Effect of Purple Yam(Dioscorea alata L.) on Nutritional and Physiological Functions of Growing Rats

[Objective] This study was to explore the effect of purple yam on the nutritional and physiological functions of rats.[Method] Forty SD rats were randomly divided into four groups with ten rats in each group which were reared with artificial semisynthetic feed added with 10% steamed yam powder.The four groups,the casein（CK） group which was used as the control,the purple yam（PY） group,the Tiegun yam（TY） group and common Huai yam（HY） group,were supplied with feed of equal content of energy,protein and fat.The rats were pair-fed for 56 days to observe changes of relevant nutritional and physiological indices.[Result] There were no significant differences of body weight,food conversion rate and organ indices between rats in PY group and CK group.Mean corpuscular hemoglobin in PY group was significantly lower than that in CK group;hemoglobin showed no significant difference with that in CK group;eosnophils was lower than that in CK group.Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol,total cholesterol and atherogenic index in PY group were lower than that in the other three groups;anti-atherogenic index was the highest among the four groups,while showing no significant difference;triglyceride content was lower than that in CK group.Among the antioxidant indices,the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase were higher than that in CK group,while malondialdehyde content was lower than that in CK group.[Conclusion] Purple yam showed the trend of reducing the content of blood glucose,total cholesterol,low density lipoprotein-cholesterol,triglyceride,malondialdehyde,and raising the activity of glutathione peroxidase,superoxide dismutase and catalase,thus having certain antioxidative function.

Analysis of Tuber Yield- and Maturity- Related Traits in Water Yam （Dioscorea alata L.）

Inadequate yield potential of available varieties and their long growth periods are two of the factors limiting yam （Dioscorea spp.） production. Identifying yield- and maturity-related traits and breeding for them will enhance production. Ten morphological/physiological traits： time of shoot emergence, time of tuber initiation, plant height, shoot dry weight, time of shoot senescence, tuber fresh weight （tuber yield）, tuber number/plant, tuber parenchyma colour, tuber dry matter content and tuber dormancy period were assessed in eight accessions of D. alata L. （water yam） on the field in 2008 and 2009. Tuber yield-related traits were identified as shoot dry weight and time of shoot emergence. Shoot dry weight had the strongest positive effect; time of shoot emergence had a negative effect. High yielding accessions had a high shoot dry weight, but were low in tuber dry matter content. Uniform tuber parenchyma colour was the sole trait related to tuber maturity, but early and late senescing accessions did not consistently differ in the trait. TDa 00/00103 is high yielding and early maturing and may be used as a parent for breeding for high yield and early maturity in D. alata.

叶喷水杨酸对山药(Dioscorea alata L.)地下块茎蔗糖—淀粉转化影响(英文)

【目的】阐明叶喷水杨酸(SA)对山药地下块茎蔗糖—淀粉转化的影响,为了解山药蔗糖转化机制、提高其淀粉形成提供参考。【方法】设置SA 0.0(对照)、0.5、1.0和5.0 mmol/L 4个处理,在山药(Dioscorea alata L.)"白扁"地下块茎形成的早期和后期分别进行叶面喷施,定期采样测定地下块茎主要碳水化合物含量和蔗糖裂解与淀粉形成的相关酶活性。【结果】除5.0 mmol/L SA处理的后期地下块茎总可溶性糖(TSS)含量急剧增加外,地下块茎的TSS、蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖、淀粉、直链淀粉(AM)、支链淀粉(AP)和纤维素的含量在其他处理间的变化趋势相同。与对照相比,0.5mmol/L与5.0 mmol/L SA处理对山药地下块茎的影响作用相反,前者不仅显著提高了蔗糖合成酶(SuSase)、酸性转化酶(SAInv)、细胞壁结合酸性转化酶(CWBAInv)、中性转化酶(NInv)等酶的活性,而且显著增加腺苷二磷酸焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)、颗粒结合淀粉合成酶(GBSS)、淀粉分支酶(SBE)等酶的活性,1.0 mmol/L仅在块茎发育中期对上述酶有微小的促进作用。所有SA处理中,虽然蔗糖含量与SuSase及淀粉合成相关酶的活性呈不显著正相关,但蔗糖与总可溶性糖含量的比率与这些酶活性及淀粉含量成显著正相关。葡萄糖、果糖含量及它们所占总可溶性糖的比率与上述酶的活性分别呈显著负相关,葡萄糖与果糖的比率与上述酶的活性无显著相关性,蔗糖与葡萄糖、果糖的比率均与AGPase、SSS、GBSS的活性呈显著正相关。【结论】叶面喷施SA在山药地下块茎发育过程中通过作用于蔗糖裂解和淀粉合成相关酶的活性来影响蔗糖的运输和流向,小于1.0 mmol/L的SA通过提高酶活性来促进蔗糖转运入山药地下块茎并转化成淀粉,而其他浓度SA具有相反的作用。

