Phosphorus Containing Rubber Seed oil as a Flame Retardant Plasticizer for Polyvinyl Chloride

The application of phthalate plasticizers has been restricted around the world due to their poor migration and potential harm to the human body.Hence,producing functional bio-based plasticizers via exploiting clean and reusable resources meets the satisfaction of current demands.In this study,flame-retardant rubber seed oil-based plasticize(FRP)was prepared via epoxidation reaction and ring opening addition reactions,which was used as a flame-resistant plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride to replace petroleum-based phthalate plasticizer.When DOP was replaced with FRP,the torque of PVC blends increased from 11.4 to 18.4 N⋅m,the LOI value increased from 24.3%for PVC-FRP-0%to 33.1%for PVC-FRP-20.The THR value diminished from 39 MJ/m^(2)(pertaining to PVC-FRC-0)to 22 MJ/m^(2)Tg increased from 23°C to 47°C,the weight loss of plasticized PVC blends significantly reduced from 22.6%to 2.8%in leaching tests.The study provided a new way to prepare flame retardant plasticizer using rubber seed oil as raw material.

Optimization of Lab-Scale Preparation of Biodiesel from Rubber Seed Oil Using Modified Calcium Oxide as Catalyst

Statistical analysis of product yield for biodiesel preparation by transesterification process was performed using the Minitab software. A standard RSM Design tool known as CCD was applied to study the transesterification reaction variables. The obtained parameters were verified experimentally for the transesterification reaction of rubber seed oil using solid metal oxide catalyst. The factors affecting the methyl ester yield during transesterification reaction were identified as the catalyst content, molar ratio of oil to alcohol and reaction time. High methyl ester yield and fast reaction rate could be obtained even if reaction temperature was relatively low, which is quite favorable to the industrial production of biodiesel from the rubber seed oil. 98.54% of methyl ester was formed from the transesterification of RSO with methanol. R-squared is a statistical measure of how close the data are to the fitted regression line. It is also known as the coefficient of determination, or the coefficient of multiple determination for multiple regression. In this study, an R2 value of 0.98 is obtained.

Thermal Behavior and UV Properties of Organomodified Kaolin Oleochemically Derived from Rubber Seed Oils (<i>Hevea brasiliensis</i>) and Tea Seed Oils (<i>Camellia sinensis</i>)

Kaolin was modified using a chemical complex of hydrazine hydrate and oleochemical sodium salts derived from rubber seed oil (SRSO) and tea seed oil (STSO) respectively. Characterization of the pristine kaolin and the modified kaolins were performed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Simultaneous Thermogravimetric/Differential Thermal Analysis (TG/DTA) and UV Spectrophotometry. TG/DTA revealed that the incorporation of the oleochemical salts enhanced thermal decomposition of kaolin into metakaolin. Ultraviolet spectrophotometric studies conducted on the modified kaolin show for the first time that the SRSO-modified kaolin and STSO-modified kaolin have a peak absorbance wavelengths of 312.72 nm and 314.26 nm respectively. This shows that the modified kaolin is a promising candidate for sunscreen applications.

Optimization of Rubber Seed Oil Transesterification to Biodiesel Using Experimental Designs and Artificial Neural Networks

The development of biofuels is driven both by concern about the greenhouse effect and by interest in the opportunities for exploitation of biomass of agricultural origin. In order to improve the yield and quality of biodiesel through modeling and optimization, several studies are in progress. In this paper, biodiesel produced from rubber seed oil in the homogeneous transesterification is studied using a Plackett-Burman experimental design, a full factorial design, a central composite design and an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) coupled with a Genetic Algorithm (GA).Variables such as temperature, stirring speed, reaction time, type of alcohol, and type of catalyst are studied to obtain the best specific gravity and kinematic viscosity. Type of alcohol and type of catalyst have the greatest effect on the two responses, with ethanol (alcohol) and sulphuric acid (catalyst) producing the best results. The specific gravity and kinematic viscosity changes recorded during the transesterification process followed the first and second order polynomial models, respectively. The ANN coupled with GA was used to optimize the two responses simultaneously. Global optimal values of specific gravity (0.883) and kinematic viscosity (6.76 cSt) were recorded when a temperature of 90&#176;C, a stirring speed of 305 rpm, and a treatment time of 141 min were imposed.

