Genomic Mutations Within the Host Microbiome: Adaptive Evolution or Purifying Selection

Next-generation sequencing technology has transformed our ability to assess the taxonomic composition functions of host-associated microbiota and microbiomes. More human microbiome research projects—particularly those that explore genomic mutations within the microbiome—will be launched in the next decade. This review focuses on the coevolution of microbes within a microbiome, which shapes strain-level diversity both within and between host species. We also explore the correlation between microbial genomic mutations and common metabolic diseases, and the adaptive evolution of pathogens and probiotics during invasion and colonization. Finally, we discuss advances in methods and algorithms for annotating and analyzing microbial genomic mutations.

Recyclable adsorbent of BiFeO_3/Carbon for purifying industrial dye wastewater via photocatalytic reproducible

It is essential to prepare highly-efficiency reproducible adsorbent for purifying industrial dye wastewater. In this work, biscuit with a layered porous structure as a template is applied to prepare a photocatalytic recyclable adsorbent of BiFeO3/Carbon nanocomposites for purifying simulative industrial dye wastewater. It is found that the structure of the prepared BiFeO3/Carbon nanocomposite is related to the natural structure of the biscuit, annealing temperatures and immersing times, demonstrated by XRD, TEM, UV-Vis and adsorptive activities. Kinetics data shows that the adsorption rate of the adsorbent to the dye is rapid and fitted well with the pseudo-second-order model, that more than 80% of dyes can be removed in the beginning 30 min. The adsorption isotherm can be perfectly described by the Langmuir model as well. It can be seen from the adsorption data that the adsorption performance can reach over 90% at pH ? 2–12, which can imply its universal utilization. The prepared BiFeO_3/Carbon nanocomposites have also displayed excellent capacities(over 90% within 30 min) for adsorption of seven different dyes and their mixed one. According to the five times photocatalytic reproducible experiments, it is proved that BiFeO_3/Carbon nanocomposites show the excellent stability and reproduction for purifying simulative industrial dyes, even the sample have been placed for one year. These research results indicate that the adsorbent BiFeO_3/Carbon can be a suitable material used in treating industrial dye wastewater potentially.

Mechanical Properties,Purifying Techniques and Processing Methods of Metal Yttrium

The mechanical properties of metal yttrium such as strength, plasticity, hardness and elasticity were introduced. The purifying techniques of yttrium were discussed in detail. The processing methods for metal yttrium including extruding, forging, rolling, wiredrawing and welding were also introduced. Finally, the potential use of yttrium and its alloys were prospected.

Scheme for purifying a general mixed entangled state and its linear optical implementation

We propose a scheme for purification of a general mixed entangled state. In this scheme, we start from a large number of general mixed entangled states and end up, after local operation and classical communication, with a smaller number of Bell diagonal states with higher entanglement. In particular, the scheme can purify one maximally entangled state from two entangled pairs prepared in a class of mixed entangled state. Furthermore we propose a linear optical implementation of the present scheme with polarization beam splitters and photon detectors.

STUDIES OF PURIFYING OF CLAYEY DIATOMITE

This article discusses the purifying method of the clayey diatomite or clay ——bearing diatotnite minerals found in China. And the processes of acidizing, beneficiation and gravitational fluidized dry sepa-ration are reviewed.

Effect of Distribution of Magnetic Flux Density on Purifying Liquid Metal by Travelling Magnetic Field

The distribution of the magnetic flux density in the magnetic field generator which provided travelling magnetic field was determined. The experiments using liquid gallium and aluminum silicon alloy to observe the turbulent flow or remove inclusions were performed to obtain the basic principles how the distribution of the magnetic flux density took effect on removing inclusions from molten metal by electromagnetic field. The suitable area in the field for purifying metal was suggested.

Performance Evaluation of Two Series Vertical Flow Filters for Wastewater Treatment: A Case Study of the Prototype Installed at Gaston Berger University, Saint-Louis, Senegal

This paper evaluates the efficacy of two sequential vertical flow filters (VFF), FV1 and FV2, implanted with Typha, in a pilot-scale wastewater treatment system. FV1 comprises three cells (FV1a, FV1b, and FV1c), while FV2 consists of two cells (FV2a and FV2b), each designed to reduce various physicochemical and microbiological pollutants from wastewater. Quantitative analyses show significant reductions in electrical conductivity (from 1331 to 1061 μS/cm), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5 from 655.6 to 2.3 mg/L), chemical oxygen demand (COD from 1240 to 82.2 mg/L), total nitrogen (from 188 to 37.3 mg/L), and phosphates (from 70.9 to 14.6 mg/L). Notably, FV2 outperforms FV1, particularly in decreasing dissolved salts and BOD5 to remarkably low levels. Microbiological assessments reveal a substantial reduction in fecal coliforms, from an initial concentration of 7.5 log CFU/100mL to 3.7 log CFU/100mL, and a complete elimination of helminth eggs, achieving a 100% reduction rate in FV2. The study highlights the impact of design parameters, such as filter material, media depth, and plant species selection, on treatment outcomes. The findings suggest that the judicious choice of these components is critical for optimizing pollutant removal. For instance, different filtration materials show varying efficacies, with silex plus river gravel in FV1c achieving superior pollutant reduction rates. In conclusion, VFFs emerge as a promising solution for wastewater treatment, underscoring the importance of design optimization to enhance system efficiency. Continuous monitoring and adaptation of treatment practices are imperative to ensure water quality, allowing for safe environmental discharge or water reuse. The research advocates for ongoing improvements in wastewater treatment technologies, considering the environmental challenges of the current era. The study concludes with a call for further research to maximize the effectiveness of VFFs in water management.

