Granger Causality Test of Urban-rural Income Gap and Employment of Rural Labor Forces——A Case Study of Shouguang City

Taking Shouguang City in Shandong Province as an example, this article researches the mutual relationship between urban-rural income and employment of rural labor forces, and conducting cointegration test and Granger causality test on the variable sequences using statistical data. The results show that the average annual income of rural labor forces influences the income per capita of rural residents, and there is a Granger causality relationship between the income per capita of rural residents and urban employees' average wage. Engaging in production concerning agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery makes the total income per capita in rural areas of Shouguang City higher than the average wage of urban residents in Shouguang City, even in Weifang City. The comparative advantage in terms of income causes the city to loose attraction to rural residents in Shouguang City. The comparative advantage drives more rural labor forces in Shouguang City to engage in primary industry, thereby greatly reducing the pressure of employment and transfer of rural labor forces. Finally important following measures are put forward to promote employment and on-the-spot transfer of rural labor forces: vigorously propel agricultural industrialization; increase rural residents' income; improve the living conditions for rural residents.

Study of poverty alleviation strategy based on labor force quality improvement and ecological protection in Western China

Fragile ecological environment and poverty correlate to and reinforce each other closely in Western China.At the same time,Western China is also the most prominent area of the knowledge and human poverty with very low labor force quality.On the basis of analyzing the characteristics of poverty in Western China,this paper studies the coupling relationship between fragile ecological environment and poverty in Western China,including the impacts of fragile environment on poverty occurrence and the effects of ecological construction on poverty alleviation.It also analyzed how low labor quality causes persistent poverty in the western region.At the end of the paper,strategies of diversity poverty alleviation in Western China are suggested based on sustainable development,including education improvement,ecological construction,industries development,infrastructure construction,planning institution innovation,and so on.

Empirical Study on the Impact of Rural Labor Force Flow on the Price of Agricultural Products——A Method Based on VEC Model

Based on the research introduction of domestic and foreign scholars,dynamic equilibrium between the rural labor force flow and the price of agricultural product is analyzed by VEC model,according to the data of the rural labor force flow and the price of agricultural products in the years 1990-2007.Chows breakpoint test is used to measure the stage characteristics of the impact of rural labor force flow on the price of agricultural product.Result shows that there is a long-term and stationary relationship between the flow quantity of rural labor force and the price of agricultural product.Rural labor force flow,as an exogenous force,affects the agricultural production,and further influences the price fluctuation of agricultural products.Impact of rural labor force flow on the price of agricultural product is from weak to strong,then grows gradually weaker,and reaches its peak value at the year 1998.With the development of rural society and economy and the market process,rural labor force flow endogenously affects the price of agricultural product,which has periodic characteristics.In order to achieve a dual stabilization of the rural labor force flow and the price of agricultural products,the following countermeasures are put forward:vigorously developing vocational education,increasing the support for agricultural production,and making active employment measures.

A Two-Sector Economic Growth Model with Labor Force

In this paper, a two\|sector growth model is given. The labor force transfer process from agricultural sector to industrial sector is exogenous determined. By introducing the labor force transferring function, a two\|dimension nonautonomous differential equation is obtained. The results of the model manifest that the labor force transfer delays industrial sector growth and accelerates the agricultural sector growth. It is proved that the solution of the model is asymptotic stable. By the numerical analysis, the economic growth and labor force transfer is presented under the specific parameters.

A Preliminary Study on the Training Model of Incoming Labor Forces by Higher Vocational Colleges

Based on the characteristics and employment situation of incoming labors,we should attach great importance to their training.With rich teaching resources,the higher vocational colleges should give full play to their advantages,get involved in the training,and enhance their studies of training models.

