Aberrant pyramidal tract in a patient with corona radiata infarct A diffusion tensor tractography study

The aberrant pyramidal tract refers to the collateral pathway of the pyramidal tract through the medial lemniscus in the brainstem. A 63-year-old male patient presented with severe paralysis of the left extremities due to a right corona radiata infarct. He was able to extend the affected fingers against resistance at 2 months after stroke onset. At 6 months after stroke onset, he was able to perform some fine motor activities, as well as to walk with a nearly normal gait. Functional MRI, which was performed at 6 months after onset, showed that the contralateral primary sensorimotor cortex was activated during affected （left） hand movements. Diffusion tensor tractography results showed that at 2 weeks after stroke onset, pyramidal tracts of the affected hemisphere originated from the primary motor cortex and descended along the known pathway of the pyramidal tract with an aberrant pyramidal tract, which was bypassed through the medial lemniscus from the midbrain to the lower pons. However, the pyramidal tract from midbrain to pons in the affected hemisphere could not be depicted by diffusion tensor tractography at 6 months after stroke onset; instead, only the aberrant pyramidal tract existed for the course of the disappeared pyramidal tract. Results from this study indicate that the main motor functions of the affected extremities appeared to be controlled via the aberrant pyramidal tract with degeneration of the pyramidal tract in the brainstem of the affected hemisphere.

Structural changes in pyramidal cell dendrites and synapses in the unaffected side of the sensorimotor cortex following transcranial magnetic stimulation and rehabilitation training in a rat model of focal cerebral infarct

Very little is known about the effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation and rehabilitation training on pyramidal cell dendrites and synapses of the contralateral, unaffected sensorimotor cortex in a rat model of focal cerebral infarct. The present study was designed to explore the mechanisms underlying improved motor function via transcranial magnetic stimulation and rehabilitation training following cerebral infarction. Results showed that rehabilitation training or transcranial magnetic stimulation alone reduced neurological impairment in rats following cerebral infarction, as well as significantly increased synaptic curvatures and post-synaptic density in the non-injured cerebral hemisphere sensorimotor cortex and narrowed the synapse cleft width. In addition, the percentage of perforated synapses increased. The combination of transcranial magnetic stimulation and rehabilitation resulted in significantly increased total dendritic length, dendritic branching points, and dendritic density in layer V pyramidal cells of the non-injured cerebral hemisphere motor cortex. These results demonstrated that transcranial magnetic stimulation and rehabilitation training altered structural parameters of pyramidal cell dendrites and synapses in the non-injured cerebral hemisphere sensorimotor cortex, thereby improving the ability to compensate for neurological functions in rats following cerebral infarction.

Stable isotope analysis of water sources for Tamarix laxa in the mega-dunes of the Badain Jaran Desert, China

The complex interactions in desert ecosystems between functional types and environmental conditions could be reflected by plant water use patterns. However, the mechanisms underlying the water use patterns as well as the water sources of Tamarix laxa in the mega-dunes of the Badain Jaran Desert, China, remain unclear. This study investigated the water sources and water use patterns of T. laxa using the stable oxygen isotope method. The δ18O values of xylem water, soil water in different layers(0–200 cm), rainwater, snow water, lake water, atmospheric water vapor, condensate water, and groundwater were measured. The sources of water used by T. laxa were determined using the IsoSource model. The results indicate that T. laxa mainly relies on soil water. At the beginning of the growing season(in May), the species is primarily dependent on water from the middle soil layer(60–120 cm) and deep soil layer(120–200 cm). However, it mainly absorbs water from the shallow soil layer(0–60 cm) as the rainy season commences. In September, water use of T. laxa reverts to the deep soil layer(120–200 cm). The water use patterns of T. laxa are closely linked with heavy precipitation events and soil water content. These findings reveal the drought resistance mechanisms of T. laxa and are of significance for screening species for ecological restoration.

