National Quality Supervision & Inspection Center for Refractories

National Quality Supervision ＆ Inspection Center for Refractories （NRQS） was set up in 1986 and was authorized in 1990 by State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision （SBQTS） as the state supervision ＆ inspection center （Certificate SBQTS No. 101）. In 1993, NRQS was granted Import ＆ Export Authorized Laboratory for national refractories by the State Administration for Entry Exit Inspection and Quarantine （Certificate No. 5302）. In 1995, NRQS was granted the national testing organization by State Committee of Science ＆ Technology and SBQTS. In September 2000,

AQSIQ Popularizing Nation-wide Launching of Electronic Network for Product Quality Supervision

According to AQSIQ, it has made an effort to popularize the launching ofelectronic ''network for product quality supervision in the whole nation. China Product QualitySupervision Electronic Network is a nation-wide network, which employs modern informationtechnology, network technology and encoding technology to supervise enterprises'' products in anelectronic way. The new system labels digital information on all items of products that are includedin the network.

Indoor air quality risk assessment on the Canadian campus by a multilevel integrated weighted average method

Increasing incidents of indoor air quality(IAQ) related complaints lead us to the fact that IAQ has become a significant occupational health and environmental issue. However, how to effectively evaluate IAQ under different scale of multiple indicators is still a challenge. The traditional single-indicator method is subjected to uncertainties in assessing IAQ due to different subjectivity on good or bad quality and scalar differences of data set. In this study, a multilevel integrated weighted average IAQ method including initial walking through assessment(IWA) and two-layers weighted average method are developed and applied to evaluate IAQ of the laboratory building at the University of Regina in Canada. Some important chemical parameters related to IAQ in terms of volatile organic compounds(VOCs), methanol(HCHO), carbon dioxide(CO2), and carbon monoxide(CO) are evaluated based on 5 months continuous monitoring data. The new integrated assessment result can not only indicates the risk of an individual parameter, but also able to quantify the overall IAQ risk on the sampling site. Finally, some recommendations based on the result are proposed to address sustainable IAQ practices in the sampling area.

Optimal control of a quality supervision profit model for the electronic intermediary

Online customers execute transactions without inspecting products could expect to encounter risks of receiving products with unsatisfactory qualities,especially in food trans-actions.Thus quality supervision plays a key role in the establishment of trust as well as in the management of risk between online customers and sellers.Most papers in this field are in qualitative nature.In this paper,a quality supervision profit(QSP)model is formulated as a discrete-time optimal control problem.It is a quantitative approach,and it broadens the scope.of current research in the area.The quality efort level of online sellers(QELa)and the quality supervision level of the electronic intermediary(QSLm)are considered together with their cor-responding profit in the proposed model.The aim is to optimize an overall profit.A case study arising from Suichang's food traceability system(FTS)of farm produce online transaction is carried out in details.The results reveal that QELs,QSLm and the profit distribution coeffi-cient have a strong influence upon the profits of both sides.Finally,some concluding remarks,including potential further research topics,are given.

Examining Construction Quality Supervision and Organization Procedures for BOT Projects by Comparing with DBB Projects

Adopting the BOT （build-operate-transfer） delivery method has brought opportunities and challenges in construction time and quality for urban infrastructure. Many studies investigate the upstream issues of BOT projects such as concessionaire selection criteria and risk factors. But the project execution becomes complicated such as the escalated quality supervision organization and procedure at the construction stage. This extra supervision may have constituted hidden redundancies as waste to economic sustainability. This paper investigated construction quality supervision of BOT projects to pinpoint adequate degree of supervision and detect redundant organization and procedures. The study adopted ten subway construction projects as cases in which five were from the traditional design-bid-build （DBB） and five from the BOT methods. Thirty six project participants including owners, contractors, designers, and concessionaire managers of the ten projects were interviewed to tell their views on these issues. The quality supervision measures of the DBB projects were used as the baseline and compared with those of the BOT projects. The research results show that the construction quality seems no difference for the DBB and BOT projects. Construction quality comes out of supervision but excessive supervision organization and procedures do not necessarily improve quality. This finding indicates that adequate degree of supervision is enough to achieve required quality to save immense paperwork for large construction projects.