Tribological Behavior of Plant Oil-Based Extreme Pressure Lubricant Additive in Water-Ethylene Glycol Liquid

A water-soluble lubricant additive(RSOPE)was prepared by esterification reaction using fatty acid from rubber seed oil.The RSOPE was added into water-ethylene glycol(W-EG)solution as lubricant additive.Dispersion stability and rheological properties were investigated.We used a four-ball tribotester to assess the lubrication performance of W-EG based fluid with the RSOPE additive.The stainless-steel surface was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).Good dispersion stability was observed in the RSOPE/W-EG solutions.Furthermore,non-Newtonian fluid behavior at low shear rates and Newtonian fluid behavior at high shear rates was exhibited.The addition of RSOPE into water-glycol reduced the friction coefficients(COF)and wear scar diameters(WSD).The maximum non-seizure loads(PB)increased from 98 N to 752 N and the W-EG solution with RSOPE had good corrosion resistance properties.Good tribological performances for W-EG solution with RSOPE were attributed to the boundary tribofilm composed of iron oxide,iron phosphide and so on.

复方葡萄籽油软胶囊制备工艺研究

以添加了异甘草素和原花青素的葡萄籽油为主要内容物,对复方葡萄籽油软胶囊的胶皮及滴制工艺进行研究,并对软胶囊质量标准及稳定性进行考查。通过明胶与甘油比例,添加高分子材料、遮光剂及溶胶温度方面考查胶皮的性能,选择较优配方。结果表明,通过对软胶囊质量标准及稳定性进行考查,所制备的软胶囊各项指标均符合国家标准。

Converting rubber seed oil into hydrocarbon fuels via supported Pd-catalyst

The one-step hydrotreatment of rubber seed oil to produce hydrocarbon fuels has been carried out via supported Pd-catalyst,and analyzed emphatically some elements affected catalytic cracking process,for example,temperature,hydrogen partial pressure and dosage of catalyst,etc.Through experimental research,the author found out the appropriate catalytic cracking conditions as follows:310℃ of reaction temperature,2 MPa of hydrogen partial pressure,15 of the ratio of oil to catalyst(m(oil)/m(catalyst)),100 r/min of stirring speed.Under these conditions,effective component of hydrocarbon fuels in the converted oil accounts for 99.49%,and the proportion of C_(8)-C_(16) can reach as high as 79.61%.The converted oil was similar to petroleum-based oil in chemical composition,and can be used for future the aviation biofuels development as the source of raw material because it contains a large amount of hydrocarbon in the range of C_(8)-C_(16).

橡胶籽的开发利用

橡胶籽是天然橡胶种植业的副产品之一,资源丰富而价廉,除用于橡胶的繁殖育种外还具有很高的开发利用价值,是橡胶种植业的一笔巨大财富。概述了橡胶籽的工业价值、食用和医用价值、饲用价值和能源价值等,并分析了其研究利用现状,以促进橡胶籽的开发利用。

橡胶籽油制备生物柴油的研究

以橡胶籽油为原料,采用高温气相酯化-酯交换法制取生物柴油。着重研究了如何降低原料的酸值以及酯交换过程的条件优化。试验结果表明,100℃条件下,气相酯化法可在很短的时间(45 min)内将原料的酸值降到1.0 mgKOH/g油以下,达到酯交换对原料酸值的要求;酯交换反应的最佳条件为:催化剂用量为油重的1.0%,甲醇用量为油重的5%,反应温度60℃,在此条件下反应90 min,酯交换转化率达到93.0%。

固体碱CaO催化橡胶籽油制备生物柴油的研究

研究了固体碱CaO催化橡胶籽油与甲醇进行酯交换反应制备生物柴油的工艺条件。结果表明,焙烧温度为800℃,焙烧时间为2 h时,由CaCO3分解制得的CaO具有最高的反应活性。以此CaO为催化剂制备橡胶籽油生物柴油的最佳工艺条件为:催化剂CaO用量为油质量的1.5%,反应温度65℃,醇油摩尔比为15∶1,反应时间6 h。在此反应条件下,橡胶籽油生物柴油转化率为90.70%。

硫酸催化制备橡胶籽油生物柴油工艺及脱色研究

通过正交试验研究了硫酸催化制备橡胶籽油生物柴油的工艺条件,并以活性白土为脱色剂,考察了脱色条件对橡胶籽油生物柴油脱色率的影响。研究发现,硫酸催化制备橡胶籽油生物柴油的较佳工艺条件为:醇油物质的量比20∶1,催化剂用量为橡胶籽油质量的2%,反应时间8 h,反应温度65℃。在此条件下,生物柴油转化率达到83.16%。橡胶籽油生物柴油脱色处理的较佳工艺条件为:活性白土用量为生物柴油质量的7%,脱色时间30 min,脱色温度80℃。在此条件下,生物柴油脱色率达到75.65%。

