Deterministic Quantum Key Distribution Using Two Non-orthogonal Entangled States

A deterministic quantum key distribution scheme using two non-orthogonal entangled states is proposed. In the proposed scheme, communicators share key information by exchanging one travelling photon with two random and secret polarization angles. The security of the distributed key is guaranteed by three checking phases in three-way channel and the communicators＇ secret polarization angles.

Quantum Teleportation of One-to-Many Using （n ＋ 1）-Particle Entanglement

In this paper, quantum teleportatlon of one-to-many using （n ＋1）-particle entanglement is presented. If the sender （Alice） wants to transmit an unknown quantum state to a distant receiver （Bob）, similar to the previous schemes, Alice performs Bell-state measurement on particles belonging to herself and informs the receiver the results through the classical channel. After that, it needs to perform the Hadamard operation on the other （n - 1） particles and measure them as well. With the aid of the measurement results, Bob can operate a corresponding unitary transformation on his particle to reconstruct the original state. Of course, the reconstruction may realize at either location of n, but it cannot realize at all locations at the same time.

On the correspondence between three nodes W states in quantum network theory and the oriented links in knot theory

The GHZ states and W states are two fundamental types of three qubits quantum entangled states. For finding the knotted pictures of three nodes W states, on the one side, we empty any one node, thus obtaining three degenerated twonode W states, then we find the nonzero submatrix of the corresponding covariance correlation tensor in quantum network theory. On the other side, excepting the linkage 41 corresponding to Bell bases, we conjecture that the another one possible oriented link （which is composed of two-component knots entangled with each other and has four crossings） would be the required knotted pictures of the two nodes W states, thence obtain the nonzero submatrix of the Alexander relation matrix in the theory of knot crystals for these knotted pictures. The equality of the two nonzero submatfices of different kinds thus verify the exactness of our conjecture. The superposition of three knotted pictures of two-node W states from different choices of the emptied node gives the knotted pictures of three-node W states, thus shows the correspondence between three-node W states in quantum network theory and the oriented links in knot theory. Finally we point out that there is an intimate and simple relationship between the knotted pictures of GHZ states and W states.

Anonymous voting for multi-dimensional CV quantum system

We investigate the design of anonymous voting protocols,CV-based binary-valued ballot and CV-based multi-valued ballot with continuous variables（CV） in a multi-dimensional quantum cryptosystem to ensure the security of voting procedure and data privacy.The quantum entangled states are employed in the continuous variable quantum system to carry the voting information and assist information transmission,which takes the advantage of the GHZ-like states in terms of improving the utilization of quantum states by decreasing the number of required quantum states.It provides a potential approach to achieve the efficient quantum anonymous voting with high transmission security,especially in large-scale votes.

Quantum metrology

The statistical error is ineluctable in any measurement. Quantum techniques, especially with the development of quantum information, can help us squeeze the statistical error and enhance the precision of measurement. In a quantum system, there are some quantum parameters, such as the quantum state, quantum operator, and quantum dimension, which have no classical counterparts. So quantum metrology deals with not only the traditional parameters, but also the quantum parameters. Quantum metrology includes two important parts： measuring the physical parameters with a precision beating the classical physics limit and measuring the quantum parameters precisely. In this review, we will introduce how quantum characters （e.g., squeezed state and quantum entanglement） yield a higher precision, what the research areas are scientists most interesting in, and what the development status of quantum metrology and its perspectives are.

Super-resolution and super-sensitivity of entangled squeezed vacuum state using optimal detection strategy

Interference metrology is a method for achieving high precision detection by phase estimation. The phase sensitivity of a traditional interferometer is subject to the standard quantum limit, while its resolution is constrained by the Rayleigh diffraction limit. The resolution and sensitivity of phase measurement can be enhanced by using quantum metrology. We propose a quantum interference metrology scheme using the entangled squeezed vacuum state, which is obtained using the magic beam splitter, expressed as ｜ψ〉=（｜ξ〉｜0〉＋｜0〉｜ξ〉）/√2＋2/coshr, such as the N00 N state. We derive the phase sensitivity and the resolution of the system with Z detection, project detection, and parity detection. By simulation and analysis, we determine that parity detection is an optimal detection method, which can break through the Rayleigh diffraction limit and the standard quantum limit.