Potential Power of the Pyramidal Structure II

Research on “pyramid power” began in the late 1930s. To date, many documents on “pyramid power” have been published. We have been conducting scientific research on the unexplained “power” of a pyramidal structure (PS) since October 2007. The research focuses on the detection of a non-contact effect of the unexplained “power” of the PS on biosensors (i.e., edible cucumber sections of Cucumis sativus “white spine type”) placed at the top of the PS. In this paper, in particular, we compared the non-contact effect of upper and lower biosensors placed in two layers on the PS apex, and we analyzed the difference of the non-contact effect due to the difference in the layers. The magnitude of the non-contact effect was represented by the calibrated psi index Ψ(E-CAL) calculated from gas concentrations emitted from the biosensors. A method to determine the presence or absence of the non-contact effect by analyzing the gas concentrations was developed by the International Research Institute (IRI). Ψ(E-CAL), which represents the magnitude of the non-contact effect, was the average value of the respective non-contact effect of the upper and lower biosensors stacked in two layers on the PS apex. We conducted the analysis on the assumption that the non-contact effect on the upper and lower biosensors might be different. Therefore, we considered that upper and lower biosensor calibration was required for Ψ(E-CAL), and we introduced a new calibrated psi index Ψ(E-CAL)Layer. Scientifically rigorous experiments to date have detected Ψ(E-CAL) with statistical significance and have demonstrated potential power of the PS (p = 6.0 × 10-3;Welch’s t-test, two-tails, the following p values are also the Welch’s t-test values). Based on data demonstrating the potential power of the PS, we analyzed the non-contact effects on the upper and lower biosensors of the PS apex. We obtained a surprising result that the non-contact effect on the upper biosensors (farther from the PS) was larger than that on the lower biosensors (closer to the PS) (p = 4.0 × 10-7). This suggested that the characteristic of the potential power of the PS, which is considered to exist near the PS apex, is distinctive. We also found that the non-contact effect due to the potential power of the PS varies with the season, and is large in summer and small in winter. In our discussion, we proposed a model that could theoretically explain the experimental results that the non-contact effect on the upper biosensors at the PS apex is larger than the lower biosensors. In proposing this model, we assumed that there were two different types of potential power at the PS apex and that the biosensors had two different gas-generating reactions. In a simulation using the model, the experimental results were well approximated in which the non-contact effect on the biosensors differs depending on the difference between the upper and lower layers. The results of this paper are the world’s first to prove aspects of the “pyramid power” through scientifically rigorous experiments and analysis. These results will become a new field of science in the future, and their broad applications are expected.

Potential Power of the Pyramidal Structure

There have been various traditions and books which describe a so-called “pyramid power”, but there have been almost no reliable academic studies and no statistically significant data about it. We have continued scientifically rigorous experiments using biosensors to elucidate unexplained functions of a pyramidal structure (PS) since 2007. We used edible cucumber sections as biosensors and measured the concentrations of gas emitted from the sections by a technique developed by our group. From them we have demonstrated with high statistical accuracy the existence of the “pyramid power”, which was often recognized as having no scientific basis. We reached two conclusions from the work. 1) The PS converted the unconsciousness of a human (the test subject) more than 6 km away to energy detectable by the biosensors (1% significance). 2) The PS accumulated the influence that a human (the test subject) had when meditating within the PS. Then the PS converted the influence into the energy detectable by the biosensors (10-3% significance). These two conclusions showed that the functions of the PS were detected when “the PS and a human were related”. On the other hand, we hypothesized that the potential power of the PS could be detected even when “the PS and a human were not related”. In this paper, our purpose is to verify the existence of the potential power of the PS alone by experiment when “the PS and a human were not related”. The following three results were obtained by experiment. 1) The presence of the potential power of the PS was demonstrated with 1% significance. 2) The potential power of the PS changed in value between summer and winter, and it was clear that the non-contact effect on the biosensors was larger in summer and smaller in winter. 3) The potential power of the PS affected only the biosensors placed at the PS apex, and did not affect the biosensors placed at the calibration control point 8 m away from the PS. This paper is the first report in the world to show this type of effect by scientific measurements. Our research results may open up a new science field of “pyramid power”, from which we expect further development of fields applying this “pyramid power”.

Motor recovery via aberrant pyramidal tract in a patient with traumatic brain injury A diffusion tensor tractography study

The aberrant pyramidal tract is the collateral pathway of the pyramidal tract through the medial lemniscus in the brainstem. A 21-year-old man presented with right hemiparesis due to a traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage in the left corona radiata. His motor function recovered almost to the normal state at 10 months after onset. Through diffusion tensor tractography, the pyramidal tract in the affected （left） hemisphere showed discontinuation at the pontine level at 13 months after onset. An aberrant pyramidal tract was observed, which originated from the primary motor cortex and the supplementary motor area and descended through the corona radiata, then through the posterior limb of the internal capsule and the medial lemniscus pathway from the midbrain to the pons, finally entered into the pyramidal tract area at the pontomedullary junction, it suggests that the motor functions of the right extremities in this patient had recovered by this aberrant pyramidal tract.

