All-electrically reading out and initializing topological qubits with quantum dots

We analyze the reading and initialization of a topological qubit encoded by Majorana fermions in one-dimensional semiconducting nanowires, weakly coupled to a single level quantum dot （QD）. It is shown that when the Majorana fermions are fused by tuning gate voltage, the topological qubit can be read out directly through the occupation of the QD in an energy window. The initialization of the qubit can also be realized via adjusting the gate voltage on the QD, with the total fermion parity conserved. As a result, both reading and initialization processes can be achieved in an all-electrical way.

Majorana tunneling in a one-dimensional wire with non-Hermitian double quantum dots

The combination of non-Hermitian physics and Majorana fermions can give rise to new effects in quantum transport systems. In this work, we investigate the interplay of PT-symmetric complex potentials, Majorana tunneling and interdot tunneling in a non-Hermitian double quantum dots system. It is found that in the weak-coupling regime the Majorana tunneling has pronounced effects on the transport properties of such a system, manifested as splitting of the single peak into three and a reduced 1/4 peak in the transmission function. In the presence of the PT-symmetric complex potentials and interdot tunneling, the 1/4 central peak is robust against them, while the two side peaks are tuned by them. The interdot tunneling only induces asymmetry, instead of moving the conductance peak, due to the robustness of the Majorana modes. There is an exceptional point induced by the union of Majorana tunneling and interdot tunneling. With increased PT-symmetric complex potentials, the two side peaks will move towards each other. When the exceptional point is passed through, these two side peaks will disappear. In the strong-coupling regime, the Majorana fermion induces a 1/4 conductance dip instead of the three-peak structure. PT-symmetric complex potentials induce two conductance dips pinned at the exceptional point. These effects should be accessible in experiments.

Majorana fermion realization and relevant transport processes in a triple-quantum dot system

Nonequilibrium electronic transports through a system hosting three quantum dots hybridized with superconductors are investigated. By tuning the relative positions of the dot levels, we illustrate the existence of Majorana fermions and show that the Majorana feimions will either survive separately on single dots or distribute themselves among different dots with tunable probabilities. As a result, different physical mechanisms appear, including local Andreev reflection（LAR）,cross Andreev reflection（CAR）, and cross resonant tunneling（CRT）. The resulting characteristics may be used to reveal the unique properties of Majorana fermions. In addition, we discuss the spin-polarized transports and find a pure spin current and a spin filter effect due to the joint effect of CRT and CAR, which is important for designing spintronic devices.

Detection of Majorana fermions in an Aharonov-Bohm interferometer

By using the non-equilibrium Green＇s function technique, we investigate the electronic transport properties in an Aharonov-Bohm interferometer coupling with Majorana fermions. We find a fixed unit conductance peak which is in-dependent of the other factors when the topological superconductor is grounded. Especially, an additional phase appears when the topological superconductor is in the strong Coulomb regime, which induces a new conductance resonant peak compared with the structure of replacing the topological superconductor by a quantum dot, and the conductance oscillation with the magnetic flux reveals a 2π phase shift by raising （lowering） a charge on the capacitor.

Realizing Majorana fermion modes in the Kitaev model

We study the possibility to realize a Majorana zero mode that is robust and may be easily manipulated for braiding in quantum computing in the ground state of the Kitaev model in this work.To achieve this we first apply a uniform[111]magnetic field to the gapless Kitaev model and turn the Kitaev model to an effective p+ip topological superconductor of spinons.We then study possible vortex binding in such system to a topologically trivial spot in the ground state.We consider two cases in the system:one is a vacancy and the other is a fully polarized spin.We show that in both cases,the system binds a vortex with the defect and a robust Majorana zero mode in the ground state at a weak uniform[111]magnetic field.The distribution and asymptotic behavior of these Majorana zero modes are studied.The Majorana zero modes in both cases decay exponentially in space,and are robust against local perturbations and other Majorana zero modes far away,which makes them promising candidates for braiding in topological quantum computing.

Transport through a quantum dot coupled to two Majorana bound states

We investigate electron transport inside a ring system composed of a quantum dot （QD） coupled to two Majorana bound states confined at the ends of a one-dimensional topological superconductor nanowire. By tuning the magnetic flux threading through the ring, the model system we consider can be switched into states with or without zero-energy modes when the nanowire is in its topological phase. We find that the Fano profile in the conductance spectrum due to the interference between bound and continuum states exhibits markedly different features for these two different situations, which consequently can be used to detect the Majorana zero-energy mode. Most interestingly, as a periodic function of magnetic flux, the conductance shows 2π periodicity when the two Majorana bound states are nonoverlapping （as in an infinitely long nanowire） but displays 4π periodicity when the overlapping becomes nonzero （as in a finite length nanowire）. We map the model system into a QD-Kitaev ring in the Majorana fermion representation and affirm these different characteristics by checking the energy spectrum.