The Research to Quality Supervision and Management of Power Enterprises

Intensive in-depth development of resources, centralized purchasing and gradually expand under the category of environment, this paper studies how to use information technology tools to construction quality supervision and management system that focuses on the quality of supervision and project management, quality control process management, quality monitoring statistics report management, platform management-related content in four areas. Through the construction quality supervision and management system, to better enhance the quality of electric power enterprise management level, to ensure that the material quality, quantity of time and supplies. strengthening quality supervision and management can not only effectively reduce material procurement costs, but also enhance the competitiveness of enterprises.

Measures to strengthen engineering quality supervision in construction management

With the continuous advancement of China's urbanization process,the demand for construction projects is increasing,which is both an opportunity and a challenge for construction companies.If the enterprises themselves can grasp the background and policy conditions to maintain a high level of construction engineering,then its enterprise benefits and future development prospects will be excellent.However,there are also many companies whose own reputation and actual benefits have been affected for poor engineering quality caused by poor construction management.This is exactly what we must pay attention to.This article will analyse and explore the relevant work to improve the engineering quality of different phases of engineering construction and to guide the management of the construction unit in the future from the perspective of the construction unit to strengthen the project quality supervision.

Study on the Application of Quality Risk Management on Drug Collinear Production

Objective To study how to ensure the quality of listed drugs by using quality risk management to control the risks in the drug collinear production because some pharmaceutical companies produce drugs with multiple dosage forms and specifications on the same line to save costs in China.Methods The application status of quality risk management in the production of drugs was analyzed by consulting literature,field investigation and research re-lated policies.Results and Conclusion When introducing co-line products,we should focus on combining prod-uct reality,establish a cross-professional team in comprehensive quality,R&D,equipment,and production.Then we can coordinate quality risk management to integrate with each other to avoid“shortcomings”in different links,which will affect the effectiveness of risk management.When a company conducts co-line production,it should rely on quality risk management theories to establish a scientific quality management system,reasonably use qual-ity risk assessment tools to evaluate the types of co-line production,and control key risk factors effectively.These methods can ensure the risk of co-production within an acceptable range.

Risk-based water quality decision-making under small data using Bayesian network

A knowledge-based network for Section Yidong Bridge,Dongyang River,one tributary of Qiantang River,Zhejiang Province,China,is established in order to model water quality in areas under small data.Then,based on normal transformation of variables with routine monitoring data and normal assumption of variables without routine monitoring data,a conditional linear Gaussian Bayesian network is constructed.A "two-constraint selection" procedure is proposed to estimate potential parameter values under small data.Among all potential parameter values,the ones that are most probable are selected as the "representatives".Finally,the risks of pollutant concentration exceeding national water quality standards are calculated and pollution reduction decisions for decision-making reference are proposed.The final results show that conditional linear Gaussian Bayesian network and "two-constraint selection" procedure are very useful in evaluating risks when there is limited data and can help managers to make sound decisions under small data.

Tianjin Automotive Test Center & National Passenger Car Quality Supervision and Inspection Center——A State Testing and Universality Techniques Research Base in China

Tianiin Automotive Test Center has a test capability as well as a capability of conducting universality techniques research. With fixed assets of around RMB 76.44 million yuan and an architectural area of 11,200 sqm, test labs mainly include: auto emission test lab, full-scale vehicle crash test lab, auto safety test lab, auto lighting and view field test lab, engine test lab,

Assessment of Rainwater Quality in Warri and Environ, Southern Nigeria for Domestic Purposes

The study aimed at assessing the physiochemical characteristics of rainwater in Warri and it environ was investigated. Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu and Cr concentrations in rainwater from roof and non-roof sources were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Three geospatial locations comprising Jakpa, Udu, and Ubeji were selected based on prevailing anthropogenic activities. The rainwater samples were systematically collected from (aluminum) roof and non-roof sources for the months of April, June, and August and October 2022, treated and analyzed in the laboratory for sixteen physicochemical parameters. Results were statistically analyzed using ANOVA, and T-test for the determination of the level of relationships and variations across geospatial locations. Significant correlations (r = 0.72) exist between Cr in rainwater from roof and non-roof sources. Implying point-source contaminations and may be emanating from the influence of roof materials. Furthermore, high concentrations of Cd and Pb in roof source above WHO standards were mostly in Jakpa and Ubeji. Calculated Health Risk Index (HRI) for children and adult is greater than 1. The results showed that most samples from the locations are considered not safe (HRI > 1) especially for Cd, which means that there are potential health risks consuming rainwater from Jakpa, Udu and Ubeji. Therefore, there is need for prompt sensitization program to dissuade people from directly drinking rainwater from these locations.