Potential Power of the Pyramidal Structure III: Discovery of Pyramid Effects with and without Seasonal Variation

Since October 2007, we have been conducting rigorous scientific research on the unexplained “power” of a pyramidal structure (PS). From our research results so far, we could classify the pyramid effects by the PS into the following two types. (i) The pyramid effects in which the PS converted the test subject’s unexplained energy to affect biosensors when the test subject entered the PS and meditated. (ii) The pyramid effects in which the potential power of the PS affected biosensors if the test subject had not been inside the PS for at least 20 days and the test subject’s unexplained energy was excluded. In this paper, we report new results regarding (ii). As a result of dividing a year according to the four seasons of winter, spring, summer, and autumn and analyzing the pyramid effect of each period, the following points were found. 1) There was a pyramid effect without seasonal variation. The pyramid effect on the lower and upper layers was different throughout the year for the biosensors placed at the PS apex in two layers, regardless of the season. 2) There was a pyramid effect with seasonal variation. The value of the psi index, which indicates the magnitude of the pyramid effect, changed as the seasons changed, while different pyramid effects were maintained on the lower and upper layers. Regarding the change in the pyramid effect depending on the season, the psi index in summer was larger than that in winter in both the lower and upper layers. From these results, we found that there are two types of potential power at the PS apex: seasonal potential power and non-seasonal potential power.

The optimum layer number of multi-layer pyramidal core sandwich columns under in-plane compression

The effect of the face thickness to core height ratio on different multi-layer pyramidal core sandwich columns under in-plane compression is investigated theoretically and numerically. Numerical simulation is in good agreement with theory. Results indicate that one specified face thickness to core height ratio corresponds to one optimum layer number of multi-layer pyramidal core sandwich columns in consideration of engineering application. This result can guide the sandwich structure design.

Motor recovery via aberrant pyramidal tract in a patient with a cerebral peduncle infarct

The presence of the aberrant pyramidal tract has been demonstrated by several studies; however, little is known about its role in motor recovery in stroke patients. In the present study, we reported a 69-year-old right-handed female patient with an infarct in the mid to lateral portion of the left cerebra peduncle, who showed an aberrant pyramidal tract by diffusion tensor tractography. The patient presented with severe weakness of the right extremities at stroke onset. The patient showed progressive motor recovery as much as being able to extend the affected extremities against some resistance at 6 months after onset. At 20 months after stroke onset, motor function of the left extremities had recovered to a nearly normal state. Diffusion tensor tractography results showed that the PT was disrupted at the lower midbrain of the affected （left） hemisphere at 3 weeks after stroke onset and this disruption was not changed at 20 months. An aberrant pyramidal tract in the left hemisphere was also observed, which originated from the primary motor cortex and descended through the corona radiata, posterior limb of the internal capsule, thalamus, the medial lemniscus pathway from the midbrain to the pons, and then entered into the pyramidal tract area at the pontomedullary junction. Transcranial magnetic stimulation did not elicit motor evoked potential from the affected hand muscle at 3 weeks, but it elicited motor evoked potential with mildly delayed latency and low amplitude in the affected hand muscle at 20 months. The main motor functions of the affected extremities in this patient appeared to be recovered via this aberrant pyramidal tract.

Loading direction dependence of asymmetric response of pyramidal slip in rolled AZ31 magnesium alloy

Textured magnesium alloys usually exhibit anisotropic mechanical behavior due to the asymmetric activation of different twinning and slipping modes.This work focuses on the pyramidal slip responses of rolled AZ31 magnesium alloy under two loading conditions,compressive and tensile loading along the normal direction.Under the condition where the compressive loading direction is closely parallel to the c-axis of the unit cell,tensile twinning and basal slips are prohibited, dislocations then active and tend to accumulate at grain boundaries and form dislocation walls.Meanwhile,these dislocations exhibit zigzag morphologies,which result from the cross-slip from {10■1} first-order pyramidal plane to {11■2} second-order pyramidal plane,then back to {10■1} first-order pyramidal plane.Under the condition where tensile twins are prevalent,{10■1} first-order and {11■2} second-order pyramidal dislocations are favorable to be activated.Both types of dislocations behave climb-like dissociations onto the basal plane,forming zigzag dislocations.

Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 modu⁃lates depression-like behaviors via hippocam⁃pal CA3 pyramidal neurons afferent to dorso⁃lateral septum

OBJECTIVE Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5(TGR5)is recognized as a promising target for type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome;its expression has been demonstrat⁃ed in the brain and is thought to be neuroprotec⁃tive.Here,we hypothesize that dysfunction of central TGR5 may contribute to the pathogene⁃sis of depression.METHODS In well-established chronic social defeat stress(CSDS)and chronic restraint stress(CRS)models of depression,we investigated the functional roles of TGR5 in CA3 pyramidal neurons(PyNs)and underlying mech⁃anisms of the neuronal circuit in depression(for in vivo studies,n=10;for in vitro studies,n=5-10)using fiber photometry;optogenetic,chemoge⁃netic,pharmacological,and molecular profiling techniques;and behavioral tests.RESULTS Both CSDS and CRS most significantly reduced TGR5 expression of hippocampal CA3 PyNs.Genetic overexpression of TGR5 in CA3 PyNs or intra-CA3 infusion of INT-777,a specific agonist,protected against CSDS and CRS,exerting sig⁃nificant antidepressant-like effects that were mediated via CA3 PyN activation.Conversely,genetic knockout or TGR5 knockdown in CA3 facilitated stress-induced depression-like behav⁃iors.Re-expression of TGR5 in CA3 PyNs rather than infusion of INT-777 significantly improved depression-like behaviors in Tgr5 knockout mice exposed to CSDS or CRS.Silencing and stimula⁃tion of CA3 PyNs→somatostatin-GABAergic(gamma-aminobutyric acidergic)neurons of the dorsolateral septum circuit bidirectionally regulat⁃ed depression-like behaviors,and blockade of this circuit abrogated the antidepressant-like effects from TGR5 activation of CA3 PyNs.CON⁃CLUSION TGR5 can regulate depression via CA3 PyNs→somatostatin-GABAergic neurons of dorsolateral septum transmission,suggesting that TGR5 could be a novel target for developing antidepressants.

Myricetin protects hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons and improves learning and memory impairments in rats with Alzheimer's disease

There is currently no treatment for effectively slowing the progression of Alzheimer＇s disease, so early prevention is very important. Numerous studies have shown that flavonoids can improve memory impairment. The present study investigated the effects of myricetin, a member of the flavonoids, on intracerebroventricular streptozotocin induced neuronal loss and memory impairment in rat models of Alzheimer＇s disease. Myricetin at 5 or 10 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected into rats over 21 days. Control rats were treated with 10 m L/kg saline. Behavioral test（the shuttle box test） was performed on day 22 to examine learning and memory in rats. Immediately after that, hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed to observe the morphological change in hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons. Myricetin greatly increased the number of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons and improved learning and memory impairments in rats with Alzheimer＇s disease. These findings suggest that myricetin is beneficial for treatment of Alzheimer＇s disease.

Dual face of axonal inhibitory inputs in the modulation of neuronal excitability in cortical pyramidal neurons

Limited by the tiny structure of axons,the effects of these axonal hyperpolarizing inputs on neuronal activity have not been directly elucidated.Here,we imitated these processes by simultaneously recording the activities of the somas and proximal axons of cortical pyramidal neurons.We found that spikes and subthreshold potentials propagate between somas and axons with high fidelity.Furthermore,inhibitory inputs on axons have opposite effects on neuronal activity according to their temporal integration with upstream signals.Concurrent with somatic depolarization,inhibitory inputs on axons decrease neuronal excitability and impede spike generation.In addition,following action potentials,inhibitory inputs on an axon increase neuronal spike capacity and improve spike precision.These results indicate that inhibitory inputs on proximal axons have dual regulatory functions in neuronal activity（suppression or facilitation）according to neuronal network patterns.