Problems in the Transfer of Rural Surplus Labor Force in Chengdu Plain——A Empirical Analysis of Xiyu Village,Gexianshan Town,China

Under the new situation of the coordination of rural and urban development,the employment and transfer of surplus labor force have become the major social problems in China.Based on the field investigation on Xiyu Village of Gexianshan Town in Pengzhou City,the surplus labor force and the absorptive capacity of non-agricultural industries are estimated by using per capita cultivated method and output value absorption method.Based on this,the transfer pattern of surplus labor force is generalized and the corresponding suggestions for transfer are put forward.

Analysis of Externality of Rural Labor Force Flow in Central and Western Regions of China and Benefit Compensation

According to the theories of institutional economics and development economics,the positive and negative externality of rural labor force flowing from central and western regions and into eastern regions of China were analyzed,and then it was proposed that it is necessary to positive externality,rather than take"household register"measures to solve the problem simply.

Coupling Research on the Process of Transfer of Surplus Labor Forces and Scaling-up of Farmland

On the basis of giving an overview of efficiency research on transformation of land from fragmentation to scale economy, by using the concept of coupling in physics, this paper expounds the behavior basis of transfer of surplus rural labor forces in China and transformation of land from fragmentation to scaling up, and analyzes behaviors of all parties and equilibrium outcomes in the three stages concerning the transformation of agricultural land from fragmentation to scaling up as follows. At the first stage of coupling, after multitudinous rural surplus labor forces emerge, the farmers begin to go to city seeking jobs. In this period, the amalgamation of land management has not occurred and the single farmer's land has not yet concentrated. The total land area of single farmer has not yet increased and the total amount of farmers has not yet decreased. At the second stage of coupling, driven by living standards and income, multitudinous rural surplus labor forces begin to live in the city permanently in fact, and the scale management of rural land begins to arise. Foreign funded enterprises begin to enter agriculture, and the industrialization management of agriculture is equipped with the most fundamental conditions due to the occurrence of scaling up of land. At the third stage of coupling, the transfer of rural surplus labor forces basically ends. The property rights of agricultural land or the management forms also, in a large measure, concentrate. The obstacles to agricultural scaling-up management are solved fundamentally, and the income gap between urban areas and rural areas is narrowed. Urban-rural population migration is no longer the main form of China's population migration. This stage has not yet been realized in China and it is the future state of villages. Finally, through the two cases researched by the predecessors, we verify the research results of the preceding two stages, which provides reliable reference for transformation of China's agricultural land management, and policy formulation of transfer of surplus labor forces.

Study on the Quantity and Age Structure of Rural Surplus Labor Force in China

Based on the data from the Second National Agriculture Census in 2006, this paper analyzed the absolute quantity and age structure of China rural surplus labor force by the classical approach. It showed that the migration of rural labor force was still far away from ＂Lewis turning point＂, and ＂mingong huang＂ （ shortage of peasant workforce） appearing in coastal areas could be explained with the location separation between the labor-intensive industries and rural labor force. It was a feasible and an effective way to push forward the transfer of labor-intensive industries from the east coast to central and Western China to absorb the abundant supply of rural labor force.

Demand,Supply and Surplus of Agricultural Labor Force in China

China's economy enjoys the prominent characteristics of a dual structure,with a severe surplus in the agricultural labor force.Scholars in China and overseas have conducted extensive research on the issue of labor surplus and have developed estimates on the size and percentage of surplus labor.The results,however,vary considerably due to the differences in methods and data sources.Based on existing research and using the National Agricultural Costs and Returns Compilation as the data source,this paper proposes that the size of the agricultural surplus labor force is only 8,520,000 persons,accounting for 2.1% of the total rural labor force.

Forced Labor

Boredom was a serious problem for me when I was ayoung teen.Warm summer days stretched cut before me likeeternity.I lay on the couch,staring blankly at the television,flipping pages of a comic book.I knew I should be doing some-thing more substantial with my days,but I just couldn’t seemto get my neurons to fire.“I’m so bored.There’s nothing todo,” I said.

