Rolling contact fatigue of silicon nitride bearing balls under pure rolling condition

A newly developed pure rolling fatigue test rig with three contact points for bearing bails was used to perform rolling contact fatigue （RCF） tests. The fatigue properties of GCrl5 steel bails and two kinds of Si3N4 ceramic balls （GSN-200 and NBD-200） produced with different technologies were compared. Ball surfaces were examined after failure with optical microscope and scanning electron microscope （SEM）. It was identified by tests that the failure mode of ceramic balls was surface spail. The main factor of ceramic bail failure was principal tensile stress. Life tests data, summarized in accordance with the Weibull theory, showed that the life of GSN-200 balls was close to that of GCrl5 balls, whereas the life of NBD-200 balls was much longer than those of GSN-200 and GCr15. Under the same working condition, the temperature rise of all ceramic bails was lower than that of steel balls, and their crack propagation rates were slower than that of steel balls.

MANIPULATION KINEMATICS ON DEXTEROUS HANDS CONSIDERING PURE ROLLING CONTACTS AS PASSIVE JOINTS

The manipulation and constraint equations are established by considering the pure rolling motion in a dexterous hand as two passive joints. According to mapping relation among the motion of the system, the differential kinematics and mobility are studied. The minimal structure for realizing the task motion of the object is obtained, and the conditions for dexterous manipulation are presented. Finally, some rolling manipulations are used as examples to demonstrate the applicability of approach proposed.

Response of grease film at low speeds under pure rolling reciprocating motion

Using an optical interferometric technique,the grease film distribution under a pure rolling reciprocating motion is observed on a ball‐disk test rig,to explore the transient response of grease,which is expected to fill the contact with thickener fiber and run for a long time under steady‐state conditions.It is found that the reciprocating motion reduces the accumulation of the thickener fiber gradually with time.The maximum film thickness forms around the stroke ends.After 1,000 working cycles,very severe starvation occurs so that either the central or minimum film thickness becomes nearly constant over one working period.Thus,the life of grease lubrication under a transient condition is far below that under steady‐state conditions.However,it is also found that by selecting a smaller stroke length,the thickener fiber spreads out in the contact instead of being removed from the contact at the 1,000th working period.When increasing the maximum entraining speed of the reciprocating motion to a certain value,during which the thickener fiber is not expected to accumulate under a steady‐state condition,severe starvation occurs very quickly,causing surface damage.

Shear deformation and grain refinement in pure Al by asymmetric rolling

Asymmetric rolling(ASR), as one of severe plastic deformation(SPD) methods, was widely used to make ultra-fined materials with enhanced performance. Internal marks were used to show the shear deformation during asymmetric rolling with pure aluminium as a model material. Effects of reduction ratio and mismatch ratio on the shear deformation were studied. With the observed shear deformation results, equivalent strain was calculated. For lager shear deformation, rolling equipment was modified to increase friction between specimen and the rollers. Consequently, extremely fine grains with size of 500 nm are obtained in pure aluminium. With improved asymmetric rolling, the ability of grain refinement of ASR is greatly improved.

Head Curvature of Pure Titanium Sheet Influenced by Process Parameters and Controlling in Hot Rolling Process

We investigated the influences of process parameters on the head curvature of pure titanium sheet in hot rolling process and proposed the controlling means. First, the thermal simulation experiments for pure titanium TA1 were carried out to investigate the hot deformation behaviors of pure titanium in the temperature range of 700-800 ℃ with strain rate range of 1-20 S-1, and the processing map was established to determine optimized deformation parameters. Then, the finite element model has been constructed and used to analyze the effect of process parameters on the direction and severity of head curvature of pure titanium sheet. The process parameters considered in the present study include workpiece temperature, work roll diameter, pass reduction, oxide scale thickness of workpiece surface, and interface friction coefficient. The simulation results show that the workpiece temperature and the interface friction coefficient are the two main factors. The proposed controlling means was carried out on a hot rolling production line and solved the head curvature problem effectively. The rolling practices indicate that the rolling yield is improved greatly.

