Distribution and Transformation of Native and Added Ni Fractions in Purple Soils from Sichuan Province

The distribution and transformation of added and native Ni in purple soils were investigated with both sequential extraction procedure and isotopic tracer technique.The distribution of added and native Ni was greatly dependent on soil properties.Low soil PH was favorable for soluble plus exchangeable (EX) Fraction,while Fe/Mn oxides and clay for Fe/Mn oxide bound (OX) and residual (RES) fractions. The added Ni,however,has not yet reached the distribution equilibrium up to the 150th day after incubation.This was reflected in the fact that the proportion of EX fraction from added Ni was 150%-600% as much as that of native Ni, while that of RES fraction was only about 80%.Once entering soil, the applied soluble Ni was rapidly transformed into Other fractions, but the organic complexed (OM) fraction of added Ni was relatively stable during incubation.The carbonate bound(CAB) fraction showed a progressive increase and attained a peak value after 0-14 d of incubation and thereafter decreased gradually. The occurrence time of this peak advanced as initial soil PH increased, but the peak would disappear when initial soil pH was higher than 7.5(or containing free CaCO3). The transformation processes of the EX,OX and RES fractions could be described by Elovich and two-constant rate equstions,and the rates were positively correlated with soil pH,CEC and clay.These findings could explain why there are differences in ecological and environmental effects of Ni in different soils and at various intervals.

Zonal Distribution of the Erosion-Landslide and Soil Micromorphological Features in Purple Hilly Region

In the purple hilly region, erosions and landslides are all serious, and it is of great scientific value and practical significance to study their formation mechanism and distribution features there. In this paper, soil micromorphological methods and techniques were used to study the erosion zonal distribution in the region. The results indicated: (1) According to erosion process, the spacial distribution zones of the erosions and landslides in the purple hilly region with different solums were divided into scouring erosion zone, transport-diffusion zone, rocks and soil turbulence zone and sediment-bury zone; (2) The soil micromorphologic taxonomic feature identifying different erosion-landslide zone were found by studying the soil micromorphology of erosive zone in purple hilly region; (3) As for the erosion–landslide formation in the region, besides the external factors, the internal factors were found more important and favorable for landslide formation through the studies on the micormorphological features of slide soil.

Distribution of Chemical Forms for Co, Cr, Ni and V in Typical Soils of China

Co, Ni, Cr and V in 25 typical soils of China were fractionated into exchangeable, carbonate bound (calcareous soils), Mn oxide bound, organically bound, amorphous Fe oxide bound, crystalline Fe oxide bound and residual forms using a seven-step sequential extraction procedure, so as to study the distribution of chemical forms of these metals as well as the effects of soil properties on the distribution. The results showed that most of soil Co, Ni, Cr and V were present in residual forms, and the distribution ratio averaged 48.2% for Co, 53.0% for Ni, 81.5% for Cr and 68.7% for V. The speciation of heavy metals was greatly influenced by soil physico-chemical properties and the chemistry of elements. The results also indicated that the recovery of metal elements by the sequential extraction procedure was satisfactory, with the relative difference between the sum of seven forms and the total content in soils averaging 9.5% for Co, 12.8% for Ni, 6.6% for Cr and 7.2% for V.

How elevation and soil properties affect plant distribution patterns and species diversity in the Mediterranean mountain ecosystem of Al-Jabal Al- Akhdar, Libya