Preparation of 5N high purified indium by the method of chemical purification-electrolysis

The application of indium requires high purity indium as material.5N high purity indium had been prepared by the method of acombination of chemically smelting and electrolysis. Smelting timewas 10 min, the abstraction rate of cadmium was 80/100-90/100 whenused solution of I_2-KI and glycerine to smelt indium. 4N metalindium was used as anode, high purity indium as cathode, In-2(SO_4)_3-H_2SO_4 system as electrolyte, and In content is 100 g/L, pH2-3 and current density 80-100 a/m^2.

Application of Rare Earths in Oil Country Tubular Goods

The effect of rare earths(RE) on purifying molten steels, modifying inclusion and micro-alloying are studied in J55 steel. The results show that RE improves the transverse impact energy and increases the resistance of perforation cracking. The extent on modifying MnS and Al2O3 inclusions is dependent on the activity ratios of RE to Mn and RE to Al. The(a(RE). a(s))/(a(o) . a(Al)) value determines the relative amount of REAlO(3) and RE(2)O(2)S and the properties of steel. RE segregation on grain boundary reduces the segregation of phosphorus and sulfur there.

Molecular Cloning,Genomic Organization and Functional Analysis of the Ribosomal Protein S30(RPS30) Gene from Arachis hypogaea

The ribosomal proteins are crucial for the maintenance of ribosomal translational efficiency and fidelity.In the study,we characterized the ribosomal protein S30(RPS30)gene from Arachis hypogaea that has been isolated through Genefishing analysis during defense responses to Ralstonia solanacearum.The cDNA of RPS 30 contained a 189 base pair(bp)open-reading frame encoding 62 amino acids.The genomic DNA consists of 272 bp containing two exons and one 83 bp intron.The RPS 30 mRNA transcript was mainly expressed in roots and leaves.The expression level of the RPS 30 mRNA transcripts was up-regulated sharply 6 h after bacterial challenge and was 12 times greater than that of the control group.The phylogenetic analysis for genes encoding proteins showed that RPS30 were conserved within dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants.d S extremely exceeded d N in all branches of the tree(d N/d S<1.0),indicating that functional constraint have acted on RPS 30 throughout evolution.

洛南县森林生态系统净化大气效益价值评估

通过森林资源二类调查数据,依据国家林业局2008年发布实施的《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》(LY/T1721-2008),对洛南县森林生态系统固碳、释氧、净化SO2和滞尘4项净化大气效益进行初步评估。结果表明:研究区森林生态系统净化大气总效益为21.65亿元/a,其中年固碳30.76万t,效益3.69亿元。年释氧82.349万t,效益8.23亿元。年净化SO22.63万t,效益0.316亿元。年滞尘627.391万t,效益9.41亿元。森林生态系统净化大气效益非常显著。

亚里士多德的施授美学思想

亚里士多德的文艺“模仿”说与效果“净化 /陶冶”说 ,体现出对接受主体的高度重视 ,这是源于其哲学伦理学的“施授美学”观念 ,表明创作主体控制话语权力的企图。

Microstructure Features with Ultrafined and Purified Grains for Si-Mn Hot-rolling TRIP Steel

The advanced hot-rolled transformation induced plasticity （TRIP） steel with high tensile strength of 775 MPa, high elongation of 29% and low ductile-brittle transmission temperature less than -80℃ has been developed in laboratory based on the common silicon and manganese chemical composition. The experimental results showed that the microstructures were featured with ultra fine grain size less than 5μm, appropriate retained austenite volume fraction around 11.8% and purified ferrite grain, which may result in well balanced mechanical properties for the steel.

Complete Mitochondrial Genome of the Steppe Ribbon Racer(Psammophis lineolatus):The First Representative from the Snake Family Psammophiidae and its Phylogenetic Implications