Effects of microrolling parameters on the microstructure and deformation behavior of pure copper

Microrolling experiments and uniaxial tensile tests of pure copper under different annealing conditions were carried out in this paper. The effects of grain size and reduction on non-uniform deformation, edge cracking, and microstructure were studied. The experimen- tal results showed that the side deformation became more non-uniform, resulting in substantial edge bulge, and the uneven spread increased with increasing grain size and reduction level. When the reduction level reached 80% and the grain size was 65 μm, slight edge cracks occurred. When the grain size was 200 μm, the edge cracks became wider and deeper. No edge cracks occurred when the grain size was 200 μm and the reduction level was less than 60%; edge cracks occurred when the reduction level was increased to 80%. As the reduction level increased, the grains were gradually elongated and appeared as a sheet-like structure along the rolling direction; a fine lamellar structure was obtained when the grain size was 20 lam and the reduction level was less than 60%.

热轧变形对纯钴显微组织和力学性能的影响

为研究不同热轧变形量对纯钴的显微组织和力学性能的影响,对高纯钴(99.95%)进行500℃下的热轧处理,将试样水冷后进行XRD、EBSD表征。结果表明:初始态试样中HCP相、FCC相两相共存,且以HCP相为主;随轧制进行,最大晶粒尺寸从28.08μm细化到12.35μm,∑3退火孪晶和相变孪晶的含量降低,残余应变增加,两相含量发生改变,FCC相含量上升,HCP相含量降低;不同相中大小角度晶界呈现相同的变化趋势,小角度晶界(LAGB)含量上升,大角度晶界(HAGB)含量降低;压下量27%的试样性能最好,其屈服强度、抗拉强度、硬度和伸长率(657.18 MPa、964.05 MPa、298.2HV_(0.5)和42.87%)相较于初始态(408.34 MPa、862.53 MPa、214.4HV_(0.5)和38.07%)均有提升;塑性随强度的增加不降反升,主要是由FCC相含量上升、大尺寸片层状HCP相晶粒发生细化和均匀化所致。

纯滚动单圆弧齿轮的动态特性分析

为达到降低振动和噪声的目的,利用设计软件Pro/E建立6组纯滚动单圆弧齿轮模型,每组模型分别改变摩擦因数、刚度、纯滚动单圆弧齿轮的模数、螺旋角、齿宽、凸圆弧齿轮的齿数,导入到动力学仿真软件ADAMS中,仿真分析得到实际工况下的动态啮合力及角速度时域和频域曲线,分析研究不同参数对纯滚动单圆弧齿轮的动态性能的影响。仿真分析得出:纯滚动凹圆弧齿轮角速度振幅随齿面摩擦因数增加而减小,随模数增加而减小,随螺旋角增加而增加,随凸圆弧齿轮齿数增加而减小,随刚度增加而增加;纯滚动凹圆弧齿轮的啮合力振幅随小模数增加而增加,随大模数增加而减小,随螺旋角增加而增加,随齿宽增加而增加,随刚度增加而增加。

纯滚动单圆弧齿轮多目标模糊优化设计

文章综合利用模糊评判方法和多目标优化设计方法,以相对主曲率半径最大、重合度最大和齿轮传动总体积最小为优化目标,建立了纯滚动单圆弧齿轮传动机构的多目标模糊优化模型,并对其进行单目标分析和多目标优化设计。设计分析得出:法向模数对纯滚动单圆弧齿轮的相对主曲率半径影响权重最大,其次是齿数、齿廓系数、螺旋角、齿宽系数。其中齿数、齿宽系数、螺旋角对纵向重合度影响大,并且随之增加而减小;法向模数、齿数、齿宽系数则对齿轮体积和影响大,并且随之增加而增加。影响程度从高到低的排序为:法向模数、齿数、齿宽系数、螺旋角、齿廓系数。所得结论为纯滚动单圆弧齿轮的受力改善和轻量化设计提供了理论参考和依据。

波纹辊轧制TA1钛板退火处理后的织构演变

采用波纹辊+平辊轧制(CFR)和平辊+平辊轧制(FFR)在400℃下制备了TA1纯钛板材。利用SEM和EBSD技术分析TA1纯钛板在650℃保温1h退火处理后的微观组织和织构演变特征。结果表明,板材经过波纹辊轧制后,在RD方向上呈现周期性显微组织变化,在ND方向上表现出渐进式显微组织梯度。二道次平轧后,将试样进行650℃保温1h退火处理,CFR钛板晶粒等轴化程度低于FFR钛板。对两种工艺的极图分析后发现,两种轧制工艺制备的钛板织构都为典型的基面双峰TD织构,CFR钛板厚度方向的中间区域织构有一定弱化,并且沿TD轴方向的极密度强区多且分散。此外,两种轧制工艺制备的钛板的织构类型相近。