The objectives of this study were to assess distribution patterns of plant species richness,plant diversity and vegetation structure in relation to environmental factors along elevation gradient in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar,Libya.For each species,its growth form,chorological affinities,degree of occurrence,endemism status and originality were provided.A total of 534 taxa were generated from 70 families of the flowering plants,and 3 of the non-flowering plants were identified.The native flora of the study area was counted for 80.2%of the total indigenous taxa(465).The hump-shaped pattern of plant species richness was obtained,with the highest species richness at the mid-elevations,and both ends of the gradient have the lowest.The annuals(300 species,56.2%)and non-succulent perennial herbs(165 species,30.9%)were the most dominant growth forms of the total species composition.Along the elevation gradient,Asteraceae,Fabaceae,Poaceae,Lamiaceae and Apiaceae were the dominant families with the highest numbers of species.This investigation recorded 31 endemic taxa,comprising 25 dicots and 6 monocots,primarily of Mediterranean origin,with most belonging to the Asteraceae and Lamiaceae families.Mediterranean chorotype was the dominant,whether pure(mono-),or combined with one(bi-and pluri-regional)or more(pluri-regional).Application of cluster analysis on the vegetation data yielded four cluster groups;each was linked to an elevation level.It emphasized the importance of establishing conservation strategies to minimize human disturbance and safeguard relic habitats of Juniperus phoenicea L.at its southern distribution limits in Africa,underlining the proactive management required for species preservation.The application of Redundancy Analysis revealed that Shannon diversity index(H'),pH and Fe were the determinant soil factor in the mid-elevation levels(L2 and L3)whereas altitude,fine sand,HCO3,OM,and soil contents of Na,SO4 and Cl for the extreme levels(L1 and L4).

Soil Aggregation and Its Relationship with Organic Carbon of Purple Soils in the Sichuan Basin,China

The interaction of soil aggregate dynamics with soil organic carbon is complex with varied spatio-temporal processes in macro-and micro-aggregates. This paper is to determine the aggregation of soil aggregates in purple soils （Regosols in FAO Taxonomy or Entisols in USDA Taxonomy） for four types of land use, cropland [corn （Zea mays L.）], orchard （citrus）, forestland （bamboo or cypress）, and barren land （wild grass）, and to explore their relationship with soil organic carbon in the Sichuan basin of southwestern China. Procedures and methods, including manual dry sieving procedure, Yoder＇s wet sieving procedure, pyrophosphates solution method, and Kachisky method, are used to acquire dry, wet, and chemically stable aggregates, and microaggregates. Light and heavy fractions of soil organic carbon were separated using 2.0 g·mL^-1 HgI2-KI mixed solution. The loosely, stably, and tightly combined organic carbon in heavy fraction were separated by extraction with 0.1 M NaOH and 0.1 M NaOH-0.1M Na4P2O7 mixed solution （pH 13）. The results show that the contents of dry and wet macroaggregates 〉0.25 mm in diameter were 974.1 and 900.0 g·kg^-1 highest in red brown purple soils under forestland, while 889.6 and 350.6 g·kg^-1 lowest in dark purple soil and lowest in grey brown purple soils under cropland, respectively. The chemical stability of macroaggregates was lowest in grey brown purple soil with 8.47% under cropland, and highest in red brown purple soil with 69.34% under barren land. The content of microaggregates in dark purple soils was 587g·kg^-1 higher than brown purple soils, while 655g·kg^-1 in red brown purple soils was similar to grey brown purple soils （651g·kg^-1）. Cropland conditions, only 38.4% of organic carbon was of the combined form, and 61.6% of that existed in light fraction. Forestland conditions, 90.7% of organic carbon in red brown purple soil was complexed with minerals as a form of humic substances. The contents and stability of wet aggregates 〉 0.25 mm, contents and stability of chemically stable aggregates 〉0.25 mm, contents of microaggregates 〉 0.01 mm, contents of aggregated primary particle （d〈0.01 mm） and degree of primary particles （d 〈0.01 mm） aggregation were closely related to the concentrations of total soil organic carbon, and loosely and tightly combined organic carbon in heavy fraction. Soil microaggregation could be associated with organic carbon concentration and its combined forms in heavy fraction. There was a direct relationship between microaggregation and macroaggregation of soil primary particles, because the contents of wet aggregates 〉 0.25 mm and its water stability of aggregates were highly correlated with the contents of aggregated primary particle （d 〈 0.01 mm） and the degree of primary particles （d 〈 0.01 mm） aggregation.