Methodological quality(risk of bias) assessment tools for primary and secondary medical studies: What are they and which is better?

Methodological quality(risk of bias)assessment is an important step before study initiation usage.Therefore,accurately judging study type is the first priority,and the choosing proper tool is also important.In this review,we introduced methodological quality assessment tools for randomized controlled trial(including individual and cluster),animal study,non-randomized interventional studies(including follow-up study,controlled before-and-after study,before-after/pre-post study,uncontrolled longitudinal study,interrupted time series study),cohort study,case-control study,cross-sectional study(including analytical and descriptive),observational case series and case reports,comparative effectiveness research,diagnostic study,health economic evaluation,prediction study(including predictor finding study,prediction model impact study,prognostic prediction model study),qualitative study,outcome measurement instruments(including patient-reported outcome measure development,content validity,structural validity,internal consistency,cross-cultural validity/measurement invariance,reliability,measurement error,criterion validity,hypotheses testing for construct validity,and responsiveness),systematic review and meta-analysis,and clinical practice guideline.The readers of our review can distinguish the types of medical studies and choose appropriate tools.In one word,comprehensively mastering relevant knowledge and implementing more practices are basic requirements for correctly assessing the methodological quality.

MORAL HAZARD STRATEGY AND QUALITY CONTRACT DESIGN IN A TWO-ECHELON SUPPLY CHAIN

Based on game theory and principal-agent theory, this paper focuses on how to control product quality and design quality contract in supply chain when moral hazard exists. We set up the supplier and buyer＇s expected profits function model, in which the supplier makes production process investment-level decision and decides on the product quality prevention level, whereas the buyer makes quality evaluation decision and decides on the product quality inspection level. The supplier with a moral hazard of reducing investment level may lack investment in the production process; thus, the buyer will pay the information rent to incentivize the supplier to improve the investment level. The buyer creates the moral hazard of exaggerating the product quality defective rate, who may overinvest in the inspection process. We use the optimal condition to solve supplier＇s first-best investment level, product quality prevention level, and buyer＇s first-best quality inspection level, internal penalty, and apportionment ratio of external failure cost. We also conduct a simulation test that shows the following： When the supplier improves its investment level, its product quality prevention level will increase, and the buyer＇s quality inspection level will decrease. With the improvement in the buyer＇s product quality inspection level, its internal penalty will increase, and the supplier＇s external failure cost will also increase while its expected profits will decrease. Hence, the buyer will design an incentive contract, the expected profits of which will increase, and the whole supply chain＇s joint expected profits function may become an inverse U shape. Finally, we develop a simulation example and propose suggestions for quality control strategy and contract design in the supply chain under the conditions of asymmetric information.

Surface water quality and potential health risk assessments in Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan section of Xiangjiang River, China

The Changsha-Xiangtan-Zhuzhou City Group is a heavy industrial district and accepted as the serious pollution area in the Xiangjiang River basin.In this study,7 metals(Pb,Hg,Cd,As,Zn,Cu and Se)and the river water quality parameters including pH,dissolved oxygen(DO),Escherichia coli(E.coli),potassium permanganate index(CODMn),dichromate oxidizability(CODCr),five-day biochemical oxygen demand(BOD5),ammonia nitrogen(NH4+-N),total nitrogen(TN),total phosphorus(TP)and fluoride(F)in 18 sampling sites of the Changsha-Xiangtan-Zhuzhou section are monthly monitored in 2016,which is the year to step into the second stage of the“Xiangjiang River Heavy Metal Pollution Control Implementation Plan”.It is found that E.coli,TN and TP are the main pollutants in the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan section,and the pollution of heavy metal is not serious but As with potential risk to local people especially children should be concerned.In addition,Xiangtan city is mainly featured with heavy metal pollution,while Zhuzhou and Changsha city are both featured with other pollutants from municipal domestic sewage.