旋转圆环槽中珠子的动力学性质研究

从非惯性系下的质心运动定理出发,建立空间转动坐标系,研究了珠子在绕竖直轴旋转的圆环槽中相对于环的运动所对应的理论,包括珠子相对于底部和侧壁的不同状态的运动方程,滚滑运动和纯滚动之间的转换条件,运动过程中的科里奥利力以及珠子的平衡位置.实验中忽略空气阻力和非弹性碰撞对珠子运动的影响,研究了环转速、环中心到珠子球心的距离和滑动摩擦系数对珠子运动进程和平衡位置的影响.采用珠子位于环槽内部的简化模型,增加了珠子运动的自由度.

VOLUME DEFECT FATIGUE FAILURE OF CERAMIC BALLS UNDER ROLLING CONDITION

A newly developed pure rolling fatigue test rig with three contact points is used to test the rolling contact fatigue properties of silicon nitride ceramic balls. Ball surfaces are examined after failure with optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The failure cause, fatigue phenomenon and mechanics are analyzed. The research shows that subsurface cracks play a dominant role in the formation of spalling failure. These cracks originated from volume defects of the material and propagate, to form elliptical fatigue spalls under the action of principal tensile stresses. The principal tensile stress increases with increasing contact load, causing spall formation and reduction of rolling contact life. The greater the principal tensile stress is, the more severe the peeling of near surface is. Under the same condition, the closer volume defects are to the surface, the more likely failure occurs, the shorter the rolling contact life is.

傅科摆摆平面转动的平行移动解释

傅科摆摆平面的转动可以通过牛顿力学或矢量的平行移动解释,但后者要求深入理解微分几何,对力学读者不够友好。本文从几何直观出发,解释曲面上矢量平行移动的数学定义,建立起平行移动与纯滚动的关联。再用动量定理证明摆锤整摆动周期时刻的速度矢量沿球面上的纬线圆平行移动。最后通过图像解释、数学计算两种方法,求解摆平面的转动角速度。读者只需了解矢量运算和动量定理,即可深入理解傅科摆,建立力学和几何的关联。

基于CFD的汽车运输滚装船参数横摇与减摇研究

为探究船舶参数横摇发生条件,以一艘汽车运输滚装船为研究对象,采用计算流体力学(CFD)软件STAR-CCM+建立虚拟水池并进行数值模拟。通过模拟静水中船舶横摇自由衰减,计算出船舶的横摇固有周期;采用控制变量法分别探究波高、波长、航速和遭遇频率等对船舶参数横摇的影响;为该船设计并搭载减摇水舱,分析减摇水舱对参数横摇的抑制效果。结果表明:在迎浪规则波中,当波浪达到一定高度,且波浪遭遇频率为船舶横摇固有频率的2倍时,该船的参数横摇最为剧烈;当减摇水舱固有周期等于该船的横摇固有周期时,减摇水舱对参数横摇现象有较好的抑制效果。

基于滚动预瞄模型的纯跟踪算法

针对无人驾驶车辆采用纯跟踪算法对不同曲率路径跟踪时,出现道路适应能力弱和跟踪精度差的问题,提出一种基于代价的滚动预瞄模型(rolling preview model,RPM),以提高纯跟踪算法跟踪精度与鲁棒性。首先,根据车辆运动学与阿克曼转向几何,提出预瞄轨迹的确定方法以及预瞄轨迹与待跟踪路径间的几何约束;其次,设计道路弯曲度加权项并构建目标函数对预瞄轨迹进行优化,以获得预瞄距离的最优值;最后,在ROS/Gazebo仿真环境下设置不同初始状态与不同曲率的工况进行对比仿真实验,并在空旷环境中对8字形路径进行实车跟踪实验。实验结果表明,所提出的滚动预瞄模型能够根据预瞄轨迹与待跟踪路径的几何关系有效调节预瞄距离,相较于麻省理工(Massachusetts Institute of Technology,MIT)算法和Stanley算法,滚动预瞄模型在特殊初始状态、大曲率道路下有利于跟踪精度的提高。