Shear strength features of soils developed from purple clay rock and containing less than two-millimeter rock fragments

Soil shear strength is an important indicator of engineering design and an essential parameter of soil precision tillage and agricultural machinery and equipment design. Although numerous studies have investigated the characteristics of different soil shear strengths, only a few of these works have paid attention to soils containing considerable quantities of rock fragments. To date, most studies on the effects of rock fragments on the shear strength have paid attention to the role of rock fragments with sizes 〉2 mm. The effects of rock fragments 〈2 mm in soil are generally ignored. Similar to rock fragments 〉2 ram, the presence of rock fragments 〈2 mm could also change the mechanical properties of soils. Thus, in the present study we evaluated the potential influence of 〈2 mm rock fragments on soil shear strength via an unconsolidated undrained （UU） triaxial compression test. Our results were as follows： （1） A certain quantity of 〈2 mm rock fragments presented in purple soils developed from clay rocks; and an appropriate quantity of 〈2 mm rock fragments could improve the shear strength of soils. （2） The different PSDs of soils containin 〈2 mm rock fragment mainly caused variations in the internal friction angle of soils. （3） The shear strengths of the two mudstone-developed red-brown and gray-brown purple soils was more sensitive to water than that of the shale-developed coarse-dark purple soil. As the soil water content increased from 9% to 23%, the changes in the cohesion, internal friction angle, shear strength, and the maximum principal stress difference were smaller in the coarse dark purple soil than in the two other soils. We therefore concluded that 〈2 mm rock fragments in purple soils exerted important effects on soil shear strength. A better understanding of the differences among the shear strength features of purple soils could help improve the design of agricultural machinery and equipment.

Study on Distribution Characteristics and Occurrence Form of Soil Fluorine in Sorghum Base of Renhuai City

In order to find out the effects of soil fluorine on ecological environment and crop safety in the sorghum cultivation base of Renhuai City, Guizhou Province, the content and the occurrence forms of soil fluorine and its influencing factors of Maoba Town were investigated and studied. The results showed that the total fluorine content in the soil of the sorghum base ranged from 668.60 to 2 596.80 mg/kg, with an average of 1 483.25 mg/kg, which was 3.10 and 1.85 times of the national soil background value and the average value of the soil in endemic areas, respectively. The spatial distribution of fluorine in the soil of the study area was uneven, and the fluorine content was in the order of Anliang Village>Yangliu Village>Houba Village>Xiongfeng Village. The soil fluorine contents of various forms varied greatly, and the distribution law was as follows: residual state>water soluble state>organically bound state>exchangeable state>Fe/Mn-F state. The residual fluorine content was the highest, accounting for more than 99% of total fluorine content, while the sum of other four forms was less than 1%, with their respective proportions ranging from 0.10% to 0.30%. The content and proportion of available fluorine in water-soluble and exchangeable states were relatively low, which had limited influence on the surrounding water environment and crop safety. The physicochemical properties of soil, such as pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity and clay particles had a certain influence on the occurrence forms of soil fluorine, thus changing the availability and migration of soil fluorine, which might endanger the ecological environment safety, food safety and human health.

Multifractal characteristics and spatial variability of soil particle-size distribution in different land use patterns in a small catchment of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region,China

Characterizing soil particle-size distribution is a key measure towards soil property.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the multifractal characteristics of soil particle-size distribution among different land-use from a purple soil catchment and to generalize the spatial variation trend of multifractal parameters across the catchment.A total of 84 soil samples were collected from four kinds of land use patterns(dry land,orchard,paddy,and forest)in an agricultural catchment in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region,China.The multifractal analysis method was applied to quantitatively characterize the soil particle size distribution.Six soil particle size distribution(PSD)multifractal parameters(D(0),D(1),D(2),(35)a(q),(35)f[a(q)],α(0))were computed.Additionally,a geostatistical analysis was employed to reveal the spatial differentiation and map the spatial distribution of these parameters.Evident multifractal characteristics were found.The trend of generalized dimension spectrum of four land use patterns was basically consistent with the range of 0.8 to 2.0.However,orchard showed the largest monotonic decline,while the forest demonstrated the smallest decrease.D(0)of the four land use patterns were ranked as:dry land<orchard<forest<paddy,the order of D(1)was:dry land<paddy<orchard<forest,D(2)presented a rand-size relationship as dry land<forest<paddy<orchard.Furthermore,all land-use patterns presented asΔf[α(q)]<0.The rand-size relationship ofα(0)was same as D(0).The best-fitting model for D(0),D(1),D(2)andΔf[α(q)]was spherical model,forΔα(q)was gaussian model,and forα(0)was exponential model with structure variance ratio was 1.03%,49.83%,0.84%,1.48%,22.20%and 10.60%,respectively.The results showed that soil particles of each land use pattern were distributed unevenly.The multifractal parameters under different land use have significant differences,except forΔα(q).Differences in the composition of soil particles lead to differences in the multifractal properties even though they belong to the same soil texture.Farming behavior may refine particles and enhance the heterogeneity of soil particle distribution.Our results provide an effective reference for quantifying the impact of human activities on soil system in the Three Gorges Reservoir region.