Study on the Flow of Rural Labor Force and the Contribution of Terrain Factor in Shaanxi,China

The flow of rural labor to urban is a significant phenomenon in China during the last 20 years.In spite of many researches focus on the driving force of economy,terrain is an important index in the rural development.There is a question that whether the flow of rural labor has some relationships with terrain.The study used the relief degree of land surface (RDLS) as terrain index,and the cost distance model and the center of gravity model to analyze the relationship between terrain and labor flows.The results indicated:(1) In the last 20 years,the rural labor force was not simply flowing to the low terrain region in Shaanxi province.And the RDLS was constantly strengthening the influence on the movement.(2) The RDLS was low in Guanzhong region,and the translation of rural labors relatively was not significant.Since North Shaanxi act as the energy industry base,the number of rural labors there increased faster than in South Shaanxi.(3) The movements of economical centers took an important role in the change of rural labor centers,and terrain factors also showed a high correlation with them.It is found that the lower of the terrain index,the higher of the land intensive degree,the more intensive of nonagriculturalization process.

The pull of inter-provincial migration of rural labor force and its influence on policy-making

As a social phenomenon closely related to development of economy, the population is always the focus ofeconomists’ attention. Based on the fifth census in 2001, this paper analyzes labor migration in Hubei Province andestablishes an econometric model to analyze the pull according to the push and pull theory, which is the famous theory onthe population flow and migration. It points out that the per capita consumption and the employment rate attract stronglythe rural labors and makes a deep exploration into the ensuing problems. Such conclusion is a special reference to thedecision-making of government. The government can provide some guidance to the rural labors according to the percapita consumption and the employment rate in order to avoid the futility of blind migration.

Labor Force Participation Rates in China:Present and Future

This paper describes the changes in China’s total population,labor force age structure and labor force participation rate(LFPR).Based on census data,this paper assesses the age pattern and changes in the LFPR,examines factors affectingthe LFPR through modeling and predicts the trends of labor force development to 2050.We find that the labor force hasbeen growing rapidly at an average annual rate of 6 percent from 1980 to 2005 due to improvements in competency andstructure.On the other hand,the overall LFPR declined mainly due to prolonged education that slashed the LFPR amongadolescents.The age pattern of labor force participation is in the shape of an inverted-U curve.Results from a Logit regression model of labor participation indicate that labor force participation intensity is higher inthe South than in the North and higher among the male population than among the female population.Presuming that thetotal fertility rate climbs to 2.0,life expectancy increases by ten years,and delayed retirement age lengthen the duration oflabor participation.We have made the following forecasts:(1) China’s future working age population will decrease;(2) labor force willexperience zero growth within 15 years and then negative growth;(3) the middle-aged and elderly populations willaccount for a significant share of the labor force.It is important to explore ways to increase,train and use human resourcesand increase the LFPR and productivity.In today’s China,regional or structural labor force shortage has already emerged.With an ageing population,China should take proactive measures by relaxing its birth policy,increasing education andtraining,promoting labor flow,and increasing the LFPR among the middle-aged,particularly women,so as to preventsevere shocks from a diminishing labor force.

Estimation,analysis of China's labor force 2000-08

The author estimated and analyzed China's urban and rural economically active,employed and unemployed populations as well as the labor-force participation ratio and employment and unemployment rates from 2000-2008 by referring to population census data and establishing estimation models in this paper.The research results indicate changing trends in China's urban and rural economically active population from 2000-2008.

劳动力老化如何影响劳动生产率?——基于中国城市面板数据的分析

中国自2000年步入老龄化社会以来,人口老龄化程度持续加深,作为社会经济基本要素,劳动力老化使得社会经济发展面临一系列新挑战与新机遇。为探索劳动力老化对劳动生产率的影响机理,基于2000—2020年中国城市面板数据,在借鉴既往研究的基础上,利用长差分模型实证分析劳动力老化对劳动生产率的影响。研究发现,劳动力老化与劳动生产率之间呈负相关关系;进一步从要素投入和技术进步两个方面考察劳动力老化对劳动生产率的作用机制后发现,劳动力老化主要通过影响技术进步与劳动就业作用于劳动生产率;此外,劳动技能提升、公共财政投入等公共政策可以有效降低劳动力老化对劳动生产率的消极影响;最后,本研究认为,若想有效应对这一问题就要加强对生育问题的关注,要从劳动技能提升、公共财政投入等方面制定专门且有效的公共政策,并在具体实施时,注重相关政策向中西部地区、二线及以下城市等特定地区倾斜。上述这些研究结论有助于从劳动力老化视角解释中国城市劳动生产率的表现差异,对于推动人口发展新格局下的经济高质量发展具有重要意义。