TA2圆管辊弯成型边波缺陷及机理研究

目的 为消除TA2薄壁圆管在辊弯成型过程中产生的边波缺陷,研究分析不同成型方法中TA2薄壁圆管焊缝处纵向应力及应变大小的变化规律。方法 运用专业型钢软件COPRA RF和有限元MSC.MARC商业软件建立符合生产标准的三维薄壁圆管模型,展开多机架连续辊弯成型过程的有限元仿真,并进行辊弯成型试验验证。结果 试验结果表明,成型方式不合理是引起TA2薄壁圆管辊弯成型边波的重要原因。随着道次间成型结束后塑性应力与纵向应力的累积,TA2薄壁圆管焊缝处出现褶皱现象,即薄壁圆管产生边波缺陷。通过有限元分析及TA2纯钛薄壁圆管生产试验验证发现,基于普通成型法加工的薄壁圆管焊缝处失稳区辊弯纵向应变波动峰值由0.6%降低到基于上山法成型的0.3%。结论 使用上山法可以消除TA2纯钛薄壁圆管在辊弯加工工艺中产生的边波缺陷,提高了产品精度并为后续装配提供了保障,研究结果为消除工业纯钛圆管边波缺陷奠定了良好的理论基础。

塑性变形方式对纯铌棒材组织和性能的影响

本试验对采用“挤压+轧制”、“挤压+锻造”、“锻造+轧制”、“锻造+锻造”4种工艺制备的Ф18 mm铌棒进行真空退火、金相组织和力学性能的研究。结果表明,总加工率相同时,变形方式的改变对棒材的再结晶温度影响较小,4种工艺棒材均在900℃开始再结晶,1050℃完成再结晶。相比“挤压+轧制”和“锻造+锻造”工艺,“挤压+锻造”、“锻造+轧制”克服了单一加工方式变形不均匀的缺点,获得了组织均匀的棒材。其中,采用“挤压+锻造”工艺制备的棒材性能最好,晶粒平均尺寸为22.5μm,抗拉强度超过220 MPa,断裂延伸率超过55%,且边部和心部的差异很小。

基于运动学视角的车轮悖论探秘

为了揭示车轮悖论产生的原因并对其作出合理的解释,以在水平面上滚动的圆轮为研究对象,构建同心圆下边缘在水平面上碾压的运动模型,应用点的运动学、点的合成运动和刚体平面运动的理论研究了车轮在水平面上滚动时其上任一点的运动规律,从运动学角度对亚里士多德车轮悖论进行探秘。研究发现,只有当圆轮滚过一圈时轮上各点才具有相同的位移,且此时圆轮上各点位移的大小仅与轮的运动形态有关;圆轮上各同心圆的下边缘在水平面上所碾过的长度仅与圆轮滚过的角度θ及圆轮的运动形态有关。当半径为R的圆轮在水平面上作纯滚动且转过角度θ时,圆轮上各同心圆在水平方向所碾过的长度均为Rθ;当圆轮边滚边滑时各同心圆在水平方向所碾过的长度也均相等但都大于Rθ;同心圆随着圆轮滚动的过程中,在任意时刻同心圆的下边缘点相对于地面有滑动,这是同心圆随圆轮滚过一圈时其在水平方向上碾过的长度不等于该同心圆周长的根本原因。

TA1纯钛冷轧变形机理

对TA1纯钛进行了不同变形量的冷轧加工,使用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪以及维氏硬度测试研究了TA1纯钛冷轧变形机理。结果表明,TA1纯钛在轧制过程中存在织构变化,轧制使<0001>//TD的择优取向强度先增加后减小,并且基面上的双峰织构分布强度变弱。轧制会使α晶粒内产生孪晶,并以压缩孪晶为主。随着轧制变形量的增加,轧制产生的塑性变形由孪生转变为滑移,且位错密度逐渐增加,加工硬化效果更加显著,硬度不断增加。

圆盘滚动的动力学分析

圆盘按质量是否均匀分布可分为均质圆盘和偏心圆盘,对这2种圆盘在水平面和斜面的运动进行了简单分析.均质圆盘在接触面上做纯滚动时,摩擦力的方向与外力F的大小以及作用线到质心的距离有关;偏心圆盘在水平面和斜面滚动时会出现跳滚现象,偏心圆盘发生跳滚的角速度临界条件为√gcosφ/e,只与偏心距e和接触面倾斜角度φ有关.当偏心圆盘离开接触面时,先做加速上升运动,再做减速上升运动,最后做加速下降运动.计算了偏心圆盘离开斜面后圆心运动方程和第一次与斜面的碰撞点坐标.