Effects of soil conservation practices on soil erosion and the size selectivity of eroded sediment on cultivated slopes

Soil conservation practices can greatly affect the soil erosion process,but limited information is available about its influence on the particle size distribution(PSD)of eroded sediment,especially under natural rainfall.In this study,the runoff,sediment yields,and effective/ultimate PSD were measured under two conventional tillage practices,downhill ridge tillage(DT)and plat tillage(PT)and three soil conservation practices,contour ridge tillage(CT),mulching with downhill ridge tillage(MDT),and mulching with contour ridge tillage(MCT)during 21 natural rainfall events in the lower Jinsha River.The results showed that(1)soil conservation practices had a significant effect on soil erosion.The conventional tillage of DT caused highest runoff depth(0.58 to 29.13 mm)and sediment yield(0.01 to 3.19 t hm^(-2)).Compared with DT,the annual runoff depths and sediment yields of CT,MDT and MCT decreased by 12.24%-49.75%and 40.79%-88.30%,respectively.(2)Soil conservation practices can reduce the decomposition of aggregates in sediments.The ratios of effective and ultimate particle size(E/U)of siltand sand-sized particles of DT and PT plots were close to 1,indicating that they were transported as primary particles,however,values lower/greater than 1 subject to CT,MDT and MCT plots indicated they were transported as aggregates.The ratios of E/U of claysized particles were all less than 1 independently of tillage practices.(3)The sediments of soil conservation practices were more selective than those of conventional tillage practices.For CT,MDT and MCT plots,the average enrichment ratios(ERs)of clay,silt and sand were 1.99,1.93 and 0.42,respectively,with enrichment of clay and silt and depletion of sand in sediments.However,the compositions of the eroded sediments of DT and PT plots were similar to that of the original soil.These findings support the use of both effective and ultimate particle size distributions for studying the size selectivity of eroded sediment,and provide a scientific basis for revealing the erosion mechanism in the purple soil area of China.

An XPS Study of Nitrogen Structures in Soil Humic Substances

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was applied to examine the N structures of soil humic substances and some of their analogues. It was found that for soil humic substances XPS method gave similar results as those obtained by 15N CPMAS NMR (cross-polarization magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance) method. 70%～86% of total N in soil humic substances was in the form of amide, and 6%～13% was presented as amines, with the remaining part as heterocyclic N. There was no difference in the distribution of the forms of N between the humic substances from soils formed over hundreds or thousands of years and the newly formed ones. For fulvic acid from weathered coal and benzoqu inone- (N H-4 )-2 S O-4 polymer the XPS results deviated significantly from the 15N CPMAS NMR data.

Soil bacterial depth distribution controlled by soil orders and soil forms

Human disturbances to soils can lead to dramatic changes in soil physical,chemical,and biological properties.The influence of agricultural activities on the bacterial community over different orders of soil and at depth is still not well understood.We used the concept of genoform and phenoform to investigate the vertical(down to 1 m depth)soil bacterial community structure in paired genosoils(undisturbed forests)and phenosoils(cultivated vineyards)in different soil orders.The study was conducted in the Hunter Valley area,New South Wales,Australia,where samples were collected from 3 different soil orders(Calcarosol,Chromosol,and Kurosol),and each soil order consists of a pair of genosoil and phenosoil.The bacterial community structure was analyzed using highthroughput sequencing of 16S rRNA.Results showed that bacterial-diversity decreased with depth in phenosoils,however,the trend is less obvious in genoform profiles.Topsoil diversity was greater in phenosoils than genosoils,but the trend was reversed in subsoils.Thus,cropping not only affected topsoil bacteria community but also decreased its diversity in the subsoil.Bacterial community in topsoils was influenced by both soil orders and soil forms,however,in subsoils it was more impacted by soil orders.Constrained Analysis of Principal Coordinates revealed that cropping increased the similarity of bacterial structures of different soil orders.This study highlighted the strong influence of agricultural activities on soil microbial distribution with depth,which is controlled by soil order.