如何应对劳动力老龄化——加拿大老年职业技能培训的经验与启示

人口老龄化是21世纪最重要的社会趋势之一,随之而来的劳动力老龄化问题逐渐成为各国关注的焦点。加拿大作为较早进入老龄化社会的国家,将发展老年职业技能培训视为应对劳动力老龄化的重要举措,通过制定积极的老年职业技能培训政策,设立专门机构并鼓励民间组织参与管理,建立政府、社会力量援助与个人学习账户结合的经费投入机制,开发在线工具提供网络支持,与教育机构合作实现校企无缝对接等方法,构建了一个多方参与、动态合作、自上而下的老年职业技能培训体系。该培训体系“顶层设计+分散经营”的管理体制、纵向一体化的实施体系以及基于网络的职业技能培训平台等特点,为我国应对劳动力老龄化提供了新的思路。为推动我国老年职业技能培训更好地发展,应聚焦思维转变,树立老年职业技能培训理念;加强政策及法律法规制定,营造良好职业技能培训氛围;以老年人为本位,开发线上老年职业技能培训平台;鼓励多元主体参与,打造社会化培训格局。

新劳动的核心特质及其中国的时代呈现

随着第四次技术革命的到来,各类事物不再困于特定系统中,而是被要素化,随着系统边界的打破被释放出来,并与新要素联结在一起,使劳动呈现出各种新状态。知识劳动、创意劳动、创业劳动、数字劳动等新劳动推动了科技创新与新质生产力的发展。新劳动的核心特质是破壁性与关联性:从劳动方式看,其破除了各类劳动、要素的边界,要求总体性劳动实现高位复归;从劳动时空看,其在时空交错、时空侵占机制作用下,不断突破着生活与工作、虚拟与真实、本地与全球、当下与未来之间的次元壁;从劳动组织和制度看,自上而下的制度规章与自下而上的自主工作加以结合,劳雇双方的身边边界变得模糊,氛围、体验等非制度因素成为激发生产活力的关键。在中国式现代化的进程中,新劳动的出现也对劳动社会学研究提出了破壁与联结的新要求。

劳动力老化对企业劳动生产率的影响

劳动生产率是经济高质量发展的核心要素,企业是劳动生产率提升的核心载体。结合城市统计年鉴、人口普查数据与微观工业企业数据库,实证考察劳动力老化对企业劳动生产率的作用。研究发现:第一,劳动力老化对企业劳动生产率短期具有积极影响,但长远而言,当劳动力老化超过一定程度后,将对企业劳动生产率产生不利影响。第二,劳动力老化通过企业创新投入、劳动力素养机制正向作用于企业劳动生产率,其中企业创新投入是主要作用渠道,但也通过企业劳动力成本机制对劳动生产率产生了不利影响。第三,劳动力老化对企业劳动生产率的短期作用存在显著异质性,劳动力老化与企业劳动生产率的正相关关系仅在非国有企业中成立,在国有企业中,劳动力老化对企业劳动生产率产生了显著负向影响;同时,劳动力老化对企业劳动生产率的促进作用在资本密度高的企业中更强,但在行业层面这一效果并不显著;进一步地,劳动力老化对企业劳动生产率的积极影响在出口企业中更强;此外,在东部地区,劳动力老化对企业劳动生产率具有积极作用,但在西部地区,劳动力老化对企业劳动生产率产生了不利影响。研究结论对于积极应对人口老龄化、推动经济高质量发展具有一定的理论与现实意义。