Potential Power of the Pyramidal Structure IV: Discovery of Entanglement Due to Pyramid Effects

Since October 2007, we have been conducting rigorous scientific research on the unexplained “power” of a pyramidal structure (PS). From our research results so far, we could classify pyramid effects by the PS into the following two types: (i) the pyramid effects due to the potential power of the PS and (ii) the pyramid effects due to the influence of the test subject meditating inside the PS. We have been using edible cucumber sections as the biosensors. The pyramid effect existence was clarified by measuring and analyzing the concentration of volatile components released from the biosensors. The biosensors were arranged as a pair: one member of the pair was placed at the PS apex and the other was placed at the calibration control point 8.0 m away from the PS. In this paper, we report a new discovery regarding the type (i) pyramid effects. We discovered a phenomenon considered to be entanglement between the biosensor pairs detecting the pyramid effects. In other words, the biosensors at the PS apex, which were affected by the potential power of the PS, affected the biosensors at the calibration control point. We also confirmed that the effects on the biosensors placed at the calibration control point were not due to the potential power of the PS. Furthermore, we showed that the magnitude of the effect of entanglement changed with the seasons. We expect that our research results will be widely accepted in the future and will become the foundation for a new research field in science, with a wide range of applications.

Potential Power of the Pyramidal Structure V: Seasonal Changes in the Periodicity of Diurnal Variation of Biosensors Caused by Entanglement Due to Pyramid Effects

Since October 2007, we have been conducting rigorous scientific experiments to elucidate the so-called “pyramid power”. The experiments use a pyramidal structure (PS). In order to detect the PS effects, a biosensor is made from cucumber fruit sections and the released volatile components are analyzed as gas concentration. We reported the phenomenon of entanglement between biosensors in part IV of the paper series, Potential Power of the Pyramidal Structure. The entanglement affected the gas concentration of the biosensors 8 m away, but not the biosensors at the PS apex. In this paper, we report another characteristic of the entanglement. The results and our conclusion are as follows. Result 1: The periodicity of diurnal variation in gas concentration changed with entanglement. Result 2: As a result of analyzing the gas concentration data separately for the four seasons of winter, spring, summer, and autumn, the seasonal dependence of the periodicity of diurnal variation due to entanglement was clarified. Conclusion: We reaffirmed the existence of the entanglement between biosensors due to the pyramid effects by a phenomenon different from Part IV of the paper series, Potential Power of the Pyramidal Structure. We expect that our research results will be widely accepted in the future and will become the foundation for a new research field in science, with a wide range of applications.

Effect of temperature on the compressive behavior of carbon fiber composite pyramidal truss cores sandwich panels with reinforced frames

This paper focuses on the effect of temperature on the out-of-plane compressive properties and failure mechanism of carbon fiber/epoxy composite pyramidal truss cores sandwich panels （CF/CPTSP）. CFJCPTSP with novel reinforced frames are manufactured by the water jet cutting and interlocking assembly method in this paper. The theoretical analysis is presented to predict the out-of-plane compressive stiffness and strength of CFJCPTSP at different ambient temperatures. The tests of composite sandwich panels are per- formed throughout the temperature range from -90℃ to 180℃. Good agreement is found between theo- retical predictions and experimental measurements. Experimental results indicate that the low tempera- ture increases the compressive stiffness and strength of CF/CPTSP. However, the high temperature causes the degradation of the compressive stiffness and strength. Meanwhile, the effects of temperature on the failure mode of composite sandwich panels are also observed.

Potential Power of the Pyramidal Structure VI: Pyramid Effects due to Potential Power and Pyramid Effects due to Bio-Entanglement

