Effect of Strain Ratio on Fatigue Model of Ultra-fine Grained Pure Titanium

The ultra-fine grained(UFG)pure titanium was prepared by equal channel angular pressing(ECAP)and rotary swaging(RS).The strain controlled low cycle fatigue(LCF)test was carried out at room temperature.The fatigue life prediction model and mean stress relaxation model under asymmetrical stress load were discussed.The results show that the strain ratio has a significant effect on the low cycle fatigue performance of the UFG pure titanium,and the traditional Manson-coffin model can not accurately predict the fatigue life under asymmetric stress load.Therefore,the SWT mean stress correction model and three-parameter power curve model are proposed,and the test results are verified.The final research shows that the threeparameter power surface model has better representation.By studying the mean stress relaxation phenomenon under the condition of R≠-1,it is revealed that the stress ratio and the strain amplitude are the factors that significantly afiect the mean stress relaxation rate,and the mean stress relaxation model with the two variables is calculated to describe the mean stress relaxation phenomenon of the UFG pure titanium under different strain ratios.The fracture morphology of the samples was observed by SEM,and it was concluded that the final fracture zone of the fatigue fracture of the UFG pure titanium was a mixture of ductile fracture and quasi cleavage fracture.The toughness of the material increases with the increase of strain ratio at the same strain amplitude.

Characterization of microarc oxidation coatings on pure titanium

Key Laboratory for Beam Technology and Materials Modification, Institute ofLow Energy Nuclear Physics, Beijing Normal UniversityThe morphology, composition, and phase structure of the oxide coatings produced on the surface ofpure titanium by alternating-current microarc discharge in aluminate solution were investigated byX-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The profiles of the hardness H and the elasticmodulus E in the coatings were determined using a nanoindentation method. The concentrationdistributions of Ti, Al, and O in the coating show that this coating over 30 mu m thick contains twolayers: an outer layer and an inner layer. The oxide coating is mainly composed of TiO_2 rutile andAl_2TiO_5 compounds. During oxidation, the temperature in the microarc discharge channel was veryhigh to make the local coating molten. From the surface to the interior of the coating, H and Eincrease gradually, and then reach maximum values of 9.78 GPa and 176 GPa respectively at a distanceof 7 mu m from the coating/titanium interface. They are also rather high near the interface.

Effect of electropulsing on anisotropy behaviour of cold-rolled commercially pure titanium sheet

The specimens cut from the cold-rolled pure titanium sheet at 0°,45°and 90°to the rolling direction were treated by high density electropulsing(maximum current density J=(7.22-7.96)×10^(3)A/mm^(2),pulse period t_(p)=110μs).The mechanical properties and microstructures of the cold-rolled,electropulsed and conventional annealed commercially pure titanium sheet were examined by using uniaxial tension test machine and optical microscope(OM),respectively.The results show that the deformation behavior of the electropulsed pure titanium sheet is significantly different from that of conventional annealed pure titanium sheet.The difference of the mechanical properties between the 0°,45°and 90°direction specimens is almost diminished.It is mainly due to the increase in dislocation mobility and formation of lamellar microstructure after the electropulsing.

Plasma Niobium Surface Alloying of Pure Titanium and its Oxidation at 900 ℃

A niobium-modified layer on pure titanium surface was obtained by means of double glow plasma surface alloying technique. The modified layer was uniform, continuous, compact and well adhered to the substrate. The niobium composition in the modified layer decreased gradually from the surface to the substrate. The oxidation behavior of the niobium-modified layer was investigated and com- pared with the untreated surface at 900 ~C for 100 h. Characterization of the layers was performed using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope, respectively. The test results show that the oxidation behavior of pure titanium was improved by niobium alloying process. Niobium has a positive influence on the oxidation resistance.