橡胶籽油的制取及精炼工艺研究

橡胶籽油是一种新的油源。为提高其食用价值，对橡胶籽油的制取及精炼工艺条件进行了研究。通过磷酸中和，水洗，脱色，水蒸汽蒸馏得到的精炼油达到国家食用油标准和卫生标准。实验结果表明，精炼后的橡胶籽油可以作为一种食用植物油的新油源。

橡胶籽油替代鱼油对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长性能、消化酶活性、脂蛋白含量和抗氧化功能的影响

本试验旨在研究橡胶籽油替代鱼油对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长性能、消化酶活性、脂蛋白含量和抗氧化功能的影响。选择大小均匀、体格健壮的吉富罗非鱼鱼苗600尾,随机分为5个组,每组3个重复,每个重复40尾鱼。5组试验鱼分别投喂以橡胶籽油分别替代0(对照)、25%、50%、75%和100%鱼油的5种等氮等能饲料,分别记为G0、G25、G50、G75、G100。试验期为8周。结果表明:1)橡胶籽油替代不同比例鱼油对罗非鱼幼鱼的末重、体增重、日增重系数、摄食率、饲料系数和蛋白质效率均无显著影响(P>0.05)。2)G25组罗非鱼幼鱼肠道胰蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),G25组罗非鱼幼鱼肠道淀粉酶活性显著高于G75组(P<0.05)。橡胶籽油替代不同比例鱼油对罗非鱼幼鱼肝脏胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶和二糖酶活性均无显著影响(P>0.05)。3)随着橡胶籽油替代鱼油比例的提高,罗非鱼幼鱼血清总胆固醇(TC)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量大体上呈下降的趋势,肝脏游离胆固醇(FC)含量及FC/TC呈先下降后上升的趋势,其中以G25组最低。4)G0组罗非鱼幼鱼血浆谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),G0组罗非鱼幼鱼肝脏GR活性显著高于G50和G100组(P<0.05),G100组罗非鱼幼鱼肝脏总抗氧化能力显著低于其他各组(P<0.05)。由此可见,橡胶籽油替代25%~75%鱼油对罗非鱼幼鱼生长性能和抗氧化功能均无明显负面影响。橡胶籽油替代25%鱼油有利于改善罗非鱼幼鱼肠道消化酶活性;橡胶籽油替代100%鱼油时,罗非鱼幼鱼抗氧化功能下降。

水酶法提取橡胶籽油的工艺研究

研究水酶法提取橡胶籽油的工艺,采用单因素试验分别研究了原料处理方式、选用酶的种类、酶解条件对游离油得率的影响。在此基础上,采用正交试验确定了最佳提取工艺,即固液比1∶4,酶解时间8 h,酶添加量0.5%,酶解温度50℃,pH 5.0,之后,在5 000 r/min下离心30 min,并对乳状液进行加热破乳分离油相,破乳条件为沸水浴加热10 min,然后在6 000 r/min下离心10 min。在此条件下橡胶籽油的得率为89.3%。采用水酶法得到的橡胶籽油色泽浅黄透明,气味芬芳。

橡胶籽油中多不饱和脂肪酸的分离与表征(英文)

采用尿素包合法对橡胶籽油中的多不饱和脂肪酸进行了分离。采用正交试验法对尿素包合反应条件进行了优化,并采用气相色谱法对分离的多不饱和脂肪酸组分进行了分析。研究结果表明,当尿素/脂肪酸质量比为55:30(g:g),甲醇与尿素比为130:55(mL:g),在65℃条件下反应150 min,并在-5℃条件下晶化18 h,可获得回收率超过35%、纯度大于96%的多不饱和脂肪酸;多不饱和脂肪酸主要成分为:56.95%的亚油酸(C18:2)和40.28%的亚麻酸(C18:3),仅含有2.77%的油酸(C18:1)。

橡胶籽油枯—锯末—磷石膏联合堆肥过程研究

试验采用橡胶籽油枯、锯末和磷石膏为基本堆肥原料，根据m（橡胶籽油枯）：m（锯末）：m（磷石膏）设置3个处理（处理1：20：7：10，处理2：30：60：10，处理3：40：50：10）研究了堆肥过程中的温度、水分、pH值、C／N比、全氮、磷、钾的变化来说明不同橡胶籽油枯、锯末配比和磷石膏联合堆肥过程。结果表明：高配比的橡胶籽油枯添加量可以增加堆肥高温持续时间，加快堆肥水分下降速度，加快堆肥的腐熟进程。添加10％（质量分数）磷石膏，橡胶籽油枯和锯末联合堆肥结束后，pH稳定在6．0—6．5之间。处理2和处理3的全氮、全磷的含量显著高于处理1的全氮和全磷的含量（P〈0．05），而处理2和处理3之间没有显著差异（P〉0．05），处理1，2，3处理问全钾的含量没有显著的差异（P〉0．05）。

