铆复合连接为研究对象,利用Simufact Forming软件建立胶接与自冲铆接复合连接的有限元模型,上板采用1 mm DC04钢板、下板采用2 mm 5052铝合金板,对采用环氧树脂结构胶的胶铆复合连接过程进行有限元仿真。通过改变铆钉高度、凹模深度、凸台高度及下压速度分析胶铆复合接头的内锁值、钉头高度、剩余厚度的具体参数,得出铆钉高度5 mm、凹模直径10 mm、凹模深度1.9 mm、凸台高度0.9 mm、下压速度为45 mm/s时成形最佳。通过铆接设备对仿真结果进行验证,两者结果中铆接力变化趋势与剪切拉伸失效模式相同,接头表征参数误差均在10%以内,进而验证了Simufact Forming软件的可靠性较高。

孔径与压铆力对单铆搭接接头残余应力与剪切性能的影响

铆接是飞机结构装配的重要连接方式,飞机结构失效大多发生在连接孔处,因此对铆接接头质量进行综合评估非常重要。以单铆搭接接头为研究对象,通过有限元仿真分析与拉伸剪切实验研究了不同压铆力与孔径铆接工艺参数组合下的铆接接头孔周残余应力分布和剪切性能。有限元分析结果表明,增大压铆力可以显著扩大孔周的纵向残余压应力分布区域,并使最大纵向残余拉应力位置远离孔边缘;而孔径仅对纵向残余压应力分布区域的影响较为显著。拉伸剪切实验表明,单铆搭接结构的失效形式均为铆钉沿剪切面的瞬时断裂;在孔径为4.20 mm时采用压铆力为21 kN成型的铆接接头的剪切性能最佳,其平均峰值载荷为4.09 kN,与孔径为4.04 mm和压铆力为15 kN参数组合下成型的铆接接头相比,平均峰值载荷提升了约9.36%。增大孔径能够提高单铆搭接接头的剪切性能,但会减小孔周的纵向残余压应力分布区域,给铆接接头的疲劳寿命带来不利影响;适当增大压铆力不仅能扩大残余压应力分布区域,还能提高接头的剪切性能。

含裂纹铆钉搭接板的权函数法与扩展寿命分析

铆钉搭接结构是典型的多位置损伤敏感结构,容易在多个铆钉孔边萌生疲劳裂纹,进而威胁飞机结构安全。由于裂纹个数、位置和大小随机多变,铆钉与平板间存在复杂的接触关系。为高效、准确计算多铆钉搭接板的应力强度因子以进行裂纹扩展寿命分析,提出针对搭接结构复杂裂纹问题的权函数分析方法。首先,对多铆钉搭接板的复杂裂纹构型进行合理简化分类,利用其对应的权函数求解应力强度因子。然后,采用有限元分析计算含裂纹多铆钉搭接板的应力强度因子以验证权函数法的计算精度。最后,将经验证的权函数分析方法结合Paris裂纹扩展公式,对铆钉搭接结构进行疲劳裂纹扩展分析,并通过试验验证分析方法的有效性。结果表明,采用权函数法计算的应力强度因子与完全采用有限元方法计算的应力强度因子的相对差别小于5%,分析预测的裂纹扩展寿命与试验结果吻合良好,且计算效率比完全采用有限元法快3个数量级,进而为铆钉连接结构孔边裂纹的应力强度因子和疲劳裂纹扩展分析提供了一个有效方法。

CCF300/QY8911层压板破孔损伤快速抢修后的拉伸性能

针对CCF300/QY8911复合材料层压板破孔损伤抢修后的拉伸强度影响规律和表征方法问题,通过对原始材料标准试件、含预制损伤试件及通过胶接、铆接和胶铆联合修理后试件的拉伸试验,得到了相应的强度、刚度、损伤模式和重点部位应变数据。结果表明,修理部位与原结构刚度不协调是影响修理强度的主要因素;胶接修理具有较高的连接刚度,其修理强度影响因素主要是铺层间结合强度;铆接修理连接刚度较低,且铆钉受单剪容易被拉脱是影响其修理强度的主要因素;胶铆联合修理综合了胶接修理刚度高和铆接修理能防止层间撕裂的双重优势;综合采用胶铆联合湿装配工艺、增加铆钉直径和在工件背面加装防拉脱垫片可显著提高修理效果,其抗拉强度分别为常规铆接修理和常规胶接修理的161.5%和135.9%。所提的基于线弹性断裂理论的强度恢复率评价方法能更好地从整体上表征修理后结构的真实承载能力。

耐高温抽芯铆钉的研究进展

由于航空航天、核工业等行业对耐高温抽芯铆钉的需求量日益增加,探求合理的耐高温铆钉材料,优化抽芯铆接工艺参数,提高铆接质量和接头性能,实现耐高温抽芯铆钉的国产化势在必行。研究人员通过采用有限元模拟仿真和试验相结合的方式对耐高温抽芯铆钉展开研究。文章综述了近些年耐高温抽芯铆钉在铆接成形和接头性能评估方面的研究进展,明确了抽芯铆接过程,分析了各种工艺参数对铆接质量的影响,总结了耐高温抽芯铆钉现阶段存在的不足,预测了其未来的发展趋势。

关节镜下单排铆钉固定修复肩袖损伤患者的系统化康复护理效果

目的:探讨关节镜下单排铆钉固定修复肩袖损伤患者的系统化康复护理效果。方法:选择2022年1月-2023年6月于天津医院行关节镜下单排铆钉固定修复术的72例肩袖损伤患者为研究对象,按照随机数字表法将其分为试验组和对照组,每组36例。试验组接受系统化的康复护理,对照组接受传统康复护理,比较2组肩关节功能恢复情况、恢复时间、术后疼痛程度、并发症发生情况、护理满意度。结果:护理后,试验组患肩主动前屈角度、体侧外旋角度均大于对照组,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。试验组肩关节功能恢复时间短于对照组,疼痛程度评分低于对照组,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。试验组并发症发生率低于对照组,护理满意度高于对照组,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:关节镜下单排铆钉固定修复术后的系统化康复护理,能有效促进肩袖损伤患者的肩关节功能恢复,减轻疼痛,降低并发症发生率,提高护理满意度。