Planar anisotropy of commercially pure titanium sheets

Commercially pure titanium （CP Ti） sheets show typical planar anisotropy due to the inherently crys- tallographic texture and manufacturing process. To char- acterize the planar anisotropic behaviors of CP Ti sheets in the forming process, uniaxial tensile tests of TA0 sheets were performed along rolling, transverse, and diagonal directions at room temperature; corresponding stress-strain curves and Lankford coefficients were obtained. Based on Hi11＇48 and Barlat＇89 yield functions, the planar anisotropy of TA0 sheets was investigated. In order to verify the accuracy of two models, we compared the experimental and predicted values of yield stress and Lankford coeffi- cients. It reveals that Barlat＇89 criterion with M = 10 is good agreement with experimental data, and the obtained function can be used in simulation of forming process.

Mechanical Property Prediction of Commercially Pure Titanium Welds with Artificial Neural Network

Factors that affect weld mechanical properties of commercially pure titanium have been investigated using artificial neural networks. Input data were obtained from mechanical testing of single-pass, autogenous welds, and neural network models were used to predict the ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, reduction of area, Vickers hardness and Rockwell B hardness. The results show that both oxygen and nitrogen have the most significant effects on the strength while hydrogen has the least effect over the range investigated. Predictions of the mechanical properties are shown and agree well with those obtained using the 'oxygen equivalent' (OE) equations.

Head Curvature of Pure Titanium Sheet Influenced by Process Parameters and Controlling in Hot Rolling Process

We investigated the influences of process parameters on the head curvature of pure titanium sheet in hot rolling process and proposed the controlling means. First, the thermal simulation experiments for pure titanium TA1 were carried out to investigate the hot deformation behaviors of pure titanium in the temperature range of 700-800 ℃ with strain rate range of 1-20 S-1, and the processing map was established to determine optimized deformation parameters. Then, the finite element model has been constructed and used to analyze the effect of process parameters on the direction and severity of head curvature of pure titanium sheet. The process parameters considered in the present study include workpiece temperature, work roll diameter, pass reduction, oxide scale thickness of workpiece surface, and interface friction coefficient. The simulation results show that the workpiece temperature and the interface friction coefficient are the two main factors. The proposed controlling means was carried out on a hot rolling production line and solved the head curvature problem effectively. The rolling practices indicate that the rolling yield is improved greatly.

Cell Attachment of Periodontal Ligament Cells on Commercially Pure Titanium at the Early Stage

Summary: In order to study the character of periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs) attaching on commercially pure titanium (cpTi) by morphology and metrology on the early stage (24 h), 1×105/ml PDLCs in 2 ml culture medium were seeded on cpTi discs fixed in 24-well culture plates. Morphology of cell attachment was observed by contrast phase microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and fluroscence microscopy. Cell adhesion was analyzed by MTT at 0.5, 1, 2, 4 h respectively. PDLCs could attach and spread on cpTi discs. SEM showed that PDLCs had pseudopod-like protuberance. PDLCs showed different attaching phases and reached saturation in cell number at 2 h. It was concluded that PDLCs had good biocompatibility with cpTi, and showed a regular and dynamic pattern in the process of attaching to cpTi.

Diffusive healing of internal fatigue micro-cracks in pure titanium

The internal micro cracks with the critical length about 30?μm and thickness less than 1?μm were introduced into the pure titanium samples by uniaxial tension compression low cycle fatigue method. The experimental results indicate that the internal fatigue micro crack clearly evolves from the original penny shaped crack into a string of spherical voids in the longitudinal section plane of the fatigue sample after the vacuum diffusive healing at the high temperature. The quantitative relationship between the radius and the spacing of spherical voids depends on the crack position (within grains, on grain boundaries or transgranular sites) and its orientations within the grain. The diffusive healing, the related thermodynamics and mechanism, and the effect of the surface tension anisotropy on the relationship between void diameter and void spacing are also discussed.