橡胶籽油的分析表征

以橡胶籽为原料,对其基本理化性能和结构进行分析表征,采用GC-MS分析脂肪酸组成,FTIR、1H NMR、13C NMR表征结构,采用DSC和TG进行热性能分析,结果表明,橡胶籽油碘值137.64 g·100 g-1,理论双键为4.63(C=C)·100 g-1,最大理论环氧值为7.98%·100 g-1,主要由棕榈酸(5.40%)、硬脂酸(8.27%)、油酸(20.32%)、亚油酸(37.05%)和亚麻酸(28.72%)等脂肪酸组成,不饱和脂肪酸的含量高达86.09%;其结构为甘油三酯结构,存在大量双键,双键的位置分别位于脂肪酸链中的9,12和15位;具有较好的热稳定性,最大失重速率温度为404℃。橡胶籽油不饱和度较高,具有较大的化学改性空间,热稳定性好,可作为替代石化原料的潜在可再生资源。

橡胶籽油替代豆油对虹鳟幼鱼生长性能、血液及肝脏生化指标的影响

【目的】为研究橡胶籽油替代不同比例豆油对虹鳟幼鱼生长、血液及肝脏生化指标的影响。【方法】以橡胶籽油添加量分别为0%、4%、8%和12%替代相应的豆油,配制4种等氮等能饲料进行10周养殖试验。【结果】(1)随着替代比例的升高,虹鳟末重、体增重、日增重系数和蛋白质效率均呈先上升后下降的趋势,以8%组最高(P<0.05);相反,8%组饲料系数最低。(2)随着替代比例的升高,血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平呈先上升后下降的趋势,以8%组最高;而LDL-C/HDL-C值呈上升的趋势,12%组显著高于0%组。(3)随着替代比例的升高,血浆一氧化氮含量和肝脏碱性磷酸酶活性显著升高,血浆过氧化氢酶活性显著降低。(4)0%组血浆氨氮含量显著低于其他组。不同处理组血浆总蛋白、总氨基酸、尿素氮、钙和磷含量、谷丙转氨酶活性及肝脏ALT、谷草转氨酶活性均无显著差异(P>0.05)。【结论】饲料中添加4%~12%橡胶籽油明显提高虹鳟生长性能和饲料利用率,对虹鳟脂质代谢和抗氧化能力无明显不良影响,且虹鳟饲料中橡胶籽油适宜添加量为8%。

亚临界水中橡胶籽油水解反应的试验研究

探讨油脂在亚临界水中水解反应的影响因素和反应动力学。以橡胶籽油为原料,在间歇式高温高压反应釜中进行水解反应,试验结果表明,在水与橡胶籽油体积比为3∶1(摩尔比为162∶1),反应温度280℃,压力15 MPa,反应时间40 m in时,橡胶籽油水解为脂肪酸的转化率可达96.2%;动力学计算表明,橡胶籽油在亚临界水中水解反应级数为1.4,反应活化能为43.5 kJ/mol。该研究为超临界二步法制备生物柴油的水解反应的动力学提供了理论基础。

橡胶籽油基多元醇的制备与表征

以环氧橡胶籽油(ERSO)为原料,甲醇和异丙醇为开环试剂,氟硼酸为催化剂,制备橡胶籽油基多元醇,以产物羟值为指标对制备工艺进行了优化,并对产物进行了表征。研究结果表明,橡胶籽油基多元醇的最佳制备条件为反应时间30 min,反应温度70℃,醇与ERSO的质量比为4∶1,氟硼酸用量为ERSO质量的1%,异丙醇与甲醇质量比为1∶1。通过验证实验可知,在此条件下制备的橡胶籽油基多元醇酸值为2.68 mg/g,羟值为219.32 mg/g,平均相对分子质量为870.21,含水量为0.08%,黏度为4 791 m Pa·s。同时,通过FT-IR、~1H NMR和^(13)C NMR分析表征了橡胶籽油基多元醇的化学结构,结果表明,ERSO中的环氧基发生了开环反应,生成了多元醇。