Majorana noise model and its influence on the power spectrum

Majorana quantum computation offers a potential approach to securely manipulating and storing quantum data in a topological manner that may effectively resist the decoherence induced by local noise. However, actual Majorana qubit setups are susceptible to noise. In this study, from a quantum dynamics perspective, we develop a noise model for Majorana qubits that accounts for quasi-particle poisoning and Majorana overlapping with fluctuation. Furthermore, we focus on Majorana parity readout methodologies, specifically those leveraging an ancillary quantum dot, and carry out an indepth exploration of continuous measurement techniques founded on the quantum jump model of a quantum point contact.Utilizing these methodologies, we proceed to analyze the influence of noise on the afore-mentioned noise model, employing numerical computation to evaluate the power spectrum and frequency curve. In the culmination of our study, we put forward a strategy to benchmark the presence and detailed properties of noise in Majorana qubits.

Recent progress on non-Abelian anyons:from Majorana zero modes to topological Dirac fermionic modes

Majorana zero modes(MZMs)have been intensively studied in recent decades theoretically and experimentally as the most promising candidate for non-Abelian anyons supporting topological quantum computation(TQC).In addition to the Majorana scheme,some non-Majorana quasiparticles obeying non-Abelian statistics,including topological Dirac fermionic modes,have also been proposed and therefore become new candidates for TQC.In this review,we overview the non-Abelian braiding properties as well as the corresponding braiding schemes for both the MZMs and the topological Dirac fermionic modes,emphasizing the recent progress on topological Dirac fermionic modes.A topological Dirac fermionic mode can be regarded as a pair of MZMs related by unitary symmetry,which can be realized in a number of platforms,including the one-dimensional topological insulator,higher-order topological insulator,and spin superconductor.This topological Dirac fermionic mode possesses several advantages compared with its Majorana cousin,such as superconductivity-free and larger gaps.Therefore,it provides a new avenue for investigating non-Abelian physics and possible TQC.

双量子点结构中Majorana费米子的噪声特性

Majorana费米子是其自身的反粒子,在拓扑量子计算中有着重要的应用.利用粒子数表象下的量子主方程方法,研究双量子点与Majorana费米子混合结构的电子输运特性,特别是散粒噪声.有无Majorana费米子耦合的电流与散粒噪声存在明显差别:有Majorana费米子耦合时稳态电流差呈反对称,噪声谱呈现相干振荡并且低频噪声显著增强.量子点与Majorana费米子对称弱耦合时,零频噪声由"峰"变为"谷",并且"边谷"展宽逐渐减小;当对称强耦合时,零频噪声的谷深增加,"边谷"向高频端移动.改变系统与电极的耦合强度时,零频噪声由谷变成峰.因此,稳态电流结合散粒噪声可以探测双量子点结构中Majorana费米子是否存在.

Majorana零模式的电导与低压振荡散粒噪声

Majorana零能量模式是自身的反粒子,在拓扑量子计算中有重要应用.本文研究量子点与拓扑超导纳米线混合结构,通过量子点的输运电荷检测Majorana零模式.利用量子主方程方法,发现有无Majorana零模式的电流与散粒噪声存在明显差别.零模式导致稳态电流差呈反对称,在零偏压处显示反常电导峰.电流差随零模式分裂能的增大而减小,随量子点与零模式耦合的增强而增大.另一方面,零模式导致低压散粒噪声相干振荡,零频噪声显著增强.分裂能导致相干振荡愈加明显且零频噪声减小,而量子点与零模式的耦合使零频噪声增强.当量子点与电极非对称耦合时,零模式使电子由反聚束到聚束输运,亚泊松噪声增强为超泊松噪声.稳态电流差结合低压振荡的散粒噪声能够揭示Majorana零模式是否存在.

双量子点与Majorana费米子级联结构中的散粒噪声

考虑两个量子点分别与拓扑超导纳米线两端的Majorana费米子串联耦合,利用粒子数表象下的量子主方程,研究其中电子的输运特性.存在Majorana费米子时,稳态电流差随着隧穿率的增大呈非对称分布,电子散粒噪声谱相干振荡,且零频噪声明显增强.当系统耦合强度变化时,散粒噪声进一步揭示了Majorana费米子对体系电荷输运的影响.因此,电流差结合电子散粒噪声可以表征量子点与拓扑超导体混合结构中是否存在Majorana费米子.

量子点一拓扑超导体异质结构中Majorana费米子的电导特性

本工作利用条件性量子主方程的方法来研究Majorana费米子在与量子点耦合作用下的电流与电导的性质。实验将一个马约拉纳束缚态与一个量子点相连，量子点与两个常规电极相连，称为点-马约拉纳束缚态系统。系统电流变化受Majorana费米子影响。在非零温有限电压条件下，电流曲线呈阶梯状分布，阶梯位置对应系统能量的本征值。在零偏压附近出现显著的电导峰反映了Majorana费米予的存在。

Solid-state quantum computation station

Solid-state quantum computation station belongs to the group 2 of manipulation of quantum state in the Synergetic Extreme Condition User Facility. Here we will first outline the research background, aspects, and objectives of the station, followed by a discussion of the recent scientific as well as technological progress in this field based on similar experimental facilities to be constructed in the station. Finally, a brief summary and research perspective will be presented.