Calculation of the Surface Energy of Pure Titanium

Anodic oxidation on pure titanium(α-Ti) surface causes the formation ofinterferential films with different colours,mainly golden,pink and blue.The col-our changes with the thickness of the ox-ide film.One of the factors,which influ-ences the growth rate of the film,may bethe grain surface energy.at least at the

Transformation mechanism and mechanical properties of commercially pure titanium

In order to establish the rolling process parameters of grade-2 commercially pure titanium(CP-Ti),it is necessary to understand the transformation mechanism and mechanical properties of this material.The β→α transformation kinetics of the grade-2 CP-Ti during continuous cooling was measured and its hot compression behavior was investigated using Gleeble-1500 thermal mechanical simulator.Dynamic CCT diagram confirms that cooling rate has an obvious effect on the start and finishing transformation and microstructures at room temperature.The critical cooling rate for β-phase transforms to α phase is about 15 °C/s.When the cooling rate is higher than 15 °C/s,some β phases with fine granular shape remain residually into plate-like structure.The plate-like α phase forms at cooling rate lower than 2 °C/s,serrate α phase forms at medium cooling rates,about 5-15 °C/s.The flow stress behavior of grade-2 CP-Ti was investigated in a temperature range of 700-900 °C and strain rate of 3.6-40 mm/min.The results show that dynamic recrystallization,dynamic recovery and work-hardening obviously occur during hot deformation.Constitutive equation of grade-2 CP-Ti was established by analyzing the relationship of the deformation temperature,strain rate,deformation degree and deformation resistance.

Effect of plane surface and wrinkly surface of pure Titanium on corrosion resistance and bacterium accumulation: an in vivo study

Objective: To study the effect of surface configuration on the corrosion resistance and bacterium accumulation of pure Titanium(Ti) when used in oral environment. Methods: Six edentulous volunteers with healthy oral mucosa participated in an in vivo study. Two kinds of pure Ti testing pieces with plane and wrinkly surface were fixed in the polished surface of upper complete dentures. After 6-month wearing, dynamic polarization curves were traced with electrochemical method and the amount and species of bacterium adhered on pure Ti were examined. Results: ① Ep and Ip of specimen in oral cavity was higher than that left in air, which meant corrosion resistance falling. Compared to plane one, Ecorr of wrinkly specimen was more positive and Ep and Ip were more higher, so its corrosion resistance reduced. ② Individual difference put a significant influence on amount of bacterium adhered on pure Titanium, but had no relation to species of bacterium. To the same patient, wrinkly samples collected more bacterium than plane ones, and exhibited G - coccus beside G + coccus. Conclusion: From the perspective of corrosion behavior and benefit to periodontal tissue, wrinkly surface should not be adopted when pure Ti prosthesis is made,especially on connector part of denture.

Anisotropy of Mechanical Behavior in Commercially Pure Titanium Sheets

Commercially pure titanium( CP Ti) sheets show typical planar anisotropy due to inherently crystallographic texture and rolling process. To characterize the initial,planar,plastic anisotropy of CP Ti sheets in forming process,uniaxial tensile tests of cold-rolled TA1 sheets at 0°,45° and 90° to the rolling direction were performed at room temperature,corresponding stress-strain curves and Lankford coefficient( r value) were obtained. Based on Hill'48 and Barlat'89 yield criteria,the anisotropic behavior of TA1 sheets was investigated. In order to verify the accuracy of two models,the experimental values of yield stress and r were compared with predicted ones. It revealed that Barlat '89 criterion with M = 6 is the best agreement with experimental data,and the obtained model can be used in the simulation of forming process.

The surface treatment on oxide film of pure titanium Part 1. The effect of Anodic oxidation

目的：研究阳极氧化对纯钛种植材料氧化膜的影响。方法：5片直径9mm厚2mm的纯钛在升压速度为7～8v／min、电流密度≤10mA／cm。的条件下分别进行阳极氧化处理，（A）10v10min，（B）24v10min，（C）40v10min，（D）24v40min，（E）24v2h。用potentiostat仪检测以上样品在生理盐水和人造海水中的电化学行为。结果：以上样品的颜色呈：A蓝色，B淡黄色，C粉红色，D金黄色，E深黄色。随着电压的升高和作用时间的延长，2．55峰渐渐强化，2．34峰弱化。在生理盐水中，阳极氧化膜的开路电势稳定于0mV，而自然氧化膜则很快从一50上升到～40mV，极化电流比自然氧化膜的低100倍。在人造海水中，阳极氧化膜的开路电势稳定在-90mV，自然氧化膜则从-480mV快速上升到-310mV，且活化电流明显高于阳极氧化膜。结论：阳极氧化膜的颜色可能和膜的厚度有关，而颜色对种植体上的修复体有影响，因此，金黄色被选为理想的颜色。2．55和2．34峰的变化规律尚无法解释。阳极氧化膜的稳定性和耐腐蚀性远远高于自然氧化膜。因此，阳极氧化法是一种提高纯钛氧化膜耐腐蚀性的好方法。