淹水培养下紫云英对紫潮泥锌有效性及形态转化的影响

采用90d的紫云英室内培养试验,探究了石灰性水稻土紫潮泥锌(Zn)有效性及形态转化对不同紫云英添加量的响应。结果表明:添加紫云英促进了紫潮泥中难以被植物吸收利用的矿物残渣态锌(Min-Zn)和氧化锰结合态锌(OxMn-Zn)、潜在有效的碳酸盐结合态锌(Carb-Zn)向易被植物吸收利用的松结有机态锌(Wbo-Zn)和交换态锌(Ex-Zn)转化,从而提高紫潮泥Zn的生物有效性。在整个研究期间,紫潮泥Zn平均转化比率T1处理(添加1.50t/hm^(2)紫云英)最低(-116.40%),T2处理(添加2.25t/hm^(2)紫云英)最高(-19.57%)。到试验结束,添加紫云英处理均提高了紫潮泥Zn转移因子,T2处理最高(1.56%);降低了Zn分配指数,T2处理最低(96.9%);表明紫潮泥土壤Zn向有效态组分发生了转化。不同紫云英添加量处理中,紫潮泥Zn有效性和形态转化之间存在差异,2.25t/hm^(2)紫云英添加量最有利于紫潮泥Zn有效性的提高。研究结果将为以种植紫云英绿肥为手段提高紫潮泥Zn的有效性提供科学依据。

吸管法和激光法测定紫色土机械组成对比研究

吸管法是测定土壤机械组成的经典方法,激光法是测定土壤机械组成的简便方法.为探究两者在紫色土机械组成测定上的差异以及两者之间的联系,分别采用两种方法测定145个紫色土样品的机械组成,并建立线性方程、随机森林回归(Random Forest Regression,RFR)模型和支持向量回归(Support Vactor Regression,SVR)模型进行比较分析.结果表明:(1)相较于吸管法,激光法所测紫色土黏粒含量和粉粒含量均偏高,所测砂粒含量则偏低;(2)随着土壤砾石含量的增加,两种方法所测的相同粒级含量差值逐渐增大,且差值从大到小依次为:砂粒、粉粒、黏粒;(3)相比于pH>7.5的紫色土,两种方法所测的相同粒级含量差值明显大于pH≤7.5的紫色土,且差值从大到小依次为:砂粒、粉粒、黏粒.总体来看,紫色土的砾石含量是影响两种方法所测机械组成关联效果的一个关键因素,对于砾石含量≤5%的紫色土,两种方法的测定结果有很好的关联性,可采用激光法替代吸管法,但测定结果需要校正,建议选用拟合效果较好的RFR或SVR模型进行校正.

哈尼梯田湿地土壤不同形态磷的时空分布特征

磷是湿地和农业生态系统中的重要元素之一,其中土壤磷形态的迁移转化广受关注。以哈尼梯田湿地为例,分别在哈尼梯田湿地的水稻生长期、收获期和休闲期,采集湿地不同海拔(梯田区上部、中部和下部)和不同深度的土壤(0—20 cm,20—40 cm,40—60 cm,60—80 cm)进行磷形态分析,研究了哈尼梯田湿地土壤中不同形态磷的时空分布规律和影响因素。结果表明:(1)哈尼梯田湿地土壤中总磷(TP)含量均值为318.74 mg/kg,在水稻收获期含量最高,无机磷(IP)含量均值在水稻休闲期最高(85.95 mg/kg),湿地土壤磷总体呈缺乏状态。(2)受外源磷输入影响,铁铝结合态磷(NaOH-P)占无机磷比重最大,且季节差异性显著(P<0.05);而钙结合态磷(HCl-P)在各季节无显著差异(P>0.05),这与湿地生态环境和地质背景有关。(3)哈尼梯田湿地对磷的迁移有截留作用,表现为各形态磷含量总体呈现在上部梯田湿地较高,并随海拔的降低而降低;不同形态磷含量在20—40 cm土层富集。(4)除HCl-P外,其余形态磷与土壤粒径在不同土层表现为负相关;不同土层TP和有机磷(OP)与pH值呈正相关;土壤总有机碳(TOC)与不同形态磷在收获期呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。研究表明了哈尼梯田湿地立体空间结构和人为活动能影响湿地生态系统中磷的分布与迁移循环,该结论可为梯田湿地的可持续发展提供参考。