Comparisons of vertebrate mitochondrial genomes(mitogenomes)may yield significant insights into the evolution of organisms and genomes.However,no complete mitogenome from the snake family Psammophiidae has been reported.In this study,we sequenced and annotated the complete mitogenome of Psammophis lineolatus,representing the first mitogenome of Psammophiidae.The total length is 17166 bp,consisting of 13 protein-coding genes(PCGs),22 transfer RNAs(tRNAs),two ribosomal RNAs(12 S rRNA and16 S rRNA),and duplicate control regions(CRs).This gene arrangement belongs to the TypeⅢpattern,which is a widely shared gene order in Alethinophidian snakes.All tRNAs exhibit cloverleaf structures with the exception of tRNA-Ser^(AGY) and tRNA-Pro,which lack a dihydrouridine(DHU)arm/stem and TΨC loop,respectively.The 13 PCGs include five start codons(ATG,GTG,ATA,ATT,and ATC),two complete stop codons(TAA and AGG),and two incomplete stop codon(T--and TA-).In addition,the Ka/Ks ratios indicate that all PCGs had undergone a strong purifying selection.Four types of CR domains rearrangement occurred among eight species of Elapoidea.The phylogenetic reconstructions with both Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methods support the placement of Psammophiidae in the Elapoidea superfamily,with Homalopsidae being the sister taxon to Elapoidea and Colubroidea.However,the sister taxon of Psammophiidae is unclear due to the availability of Elapoidea mitogenomes being limited to the family Elapidae.More mitogenomes from different taxonomic groups in Elapoidea are needed to better understand the phylogenetic relationships within Elapoidea.

MHC Class I Exon 4 in the Multiocellated Racerunners(Eremias multiocellata): Polymorphism, Duplication and Selection

The major histocompatibility complex （MHC） is a dynamic genetic region with an essential role in the adaptive immunity of jawed vertebrates. The MHC polymorphism is affected by many processes such as birth-and- death evolution, gene conversion, and concerted evolution. Studies investigating the evolution of MHC class I genes have been biased toward a few particular taxa and model species. However, the investigation of this region in nonavian reptiles is still in its infancy. We present the first characterization of MHC class I genes in a species from the family Lacertidae. We assessed genetic diversity and a role of selection in shaping the diversity of MHC class I exon 4 among 37 individuals of Eremias multiocellata from a population in Lanzhou, China. We generated 67 distinct DNA sequences using cloning and sequencing methods, and identified 36 putative functional variants as well as two putative pseudogene-variants. We found the number of variants within an individual varying between two and seven, indicating that there are at least four MHC class I loci in this species. Gene duplication plays a role in increasing copy numbers of MHC genes and allelic diversity in this species. The class I exon 4 sequences are characteristic of low nucleotide diversity. No signal of recombination is detected, but purifying selection is detected in β2-microglobulin interaction sites and some other silent sites outside of the function-constraint regions. Certain identical alleles are shared by Eremias multiocellata and E. przewalskii and E. brenchleyi, suggesting trans-species polymorphism. The data are compatible with a birth-and-death model of evolution.

Rational Purify在VC++开发中的应用

文章简要介绍了RationalPurify工具在软件开发过程中的作用,描述了Purify在VC++开发程序中的应用步骤。

Chinese New-coined Words Management in P.R.C

The paper relies on the language management model. First of all, the thousands of new words coined each year in China can be roughly divided into eight groups. Besides, it exemplifies the problems that have occurred in communication. Last but not least, to reflect language management acts/processes, it reports the efforts the language authorities and governmental bodies have made in the struggle to solve the problems. It attempts to remind the language management agencies of the point that for the use of new words, the language users are always right as long as communication flows without problems in understanding.

The Use of Self-cleaning Materials and Study Their Impact on the Quality of the Visual Appearance of Large Industrial Cities

One of the capabilities of the architecture is to respond to growing and,in some cases,varied needs of users.However,architecture and construction industry,in comparison with other sciences,have been very slow and inadequate to implement this technology despite very suitable ground for improvement.At the moment,one of the most essential discussions in this field is how to achieve qualitative understanding of construction materials.Accordingly,one of the key sections of a construction which plays a significant role in optimizing performance is shell of the building.In this article,in addition to the utilization technique of selfcleaning materials in construction industry which will result in embellishment of urban design,an attempt has also been made to present a suitable model on how to utilize these materials in order to improve the visual appearance quality of megalopolises.The technology of self-cleaning surfaces in order to increase durability and reduce costs and required time for equipment maintenance has currently become the focal point in construction industry.Now providing one answer to the question of whether will selfcleaning,purifying facades change the future of urban architecture?The main panorama of this research is to find and establish a dynamic and sustainable balance in embellishment of urban design.The necessity of research in this field as well as finding the best and most practical solution seem.To achieve all this,an analytical and descriptive research has been utilized,data has been collected by various books and national and international websites.

软件测试方法及测试工具应用

介绍了软件测试的过程及方法,重点分析了几种常用软件测试工具的特点及具体应用方法,为软件测试人员根据不同的测试环境选择适用的测试工具提供了依据。

Adsorption Kinetics of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solutions onto Palygorskite

The adsorption kinetics of methylene blue from aqueous solutions on purified palygorskite was investigated. The kinetics data related to the adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solutions are in good agreement with the pseudo-second order equation in ranges of initial concentration of 120-210 mg/L, oscillation speed of 100-200 r/min and temperature of 298-328K. The experimental results show that methylene blue is only adsorbed onto the external surface of purified palygorskite, and the apparent adsorption activation energy is 13.92 kJ/mol. The relatively low apparent adsorption activation energy suggests that the adsorption of methylene blue involves in not only a chemical, but also a physical adsorption process, and it is controlled by the combination of chemical adsorption and fiquid-film diffusion.