Effects of surface roughness on corrosion resistance of pure Titanium:An in vivo observation

Objective: To study the effect of surface configuration and roughness on the corrosion resistance of pure Titanium (Ti) after used in oral environment for half a year.Methods:Three edentulous volunteers with healthy oral mucosa participated in an in vivo study.Four kinds of pure Ti testing pieces with different surface roughness were fixed in the polished surface of upper complete dentures and the other in the tissue surface of the dentures.After 6-month wearing the denture,dynamic polarization curves were traced with electrochemical method.Results:Ep and Ip of specimen used in oral cavity was higher than that left in air,which meant corrosion resistance falling.Compared to plane one,Ecorr of wrinkly specimen was more positive,and Ep and Ip were more higher,so its corrosion resistance reduced.With the increase of surface roughness,Ep and Ip increased from 0.937 V and 1.810 μA (GroupⅡ) to 1.701 V and 2.252 μA(GroupⅣ)respectively,there was even no passivation in GroupⅢ(which was the most coarse),so proneness to corrosion enhanced.For specimen with the same surface roughness,Ep and Ip of GroupⅣ(1.701 V and 2.252 μA respectively),which was placed on polished surface of denture base,was higher than that on tissue surface(GroupⅤ,1.304 V,1.946 μA).Conclusion:From the perspective of corrosion behavior,wrinkly surface should not be adopted when pure Ti prosthesis is used,and surface roughness on the polishing surface of pure Ti prosthesis should be paid more attention,especially on clasps and connectors,where there is often more force to be exerted.

Effect of Surface Modification on Corrosion Resistance of Pure Titanium.An in Vivo Observation

Objective: The aim of this experiment is to study the effect of three methods of surface modification on the corrosion resistance of commercial pure Titanium when used in oral environment for half a year.Method:48 specimens of pure titanium were made and divided into four groups randomly, one group was selected randomly as Group I (control group), the other three groups were treated by three methods of surface modification individually, GroupⅡ:heating oxidation in air(400℃,30min.), GroupⅢ:anodization (45 volts, 10 min.),GroupⅣ:TiN coating(firing temperature 200℃ , total coating time 62min.). Six edentulous volunteers with healthy oral mucosa participated in the in vivo study. One testing piece from each group was selected and fixed in the polished surface of upper complete dentures. Dynamic polarization curves were traced with electrochemical method after the specimens were placed either in oral cavity or in air for 6 months. Results: After all specimens were used, Ecorr altered in every group , Ecorr from high to low were in turn: TiN coating group>heating oxidation group> anodization group>control group, no obvious passive potential Ep and Ip was found in control group. Heating oxidation in air exhibited similar Ep to anodization, but Ip was remarkably lower than that of anodization; TiN coating showed obviously different polarization curves compared with heating-oxidation group and anodization group, Ecorr was positive, and no Ep and Ip was found. Conclusion: Under present experimental condition, all the three treatment methods could enhance corrosion resistance of pure titanium in oral environment, heating oxidation in air exhibited better resistance to corrode than anodization, TiN coating possessed the most excellent corrosion resistance, even after exposed in oral condition for 6 months, there was little change of corrosion resistance. Therefore TiN coating could be adopted to improve corrosion resistance of pure titanium in oral environment.