鄂北耕地土壤砷分布特征及其生态效应分析

砷(As)是鄂北地区耕地土壤的主要污染元素之一,其分布特征及生态效应还不清楚。以鄂北宜城、枣阳、随县地区为研究区,采集代表性作物和土壤样品,查明As在土壤中的含量、分布特征、赋存形态以及在作物中的富集特征,探讨As的控制因素,以期为该区土壤污染防治、作物种植布局等提供科学依据。结果表明,As在表层土壤中更加富集,平均含量为21.11 mg/kg,是全国A层土壤背景值的1.88倍;As以残渣态为主,约占总砷的75%,不稳定态中的腐殖酸结合态和强有机结合态约占总砷的13%;As受酸碱度、养分元素、有机质及铁铝氧化物等多重因素的影响,与pH、P含量、铁铝氧化物含量呈一定的正相关关系,与有机质含量呈弱负相关关系;水稻、小麦、玉米等作物从土壤吸收转化的As主要富集于根部,其中水稻稻米对根系土壤As的平均富集系数为1.39%,受危害程度高于小麦和玉米。因此研究区耕地土壤中As含量总体偏高,对主要作物,尤其是水稻存在一定威胁,建议采取施用有机肥和含铁土壤调理剂等措施,对As污染土壤进行修复治理。

干湿交替对植烟土壤钾素有效形态变化的影响

研究旨在探究水分条件变化对植烟土壤中钾素有效形态的影响,以期为准确评估植烟土壤的钾素供应状况及合理施用钾肥提供科学依据。选取位于湿润季风气候区的会东和高原季风气候区的德昌两个生态区的主要植烟土壤类型(紫色土、红壤),进行分层土壤样品采集(0~20、20~40、40~60 cm)。通过室内培养设置不同水分条件(恒湿、干湿交替、湿润),研究干湿交替对土壤速效钾、有效性钾和缓效钾含量变化的影响。结果表明:恒湿、干湿交替和湿润处理增加会东地区紫色土、会东地区红壤和德昌地区红壤各土层速效钾含量,增加值最大达85.96 mg/kg,降低了德昌地区紫色土速效钾含量。土壤缓效钾含量与速效钾含量变化趋势相反。会东地区紫色土和红壤的有效性钾含量随培养时间增加而增大,德昌地区紫色土和红壤有效性钾含量变化则相反。水分条件和黏土矿物类型可能是影响德昌紫色土、红壤的钾素有效形态变化的重要因素;在烤烟生产中,尤其需注重雨季期间对德昌地区紫色土供应适量钾肥。

仁怀市茅坝镇高粱基地土壤硒地球化学分布特征及赋存形态

以贵州省仁怀市茅坝镇有机高粱基地为研究对象,开展了土壤硒的地球化学分布及赋存形态特征研究。结果表明,高粱基地土壤全硒含量范围为0.24~1.35 mg/kg,平均为0.50 mg/kg,为全国土壤背景值的1.72倍。研究区富硒土壤分布较广,富硒土壤占总面积的50%;土壤硒的化学形态以有机物-硫化物结合态及元素态硒为主,占比为57.14%,铁-锰氧化物结合态硒、可交换态及碳酸盐结合态硒、残渣态硒含量相近,占比分别为14.21%、14.19%和12.70%,水溶态硒含量最低,占比为1.76%;水溶态硒与可交换态及碳酸盐结合态硒占比之和较高(15.95%),说明土壤硒的生物有效性较强,容易被植物吸收利用,有利于富硒农作物的种植和生产。土壤全硒、各形态硒含量与有机质含量呈正相关,表明有机质的增加有利于硒在土壤中的积累;土壤pH与水溶态硒含量呈显著正相关(P<0.01),而与全硒和其他形态硒含量呈负相关,证实碱性条件下硒主要以硒酸盐形式存在,而使硒的生物有效性得到提高。由此可知,研究区高粱基地富硒水平较高,分布面积较大,且硒的生物有效性较强,为提高茅台酒酿造原料红缨子高粱的品质和发展地方富硒特色农产品提供了良好的土地资源条件。