Acetone Extract of <i>Dioscorea alata</i>Inhibits Cell Proliferation in Cancer Cells

Dioscorea spp., White Yam has been shown to exhibit a wide range of nutritional and medicinal properties. However, the compounds associated with its medicinal functions have not been fully examined. The purpose of this study was to generate a chemoinformatic profile of the bioactive compounds present in Dioscorea. alata (D. alata) and to characterize their putative anti-cancer properties using prostate (DU145) and lung (A549) cancer cells. Chemoinformatic profiling of D. alata resulted in five bioactive extracts: hexane (DaJa-1), ether (DaJa-2), acetone (DaJa-3), ethanol (DaJa-4) and water (DaJa-5) were generated. The analytes present in the five bioactive extracts were dissolved in 0.1% DMSO and their anti-cancer activity were determined. We observed that the acetone extract (DaJa3) was the only extract capable of inducing greater than 90% cell death of DU 145 cell at 100 μg/mL. The order of growth inhibition of the extracts in DU-145 cell is DaJa-3 (IC50, 31.45 μg/mL) > DaJa-4 (IC50 60 μg/mL) > DaJa-1 (IC50 > 100 μg/mL) ≥ DaJa-2 (IC50 > 100 μg/mL) ≥ DaJa-5 (IC50 > 100 μg/mL). MTT cell viability, dye exclusion, caspase activity and microscopic assessment of apoptotic cells demonstrated that DaJa-3 displayed cytotoxicity to both lung and prostate cancer cells. The A549 cells were more sensitive toward DaJa-3 with an IC50 value of 22.28 μg/mL (CI 28.42 to 36.63 μg/mL), compared to that of DU145 cells with an IC50 value of 31.45 μg/mL (CI 27.58 to 35.86 μg/mL). It was also observed that DaJa-3 induces differential anti-proliferative activity in the cancer cells. The apoptotic response induced by DaJa-3 paralleled the level of cell cytotoxicity observed in both cell lines. DaJa-3 induces G2 phase cell cycle arrest in DU145 cells but G1 arrest in A549 cells. The level of key apoptotic regulator proteins was upregulated, suggested that DaJa-3 may be mediating its anti-cancer effect through activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Altogether, our data indicates that DaJa-3 derived from a staple food source (white Yam) contains unique active compounds that have specific biological properties that may prevent certain types of cancer or specific types of cancer.