The Monte Carlo-Based Uncertainty Health Risk Assessment Associated with Rural Drinking Water Quality

In this study, Triangular Fuzzy-number of the Fuzzy Set Theory was introduced to reform parameters of those previous health risk assessment (HRA) models, Monte Carlo simulation parameter was applied to lower the randomness and fuzziness of the HRA system, and the Monte Carlo-United States Environmental Protection Agency (MC-EPA) model was employed to evaluate the health risk associated with water quality (HRWQ), so as to solve the uncertainty HRA associated with rural drinking water quality. Results showed that the water in Mingshan was contaminated mainly by Cr(VI), nitrate, fluoride and Fe. The health risk primarily embodied in the carcinogenic risk (CR) caused by Cr(VI) that generally exceeds the limit while little non-carcinogenic toxic effected presents. However, non-carcinogenic risk (NCR) in some water resources was high, exceeding the limit “1”. The results revealed the health risk level of the water quality and the health risk degree caused by the pollutants, providing scientific support for the management of the HRWQ of the WR. It also indicated the significance of MC-EPA model’s application.

ArcGIS-Based Rural Drinking Water Quality Health Risk Assessment

Aiming at the unsafe of water quality which is the core problem in rural drinking water safety, the study col-lected 221 water samples of rural drinking water sources in Ya'an and detected the concentrations of the car-cinogen and the non-carcinogen. Based on the analysis of water environment characteristics and the identifi-cation of water environment health risk source of Sichuan Ya’an City, which includes seven counties and a district and is the typical region of the western margin of Sichuan Basin, this study calculated and analyzed the carcinogenic risk (R) and non-carcinogenic risk (hazard index, HI) by applying the health risk model recommended by the US National Research Council of National Academy of Science. Then, taking advan-tage of the geo-statistic spatial analysis function of ArcGIS, this study analyzed the assessment result data (R and HI), selected the proper interpolation approach and educed R and HI spatial distribution maps of the study area. R and HI of the single factor and integrate factors were evaluated and thus obtained the following conclusions: For one thing, the cancerous risk indexes of the vast majority of water sources (about 94%) is the level of 10-7 and it belong to the safety extension. The main carcinogen in the water sources are As, Cr6+ and Pb, their concentrations are in the ranges of 0.004-0.01, 0.005, 0.01mg/l respectively and such water source mainly distributed in Yucheng district and Mingshan county. For another, the non-cancerous hazard indexes of the vast majority of water sources (about 98%) is also less than the limit value 1 and will not harm the local residents. The health risk of non-carcinogen comes mainly from As and fluoride, their concentra-tions are in the ranges of 0.004-0.01 and 0.1-4.2mg/l respectively. The results of the integrate factors health risk assessment showed that the total cancerous risk were still at the level of 10-6, only 12 drinking water source investigation sites (5%) exceeded the drinking water management standard value of EPA (the limit value is 10-6);the total non-cancerous hazard indexes are still in the range of 10-2-10-1, and will not harm the local residents either, only 18 drinking water source investigation sites (8%) exceeded the drinking water management standard value of EPA(the limit value is 1).The densely populated areas such as Yucheng Dis-trict, Tianquan County, Yingjing County and Shimian County are where the four contaminating materials, i.e., As, Cr6+, Pb and fluoride should be monitored with emphasis. Study results disclosed the health risk control indexes of source water quality of the studied area and thus provided the scientific basis for the water quality control of water sources. This study had worked efficiently in practice. Compared with the same kind of methods which had been found, the paper had the outstanding results for the health risk assessment of the rural drinking water safety.

Modeling data quality for risk assessment of GIS

This paper presents a methodology to determine three data quality (DQ) risk characteristics: accuracy, comprehensiveness and nonmembership. The methodology provides a set of quantitative models to confirm the information quality risks for the database of the geographical information system (GIS). Four quantitative measures are introduced to examine how the quality risks of source information affect the quality of information outputs produced using the relational algebra operations Selection, Projection, and Cubic Product. It can be used to determine how quality risks associated with diverse data sources affect the derived data. The GIS is the prime source of information on the location of cables, and detection time strongly depends on whether maps indicate the presence of cables in the construction business. Poor data quality in the GIS can contribute to increased risk or higher risk avoidance costs. A case study provides a numerical example of the calculation of the trade-offs between risk and detection costs and provides an example of the calculation of the costs of data quality. We conclude that the model contributes valuable new insight.