EFFECTS OF SUBSTITUTION OF MINERAL NITROGEN WITH ORGANIC AMENDMENTS ON NITROGEN LOSS FROM SLOPING CROPLAND OF PURPLE SOIL

Nitrogen loss from purple soil can lead to large negative impacts to the environment considering the wide distribution of this soil type in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.Therefore,nitrogen loss patterns from sloping cropland of purple soil in the Sichuan Basin with the following fertilization regimes were studied in a wheat-maize rotation system:100%organic fertilizer(OM),using pig manure to replace 30%of mineral N(OMNPK)and crop residue to replace 15%of the mineral N(CRNPK)plus standard mineral fertilization(NPK)and no fertilizer control.The cumulative hydrological N loss could be as high as 45 kg·ha^(−1) N.The interflow accounted for up to 90%of the total N loss followed by sediment and overland flow losses.The high N loss via interflow found in this study highlighting that sloping cropland of purple soil may be one of the hot spots of N leaching.Compared to the NPK regime,organic substitution regimes(i.e.,OM,OMNPK and CRNPK)decreased total hydrological N loss loadings by 30%−68%.In addition,they can maintain annual crop yields and decrease yield-scaled total hydrological N losses by 18%−71%.In conclusion,long-term substitution of mineral N with organic amendments can maintain high crop productivity and reduce environmental N loss loadings,and thereby recommended as good N management practices to minimize the risk of agricultural non-point source pollution in the purple soil region of China.

紫色土外源锌、镉形态的生物有效性

通过对 7种形态Zn、Cd与有效态Zn、Cd(DTPA提取 )的相关分析及各形态Zn、Cd与植株Zn、Cd含量的通径分析 ,评价各形态Zn、Cd的生物有效性及对植株的相对贡献和途径 .结果表明 ,交换态Zn、Cd与有效态Zn、Cd呈极显著正相关 (r =0 .95 4、0 .95 3) ,交换态Zn、Cd与植株Zn、Cd含量的通径系数为1.2 6 7、1.16 8,交换态Zn、Cd有效性高 ,具有最大的生物活性 ,对植株Zn、Cd含量的贡献最大 .其它形态如碳酸盐结合态锌、氧化锰结合态Zn、Cd通过交换态作用于植株的通径链系数 (间接通径系数 )分别为0 .85 6、0 .5 92、0 .72 3,上述形态对植株Zn、Cd含量也有影响 ,具有一定的生物相对有效性 ,但通过交换态间接作用 .交换态不仅自身具有最大的生物有效性 ,而且还作为其它形态Zn、Cd生物有效性的中介 ,为紫色土其它Zn。

长期施用有机肥对紫色水稻土铁锰铜锌形态的影响

以长期定位试验为基本材料 ,研究了 9年连续施用有机肥对紫色水稻土铁、锰、铜、锌形态的影响。结果表明 ,有机肥是土壤铁、锰、铜、锌的良好给源。紫色水稻土长期施用有机肥与单施化肥比较 ,土壤中的全铁、全锰变化不大 ,全锌提高了 5 5%～ 30 0 % ,交换态铁、碳酸盐结合态铁、有机态铁、无定形结合态铁分别提高了 1 5%～ 12 7%、2 4 %～ 8 9%、11 6 %～19 5%、32 5%～ 72 5%。锰、锌的各形态数量均有不同程度的增加。同时 ,长期施用有机肥增大了土壤铜的消耗 ,全铜含量有下降的趋势。