山药块茎生长膨大相关基因的筛选与分析

为筛选山药块茎生长膨大相关基因,采用生物信息学方法,对山药块茎发育前期和中期构建的不同发育阶段抑制性消减杂交(suppression subtractive hybridization,SSH)文库进行分析。结果表明:山药块茎发育前期与中期差异表达基因(differential expression genes,DEGs)序列主要涉及九大类,其中发育调控占比最大(27.1%),其他依次为细胞组织结构(14.0%)、物质代谢(11.2%)、生物合成(4.7%)等。初步筛选出泛素-连接酶体(F-box associated,F-box)、碳酸酐酶(carbonic anhydrase,CAs)、核苷二磷酸激酶(nucleoside diphosphate kinase,NDPK)、氨基酸透性酶(amino acid permease)、糖基转移酶(glycosyl transferase)、α-淀粉酶(α-amylase,AMY)等候选基因,它们可能与细胞增殖、细胞伸长、激素代谢、酸碱环境调节及功能物质代谢物等功能有关,参与调控山药块茎的生长膨大。

紫参薯的包埋玻璃化超低温保存

以紫参薯带芽茎段为材料,采用2%海藻酸钠和0.1mol/L氯化钙凝胶系统制备包埋珠,液氮保存,以茎段细胞活力和包埋珠成活率为指标筛选获得有关参数适宜水平,比较冻后再生苗与常温苗形态及生理指标.结果表明:紫参薯试管苗经4℃锻炼6d后,无菌条件下制备其带芽茎段包埋珠,接种到MS+2 mg/L KT+0.2 mg/L NAA+0.5mol/L蔗糖液体培养基中预培养1d,转入MS+2 mol/L甘油+0.4 mol/L蔗糖溶液中室温下装载40min,在玻璃化保护剂PVS2中脱水40min,更新PVS2后迅即液氮保存,24h后置于37℃水浴中化冻5min,用MS+2mg/L KT+0.2mg/L NAA+0.8mol/L蔗糖溶液洗涤3次(每次10min),然后转入MS+2mg/L KT+0.2mg/L NAA+30g/L蔗糖+1g/L活性炭固体培养基中,暗培养7d后转至光照下培养14d,该包埋珠成活率可达60%.冻后再生苗诸多形态和生理指标与常温苗差异不具有统计学意义.

反相高效液相色谱法测定紫山药中薯蓣皂苷的含量

建立薯蓣属中紫山药中薯蓣皂苷含量测定方法,考察不同产地紫山药中薯蓣皂苷的含量,并与该属中其他山药进行对比。样品经冷冻干燥后研磨成粉末,然后经70%甲醇回流提取1h,采用HPLC法进行测定。色谱柱:DiamonsilTM(钻石)C18柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相:甲醇-水(84∶16),流速:1.0mL·min-1,检测波长:206nm,柱温:30℃。结果表明,薯蓣皂苷与其他成分分离良好,线性范围0.65～65μg·mL-1(r=0.9999),回收率100.6%,不同产地山药中薯蓣皂苷含量差异较大。该方法简便、准确、重现性好,可用于山药及其同属其他植物中薯蓣皂苷的质量控制。

台州紫山药组织培养快繁技术研究

以浙江省台州紫山药带腋芽的茎段为外植体进行紫山药种苗的快速繁殖。结果表明：70％乙醇浸泡30 s及84消毒液消毒15～20 min配合使用灭菌效果最好；腋芽诱导最适培养基为MS＋0.5 mg·L-16-BA＋0.1 mg·L-1 NAA，培养25 d后诱导的芽数最多，平均芽数为1.58，高度最高，为2.3 cm；生根培养最适培养基为1/2 MS＋0.1 mg·L-16-BA＋2.0 mg·L-1 NAA＋0.02％活性炭，平均生根天数为6 d，生根率达100％，气生根率低，根系长而粗壮；生根培养基中培养30 d后，将试管苗按节切段繁殖，繁殖系数可达3.0。