Variability and Risk Analysis of Hong Kong Air Quality Based on Monsoon and El Nino Conditions

This study presents an exploratory analysis aimed at improving understanding of the variability of Hong Kong air quality associated with different climate conditions. Significantly negative correlations were found when Nifio 3 led particulate matter 〈10 p.m PM10） and NO2 by 2 3 months over the Hong Kong territory, while the other pollutants （e.g., Oa, SO2） showed modest correlations. A significant decreasing trend in visibility was observed during the autumn and winter, which has potential implications for the air-quality degradation and the endangerment of human health in Hong Kong. In an E1 Nifio summer, the visibility was relatively better, while visibility in other seasons was diminished. On the other hand, in La Nifia events, significant changes occurred in visibility in winter and autumn. Air pollution indices were less sensitive to the South China Summer Monsoon （SCSM）, but a relatively high correlation existed between the East Asian Winter Monsoon （EAWM） and air pollutants. Rainfall was lower during most of the strong EAWM years compared to the weak years. This result suggests that the pollutants that accumulate in Hong Kong are not easy to wash out, so concentrations remain at a higher level. Finally, based on the conditional Air Pollution Index （API） risk assessment, site-specific vulnerabilities were analyzed to facilitate the development of the air-quality warning systems in Hong Kong.

Association of sleep quality with myopia based on different genetic risk levels

AIM: To analyse the association of sleep quality with myopia under different genetic risk(GR) levels.METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of students aged 9-14 y in Wenzhou, China, was conducted. Refraction without cycloplegia and ocular parameters were measured. Sleep quality was assessed with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI). Seventeen single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) were replicated by association analysis and used to compute the GR score(GRS). Possible confounders were assessed by a questionnaire that collected information about the children and their parents. Generalized linear models were used to analyse the sleep quality, the GR, and their interaction effects on the risk of myopia.RESULTS: Out of 1354 children included in this study, 353(26.07%) had sleep disturbances. The GRS ranged from 4.49 to 12.89 with a mean of 7.74±1.23, and the participants were divided into a low GR group, a moderate GR group and a high GR group according to the GRS quartile. In the generalized linear model, the children with sleep disturbances and high GR had a higher risk of myopia than those without sleep disturbances and with low GR(OR=1.59, 95%CI: 1.12-2.25;OR=1.88, 95%CI: 1.23-2.88, respectively). Compared to those with low GR and SDs, children with high GR with or without SDs had a higher risk of myopia(OR=4.88, 95%CI: 2.03-11.71;OR=1.70, 95%CI: 1.06-2.72, respectively).CONCLUSION: The prevalence of sleep disturbances in elementary school students in Wenzhou was 26.07%. There is a significant interaction between sleep disturbances and a high GR of myopia, suggesting that a high GR of myopia may increase children’s sensitivity to sleep disturbances. This study indicates that children with a high GR of myopia need to achieve adequate sleep duration and excellent sleep quality.

Relationship between Selected Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Diseases and the Quality of Life

The ageing population is more predisposed to chronic diseases and functional disabilities with an increased level of dependence. The delivery of adequate health care services to the ageing population requires enquires into their quality of life. This cross-sectional study therefore investigated the relationship between some selected risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and the quality of life of aging adults. Using a convenient sampling technique, one hundred and forty six (146) adults of ages 50 years and above from varying locations within the Metropolis of Enugu State, Nigeria were recruited. The parameters obtained were participants’ blood pressure, height, body weight, waist circumference and blood sugar level. Health-related quality of life was assessed using the WHO-QOL BREF and physical activity level was assessed with the IPAQ. Data were summarized using descriptive statistics of frequency and percentage while the statistical measures of relationship (Pearson’s moment correlation and spearman rho correlation) were used to calculate the relationship between obtained data. The result revealed a positive relationship between waist circumference (obesity indicator) and the environment domain of quality of life measure (r = 0.227, p = 0.006). Surprisingly, no relationship was found between obesity indicators (waist circumference and BMI) and physical/psychological health status. The result also found a positive relationship between physical activity levels and quality of life;a weak negative relationship between casual blood sugar levels and the social relationship domains of quality of life and a weak negative relationship was also observed between age and physical activity and psychological health. Therefore, reduced physical activity level influences a poor quality of life. We recommend physical activity participation among the older population, as well as detailed similar studies for higher degree of certainty.