Corrosion Behaviors of Pure Titanium and Its Weldment in Simulated Desulfurized Flue Gas Condensates in Thermal Power Plant Chimney

The corrosion behaviors of pure titanium and its weldment welded by tungsten inert gas （TIG） welding in simulated desulfurized flue gas condensates in thermal power plant chimney were investigated using potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS） and immersion tests. The effects of heat input and shielding gases on the corrosion behavior of the welded titanium were also studied. Grain coarsening and Widmanst^itten structure were found in both the fusion zone and the heat-affected zone. The welded titanium exhibited active-passive behavior in the simulated condensates. Both the polarization curves and EIS measurements confirmed that TIG welding process with different parameters had few effects on the corrosion behavior. It was proved that the microstructure changes were not the key material factors affecting the corrosion behavior of pure titanium under the test conditions, while the oxide film had remarkable effect on improving the corrosion resistance.

Enhanced Surface Mechanical Properties and Microstructure Evolution of Commercial Pure Titanium Under Electropulsing-Assisted Ultrasonic Surface Rolling Process

The effects of electropulsing-assisted ultrasonic surface rolling process on surface mechanical properties andmicrostructure evolution of commercial pure titanium were investigated. It was found that the surface mechanical prop-erties were significantly enhanced compared to traditional ultrasonic surface rolling process （USRP）, leading to smallersurface roughness and smoother morphology with fewer cracks and defects. Moreover, surface strengthened layer wasremarkably enhanced with deeper severe plastic deformation layer and higher surface hardness. Remarkable enhancementsof surface mechanical properties may be related to the gradient refined microstructure, the enhanced severe plasticdeformation layer and the accelerated formation of sub-boundaries and twins induced by coupling effects of USRP andelectropulsing. The primary intrinsic reasons for these improvements may be attributed to the thermal and athermal effectscaused by electropulsing treatment, which would accelerate dislocation mobility and atom diffusion.

Probing into the Yield Plateau Phenomenon in Commercially Pure Titanium During Tensile Tests

To explain the intrinsic mechanism of the yield plateau phenomenon in commercially pure titanium,the tensile behaviors of commercially pure titanium specimens after 91.6%cryorolling and subsequent annealing at 280℃,335℃,450℃and 600℃have been studied.The results show that the yield plateau phenomenon is a result of dislocation behaviors controlled by grain size and thus only exists within a given range of mean grain size.αgrain boundaries are the main dislocation multiplication sources of commercially pure titanium.Fine-grained microstructure could offer numerous dislocation multiplication locations during deformation.Once the applied stress is above the yielding strength,dislocations multiply rapidly and the mobile dislocation density is high.To retrieve the imposed strain rate,the mean dislocation velocity is bound to be low.Therefore,it takes time for them to interact with each other.As a result,the movement of dislocations is hardly blocked and the deformation could continue at a nearly constant applied stress.Consequently,the so-called yield plateau behavior presents in the tensile curves.The disappearance of yield plateau phenomenon in coarse-grained and ultrafi ne-grained microstructures is attributed to the quick realization of the mutual interactions among dislocations at the initial stage of tensile test.

Formation of face-centered cubic titanium in laser surface re-melted commercially pure titanium plate

Micron-scale face-centered cubic titanium phase（named as δ phase） were noticed in the re-melted zone of laser surface re-melted commercially pure titanium plate.The morphology,sub-structure,orientation and distribution of δ phase were investigated by scanning electron microscopy,electron back-scattered diffraction and transmission electron microscopy.Three kind formation processes of δ phase were put forward based on the investigation.The first one is α＇→δ transformation which takes place in single α＇grains and leads to the orientation relationship {001}δ//{0001}α＇〈 110 〉 δ//〈 112^-0 〉α＇.The second one is β→α＇＋ δ transformation which takes place at α＇/α＇interfaces and leads to the orientation relationship{001}δ//{11^-0}β〈110〉 δ//〈111〉β.The third one is another kind of β→α＇＋ δ transformation that takes place at α＇/α＇interfaces and leads to the orientation relationship{11^-1}δ//{11^-0}β〈 110 〉 δ//〈 111 〈 β.It is believed that the transformations of δ phase are stress assistant ones and in the present investigation,the phase transformation stress of β→α＇transformation acts as the assistant driving force for the formation of δ phase.