浙江紫山药营养成分及薯蓣皂苷元含量测定

[目的]测定浙江紫山药(Purple Dioscorea batatas Decne.)的营养成分及薯蓣皂苷元含量。[方法]通过常规营养成分测定方法,分析评价浙江江山峡口镇、台州椒江的紫山药粗蛋白、粗脂肪、淀粉、微量元素、氨基酸等主要营养成分的含量,并以硫酸显色法检测紫山药药理活性成分薯蓣皂苷元含量。[结果]浙江江山峡口镇、台州椒江的紫山药粗蛋白平均含量为13.82%,粗脂肪平均含量为1.00%,粗纤维平均含量为25.13%,淀粉平均含量为15.93%,且含有丰富的K、Fe、Zn、Mg、Mn、Ca等微量元素;江山峡口镇、台州椒江的紫山药含有的17种氨基酸中,人体必需氨基酸含量高,且氨基酸组成全面,其中,主要鲜味氨基酸谷氨酸含量最高,为12.3、10.2mg/g干基,其次是天门冬氨酸,含量为10.9、9.8mg/g干基;药理活性成分薯蓣皂苷元含量平均达2.14%。[结论]浙江紫山药为高蛋白、低脂肪、高碳水化合物的绿色食品,并有一定的药理作用,具有较高的开发价值。

紫山药花青素提取工艺及抗肿瘤活性筛选

目的探究紫山药花青素最佳提取工艺及抗肿瘤活性筛选。方法以乙醇浓度、温度、时间、料液比为考察因素,采用正交实验优选紫山药花青素提取工艺;以MTT法检测紫山药花青素对HepG2肝癌细胞、MDA-MB-231乳腺癌细胞增殖的影响。结果花青素最佳提取工艺为乙醇浓度50%(含1%柠檬酸),温度70℃,时间2 h,料液比1∶50(g/ml);各剂量组对HepG2、MDA-MB-231细胞均有一定的抑制作用(P<0.05),且细胞抑制率呈现药物浓度、作用时间依赖性。对HepG2和MDA-MB-231细胞作用48 h的IC_(50)值分别为52.14μg/m和112.56μg/ml。结论正交实验优选紫山药花青素提取工艺方法可行,且紫山药花青素具有明显抗癌活性。

山药淀粉的特性及应用研究

详细介绍了山药淀粉的制备与组成,并对其物理化学特性和加工特性,包括淀粉的颗粒形态、溶解度和膨胀度、凝胶特性等进行了较全面的综述。

超声结合酶法提取紫山药花青素工艺优化及其抗氧化活性

以紫山药为试材,以0.5%柠檬酸水溶液为溶剂,采用超声结合酶法提取花青素,通过单因素试验和正交实验对紫山药中花青素的提取工艺进行优化,并用大孔吸附树脂纯化,对其进行体外抗氧化试验,研究了超声结合酶法提取紫山药花青素最佳工艺参数和其体外抗氧化活性,为紫山药的综合开发利用提供参考依据。结果表明:最佳工艺条件为加酶量1.5%、料液比1∶20g·mL^(-1)、提取时间25min、超声功率200 W。在此条件下,花青素得率为5.91mg·g^(-1)。体外抗氧化试验中,紫山药花青素表现出明显的抗氧化能力,对DPPH自由基(DPPH·)和羟基自由基(·OH)的清除能力明显强于维生素C。

紫色薯蓣块茎外植体组培快繁研究

[目的]利用紫色薯蓣块茎外植体开展组培快繁研究,筛选其最佳快繁条件。[方法]以紫色薯蓣块茎为外植体,于添加不同激素配比的MS培养基中诱导愈伤组织、不定芽和不定根,探讨植株再生与快繁条件。[结果]适宜块茎外植体愈伤组织诱导培养基为MS＋6-BA 1.0 mg/L＋NAA 0.2-0.5 mg/L,诱导率达94.2%;丛生芽诱导培养基为MS＋6-BA 1.0 mg/L＋NAA 0.1-0.2 mg/L＋GA 1.0mg/L,诱导率为89.7%;生根培养基为1/2MS＋IBA 0-1.0 mg/L＋GA 0-1.0 mg/L,生根率为91.1%;沙土移栽紫色薯蓣组培苗效果较好,成活率达94%。[结论]采用低浓度激素配比,获得了紫色薯蓣块茎外植体较高的诱导率和分化率;研究结果丰富了紫色薯蓣外植体离体无性系建立的研究资料,并可应用于生产实践。