An Improved Quantum Information Hiding Protocol Based on Entanglement Swapping of χ-type Quantum States

In 2011, Qu et al. proposed a quantum information hiding protocol based on the entanglement swapping of χ-type quantum states. Because a χ-type state can be described by the 4-particle cat states which have good symmetry,the possible output results of the entanglement swapping between a given χ-type state and all of the 16 χ-type states are divided into 8 groups instead of 16 groups of different results when the global phase is not considered. So it is difficult to read out the secret messages since each result occurs twice in each line(column) of the secret messages encoding rule for the original protocol. In fact, a 3-bit instead of a 4-bit secret message can be encoded by performing two unitary transformations on 2 particles of a χ-type quantum state in the original protocol. To overcome this defect, we propose an improved quantum information hiding protocol based on the general term formulas of the entanglement swapping among χ-type states.

Routing protocol for wireless quantum multi-hop mesh backbone network based on partially entangled GHZ state

Quantum multi-hop teleportation is important in the field of quantum communication. In this study, we propose a quantum multi-hop communication model and a quantum routing protocol with multi- hop teleportation for wireless mesh backbone networks. Based on an analysis of quantum multi-hop protocols, a partially entangled Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger （GHZ） state is selected as the quantum channel for the proposed protocol. Both quantum and classical wireless channels exist between two neighboring nodes along the route. With the proposed routing protocol, quantum information can be transmitted hop by hop from the source node to the destination node. Based on multi-hop telepor- tation based on the partially entangled GHZ state, a quantum route established with the minimum number of hops. The difference between our routing protocol and the classical one is that in the for- mer, the processes used to find a quantum route and establish quantum channel entanglement occur simultaneously. The Bell state measurement results of each hop are piggybacked to quantum route finding information. This method reduces the total number of packets and the magnitude of air inter- face delay. The deduction of the establishment of a quantum channel between source and destination is also presented here. The final success probability of quantum multi-hop teleportation in wireless mesh backbone networks was simulated and analyzed. Our research shows that quantum multi-hop teleportation in wireless mesh backbone networks through a partially entangled GHZ state is feasible.

Quantum Private Comparison of Equal Information Based on Highly Entangled Six-Qubit Genuine State

Using the highly entangled six-qubit genuine state we present a quantum private comparison(QPC)protocol, which enables two users to compare the equality of two bits of their secrets in every round comparison with the assistance of a semi-honest third party(TP). The proposed protocol needs neither unitary operations nor quantum entanglement swapping technology, both of which may consume expensive quantum devices. Single particle measurements and Bell-basis measurements, which are easy to implement with current technologies, are employed by two users and TP in the proposed protocol, respectively. The proposed protocol can withstand all kinds of outside attacks and participant attacks. Moreover, none of information about the two users' private secrets and the comparison result is leaked out to TP.

Generalized Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering paradox

Quantum paradoxes are essential means to reveal the incompatibility between quantum and classical theories,among which the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen(EPR)steering paradox offers a sharper criterion for the contradiction between localhidden-state model and quantum mechanics than the usual inequality-based method.In this work,we present a generalized EPR steering paradox,which predicts a contradictory equality“2Q=(1+δ)C”(0≤δ<1)given by the quantum(Q)and classical(C)theories.For any N-qubit state in which the conditional state of the steered party is pure,we test the paradox through a two-setting steering protocol,and find that the state is steerable if some specific measurement requirements are satisfied.Moreover,our construction also enlightens the building of EPR steering inequality,which may contribute to some schemes for typical quantum teleportation and quantum key distributions.

Decoherence Effect and Beam Splitters for Production of Quasi-Amplified Entangled Quantum Optical Light

We let a set of beam splitters of vacuum mode with a chosen transmittance parameter η in interaction with a separable coherent states.This model induces the production of an attenuated quantum channels based on entangled optical states.Indeed,the decoherence effect is exploited positively here to generate such kind of quantum channels.Next,the amplitude damping and the entanglement amount of these produced channels are enhanced thereafter by a probabilistic quasi amplification process using again a 50 : 50 beam splitter.