Research on the so-called “pyramid power” began in the late 1930s. However, in general, pyramid power has been regarded as having no scientific basis, so there are very few systematic papers on pyramid power other than our academic research papers. Since October 2007, we have been conducting research to experimentally elucidate the unexplained phenomenon of a pyramid by using a pyramidal structure (PS). There have been two main types of experiments: (i) an experiment to detect the pyramid effects that appear due to the potential power (pyramid power) that the PS inherently has;and (ii) an experiment to detect the pyramid effects that appear when a test subject meditates inside the PS. To detect the pyramid effects, biosensors with evenly cut cucumber fruits, Cucumis sativus, were used. As a result of analyzing the concentration of volatile components emitted from the biosensors, we demonstrated the existence of pyramid power near the PS apex and discovered that the PS has the function of converting the unexplained energy of the meditator test subject. The research results so far have been reported as eleven original papers, three comprehensive reports, and one book chapter. We reported the phenomenon of the entanglement between biosensors in parts IV and V of the paper series, “Potential Power of the Pyramidal Structure”. Furthermore, we clarified that the influence of the entanglement is included in the psi index Ψ, which is an index of the magnitude of the pyramid effects. The purpose of the present paper was to separate and analyze the psi index Ψ into the effect of the potential power of the PS and the effect of the entanglement between biosensors (we have named this as the Bio-Entanglement). To do this, we placed biosensors at the PS apex in two layers. The value of the pyramid effect on the biosensors in the upper layer was always larger than that in the lower layer. We found that this was mainly due to the potential power of the PS. We also found that the factor that caused the pyramid effect to change seasonally was mainly the effect of the Bio-Entanglement. In short, we determined that the potential power of the PS, and the Bio-Entanglement had different effects on the biosensors. We were also able to propose a model that could qualitatively explain the analysis results of the psi index Ψ. We expect that our research results will be widely accepted in the future and will become the foundation for a new research field in science, with a wide range of applications.

Fabrication and Statics Performance of Pyramidal Lattice Stitched Foam Sandwich Composites

In this study,the pyramidal lattice stitched foam sandwich composite materials were manufactured by integrating top and bottom panels with pyramidal lattice core to overcome the weak interface between the core and the skins of the sandwich structure.The influence of the reinforcing core rods on the mechanical properties including compressive,shear,and three-point bending performances of the foam sandwich compositematerialswere revealed through theoretical analysis and comparative experiments.The theoretical predictions were consistent with the experimental results.Compressive test,shear test and three-point bending test were performed.The experimental results show that the core rods can significantly improve the compressive performance and energy absorption efficiency of the pyramidal lattice stitched foam sandwich structure.The effect is related to the diameter of the core rod.The core rod with large diameter has better effect.Compared with the foamsandwich structure,the pyramidal lattice reinforcing foam composites have stronger shear and bending resistance.The failure modes and failure mechanisms of the pyramidal lattice stitched foam sandwich structure under the shear load are given.The failure modes and failure mechanisms of the pyramidal lattice stitched foam sandwich structure under the three-point bending load are also given.The study concludes that compared with the foam sandwich structure,the overall mechanical properties of the lattice stitched foam sandwich structure composites are significantly improved.

Neuroprotective effects of ischemic preconditioning on hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons through maintaining calbindin D28k immunoreactivity following subsequent transient cerebral ischemia

Ischemic preconditioning elicited by a non-fatal brief occlusion of blood flow has been applied for an experimental therapeutic strategy against a subsequent fatal ischemic insult. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of ischemic preconditioning（2-minute transient cerebral ischemia） on calbindin D28k immunoreactivity in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 area following a subsequent fatal transient ischemic insult（5-minute transient cerebral ischemia）. A large number of pyramidal neurons in the hippocampal CA1 area died 4 days after 5-minute transient cerebral ischemia. Ischemic preconditioning reduced the death of pyramidal neurons in the hippocampal CA1 area. Calbindin D28k immunoreactivity was greatly attenuated at 2 days after 5-minute transient cerebral ischemia and it was hardly detected at 5 days post-ischemia. Ischemic preconditioning maintained calbindin D28 k immunoreactivity after transient cerebral ischemia. These findings suggest that ischemic preconditioning can attenuate transient cerebral ischemia-caused damage to the pyramidal neurons in the hippocampal CA1 area through maintaining calbindin D28k immunoreactivity.

Semantic segmentation of pyramidal neuron skeletons using geometric deep learning

Neurons can be abstractly represented as skeletons due to the filament nature of neurites.With the rapid development of imaging and image analysis techniques,an increasing amount of neuron skeleton data is being produced.In some scienti fic studies,it is necessary to dissect the axons and dendrites,which is typically done manually and is both tedious and time-consuming.To automate this process,we have developed a method that relies solely on neuronal skeletons using Geometric Deep Learning(GDL).We demonstrate the effectiveness of this method using pyramidal neurons in mammalian brains,and the results are promising for its application in neuroscience studies.