参薯紫色素的提取工艺和稳定性研究

对薯蓣科植物参薯的天然紫色素提取工艺和稳定性进行了研究。直接用水浸提效果良好。在酸、热、光、糖、 维生素C和金属离子等存在的条件下,参薯色素稳定性较好,因此可以广泛应用。

参薯紫色素的提取

以紫色参薯为原料,研究了参薯紫色素的提取方法及提取条件.结果表明:在常温下以0.5～1%的柠檬酸为提取剂,95%的乙醇为洗脱剂,能达到很好的提取效果.

超声波辅助提取紫山药花青素的工艺优化

探讨超声波辅助提取紫山药中花青素的最佳工艺,为进一步开发利用奠定基础。以新鲜紫山药为试验原料,以水为溶剂,采用p H示差法对紫山药中花青素的得率进行测定。通过单因素试验研究了料液比、提取温度、提取时间以及超声波功率对花青素得率的影响,再采用正交试验优化花青素提取的最佳工艺条件。结果表明:影响花青素得率的因素主次顺序是:料液比>温度>超声波功率>时间。最佳试验条件为:料液比1:6g/m L、提取温度30℃、提取时间30min、超声波功率300W,紫山药中的花青素得率4.57mg/100g。

压热法制备紫山药抗性淀粉

[目的]研究压热法制备紫山药抗性淀粉的工艺。[方法]以紫山药淀粉为原料,采用压热法制备紫山药抗性淀粉。以抗性淀粉得率作为评价指标,在单因素试验基础上,通过正交试验和方差分析明确因素影响的重要性并优化工艺条件。[结果]试验表明,影响抗性淀粉得率的因素主次顺序为:淀粉乳浓度>温度>p H>时间,最佳工艺条件为:淀粉乳浓度为30%,温度为120℃,p H为7,时间为60 min,在此条件下抗性淀粉得率为12.92%。[结论]研究可为开发紫山药抗性淀粉产品提供理论依据。

大薯实生苗和组培苗植物学性状的多样性分析

对中国南方大薯实生苗和组培苗植物学性状的多样性进行研究,可为大薯的遗传育种和分类提供重要依据。分别对50份大薯种质的田间实生苗的20个植物学性状和组培苗的18个植物学性状进行观察,并进行聚类分析。结果表明:大薯种质实生苗茎蔓颜色、叶形、叶基部、叶质地、叶缺裂、叶颜色、叶柄色泽、叶柄两端颜色、叶长宽比、薯块内外表皮颜色、薯肉颜色等12个植物学性状存在种内差异;实生苗和组培苗的聚类分析结果分别将50份种质聚为5个类群和6个类群组,二者的聚类结果有部分差异。大薯种质植物学性状存在丰富的遗传多样性,实生苗和组培苗在叶序、叶形、叶颜色等性状上存在差异。

紫色脚板薯饼干制作工艺的研究

研究开发紫色脚板薯饼干的工艺,为脚板薯的高值加工利用提供理论支持。以低筋面粉、紫色脚板薯干制粉为主要原料,白砂糖、黄油等为辅料,采用单因素试验和正交试验设计,通过饼干色泽、质地和感官评价确定脚板薯饼干的最佳配方。结果表明,制作紫色脚板薯饼干的最佳配方为在100 g混粉中脚板薯粉和低筋面粉混合比例4∶6,白砂糖用量25 g,黄油用量35 g,此配方下生产的紫色脚板薯饼干酥脆可口、甜而不腻,呈现明显的紫色。

连城宣和雪薯无公害高产栽培技术

总结了近3 a来连城宣和雪薯无公害高产栽培技术,包括地块选择、高垄整畦、种薯选取、插洞定植、田间管理、收获储藏等。