Embedded Majorana islands

Mesoscopic superconducting islands hosting Majorana zero modes(MZMs),or Majorana islands in short,offer a prototype of topological qubits.In this work we investigate theoretically the model of a generic Majorana island tunneling-coupled to a singlepiece metallic substrate,hence an embedded Majorana island.We show the crucial consequences of an interplay between the topological ground states nonlocally addressed by the MZMs and the metallic bath with coherent electron propagation:on the one hand,the topological degeneracy on the Majorana island can be preserved,by virtue of the particle-hole symmetry,despite the apparent bath-induced coupling between MZMs;on the other hand,the electronic interference in the metallic bath may lead to profound alterations to the renormalization group behavior of the hybrid system towards low energy/temperature compared with conventional Kondo physics.This work serves to establish the model of embedded Majorana islands as an experimentally relevant and theoretically intriguing problem particularly in the direction of topological quantum computation.

量子计算机:量子算法与物理实现

量子算法与物理实现是量子计算机研究中的两个基本问题。本文首先总结了相关领域的主要进展,并讨论了有代表性的量子算法,特别介绍了用于求解线性方程组的量子算法,分析了影响新量子算法提出的因素。然后,探讨了物理实现的迪文森佐判据,并介绍了典型的实现方案及性能比较。同时,也关注了对量子计算机研究持有异议的观点。最后,对量子计算机的新研究方向作了探讨。

拓扑绝缘体简介

拓扑绝缘体是最近几年发现的一种全新的物质形态,由于其独特的能带结构,具有零质量的狄拉克费米子及其相关的奇妙物理特性,近些年来引起了人们的广泛关注.同时,它还展现出在自旋电子学和量子计算等领域巨大的应用前景.

基于量子点相干光学谱的马约拉纳费米子探测（英文）

研究了半导体纳米线/超导体复合结构中的马约拉纳费米子的存在情况,提出一种用相干光学谱探测马约拉纳费米子的全光学方法.将一束较强的泵浦激光和一束较弱的探测激光同时作用于半导体量子点,由系统的哈密顿量导出半导体量子点的相干光学谱.数值模拟结果表明,相干光学谱中呈现出由半导体量子点与马约拉纳费米子耦合诱导的明确的马约拉纳费米子迹象.半导体量子点与马约拉纳费米子之间的无接触性,避免了探测中杂质信号的引入.半导体量子点与马约拉纳费米子间的耦合强度和探测吸收谱中两尖峰之间的分裂宽度呈正比,可通过测量分裂宽度获得耦合强度,为耦合强度的确定提供了直观的测量方法.

热电效应在马约拉纳费米子探测领域的应用

马约拉纳费米子服从非阿贝尔统计,是制备量子比特的理想候选者之一,具有巨大的潜在应用价值,因此在凝聚态物理领域引发了大量的研究.热电效应已被证明是对其进行探测的有效手段之一.首先介绍马约拉纳费米子的制备方案,然后总结探测马约拉纳费米子的代表性手段,最后综合阐述近些年热电效应在马约拉纳费米子研究中取得的重大突破.

手征马约拉纳费米子

手征马约拉纳费米子是具有手性的无质量费米子,是其本身的反粒子,只能存在于1+1维(即1维空间+1维时间)或者9+1维.在凝聚态物理中, 1维手征马约拉纳费米子可看成1/2分数化的狄拉克费米子,并作为二维拓扑态的边缘元激发.奇数个手征马约拉纳费米子边缘态的存在也预示着体系中存在满足非阿贝尔量子统计的伊辛任意子.手征马约拉纳费米子也可进行非阿贝尔编织,理论上可用来实现容错量子计算,因此近年来在凝聚态物理研究中引起了广泛的兴趣.本文从二维拓扑态出发,介绍手征拓扑超导态和量子反常霍尔态之间的深刻联系,并由此得出量子反常霍尔平台转变与超导近邻实现手征马约拉纳费米子的方案,最后以单通道手征马约拉纳费米子为例,探讨其实现电子态的非阿贝尓量子门.

Majorana费米子的研究进展

Majorana费米子因反粒子是其本身且没有电矩和磁矩等性质而广受关注,其具有的可容错性在量子计算方面起着关键作用,能极大地提高计算机的存储能力,因而Majorana费米子成为国内外凝聚态物理界的研究热点。本文着重研究并整理Majorana费米子迄今为止的热点研究方向和相应研究进展,包括对约瑟夫森效应、量子点结构效应、Andreev反射以及Fano效应等理论模型的介绍,并对比多个相关实验的特点进行总结分析。