22MnB5高强钢/7075铝合金热铆接冷模具淬火无铆钉铆接研究

针对目前车用22Mn B5高强钢和7075铝合金板料在连接工艺上存在的问题,提出一种高强钢和铝合金异种材料车身零件的热铆接冷模具淬火(Hot riveting quenching,HRQ)无铆钉铆接工艺,利用22Mn B5在高温下良好的成形性及易淬性,实现对22Mn B5高强钢与7075铝合金的有效连接。通过建立HRQ无铆钉铆接的成形和淬冷有限元模型,证明了该工艺的可行性,使铆接后接头的高强钢具有全马氏体组织,保证了接头的强度。并从仿真和试验两方面研究高强钢铆接温度对接头尺寸颈厚值T_n、自锁值T_u的影响,发现在600~800℃区间内,T_n和T_u均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,T_u受温度影响更显著,两者均在700℃时获得最大值,表明700℃是高强钢板料的最佳铆接初始温度。

AA5052自冲铆接头成形质量及其静力学性能研究

通过改变整形力、刺穿力及行程研究铆接工艺参数对AA5052自冲铆接头性能的影响,进而探究接头成形质量及其对接头静力学性能的影响。结果表明：接头失效模式均为下板与铆钉分离,这是由于在拉伸-剪切试验过程中,位于下板内部的机械内锁遭到破坏,铆钉从下板拉出。在一定范围内,随着整形力的增加钉头高度逐渐减小,接头表面越平整,内锁长度却逐渐增加;随着刺穿力的增加,钉脚张开度减小,但内锁长度却逐渐增加,可形成较好内锁值;随着行程增大,钉脚张开度随之增大,内锁长度也会增加,接头可形成较好的机械内锁且具有较好的密封抗蚀能力。整形力对AA5052自冲铆接头静力学性能影响最低,刺穿力和行程均对试件的拉伸载荷和能量吸收能力有显著影响。

基于试验的自冲铆接头失效机理分析

通过试验对比分析了自冲铆接头在静态力学性能测试和疲劳试验中的拉伸剪切和剥离失效机理。结果表明:母材强度和厚度、内锁长度、母材与铆钉之间的接触摩擦系数决定着自冲铆接头的静载强度和失效形式;板材轧制方向、材料缺陷、铆接成形残余应力以及接触界面摩擦系数是影响自冲铆接头疲劳寿命和疲劳失效的主要因素。

小钉密排代替大钉疏排的铆接接头疲劳寿命预估与优选设计

连接件钉排布决定了钉载分布,进而决定了连接件的疲劳寿命。优化连接件钉排布,将有效地提高连接件疲劳寿命。损伤力学将结构应力和材料损伤分析结合起来,较为准确地描述应力—损伤的耦合作用以及损伤演化,为工程结构疲劳分析提供有力的依据。以损伤力学为理论基础,以小钉密排代替大钉疏排为连接件钉排布设计原则,结合有限元计算,对连接件钉排布进行优化设计,并预估连接件疲劳寿命。结果表明,小钉密排代替大钉疏排不仅可以有效降低连接件应力水平,显著提高其疲劳寿命,同时也有利于减小连接件质量,实现连接件延寿和减重的双重优化。另一方面,运用损伤力学理论方法结合有限元计算,进行结构疲劳寿命预估,大大减少了试验工作量,为结构抗疲劳设计提供理论指导,大大缩短了连接件结构设计周期,还可用于实际工程结构疲劳损伤的实时监测。

应力与腐蚀因素对连接件腐蚀疲劳寿命交互作用的研究

在应力控制下分别研究了不同应力、预腐蚀时间对 3 .5 %NaCl溶液中有涂层的LY12CZ铝合金铆接连接件的腐蚀疲劳性能影响的规律。试样结构是根据飞机蒙皮的真实结构设计制成的单剪切连接件 ,按实际工艺过程进行表面处理。试验结果表明 ,提高应力和延长预腐蚀时间均会缩短连接件的腐蚀疲劳寿命。应力与环境腐蚀因素对连接件的腐蚀疲劳寿命的影响作用不是简单的叠加关系 ,而是相互影响的。结果还表明 ,在无预腐蚀的条件下有涂层连接件在pH值为 6的NaCl溶液中的腐蚀疲劳寿命比空气中的寿命要高 ,并且在高低应力范围内均有此现象。在 30MPa下预腐蚀对连接件的疲劳寿命的影响作用比 5 0MPa下预腐蚀对连接件疲劳寿命的作用要明显。

LY12CZ铝合金铆接联接件在3.5%NaCl溶液中的腐蚀疲劳失效行为研究

在应力控制下分别研究了温度、 ＰＨ值和预浸泡时间对 ＬＹ１２ＣＺ铝合金带有涂层的铆接联接件在 ３．５％ＮａＣ１溶液中腐蚀疲劳（ＣＦ）性能的影响规律结果表明，提高温度、降低 ｐＨ值和延长预浸泡时间均会缩短铆接件的腐蚀疲劳寿命；在无预浸泡的条件（２０℃， ｐＨ＝６）下。

模内铆接在级进模上的应用

为提高冲压生产效率 ,可将在冲压模具外的二次加工工序引入到模具中。现以电机托架组件模设计为例 。