The Origin of Quarks in Quantum Gravity

A theory of quantum gravity has recently been developed by the author based on the concept that all forces converge to one at the moment of Creation. This primordial field can only interact with itself, as no other field exists, contrasting with the Standard Model of Particle Physics in which each elementary particle is an excitation in its own quantum field. The primordial field theory of quantum gravity has produced a model of a fermion with a mass gap, ½-integral spin, discrete charge, and magnetic moment. The mass gap is based on an existence theorem that is anchored in Yang-Mills, while Calabi-Yau anchors ½-integral spin, with charge and magnetic moment based on duality. Based on N-windings, this work is here extended to encompass fractional charge, with the result applied to quarks, yielding fermion mass and charge in agreement with experiment and novel size correlations and a unique quantum gravity-based ontological understanding of quarks.

An Original Didactic about Standard Model (Geometric Model of Particle: The Quarks)

This work shows a didactic model representative of the quarks described in the Standard Model (SM). In the model, particles are represented by structures corresponding to geometric shapes of coupled quantum oscillators (GMP). From these didactic hypotheses emerges an in-depth phenomenology of particles (quarks) fully compatible with that of SM, showing, besides, that the number of possible quarks is six.

Structure of the Quarks and a New Model of Protons and Neutrons: Answer to Some Open Questions

The described structural model tries to answer some open questions such as: Why do quarks not exist in the open state? Where are the antiparticles from the Big Bang?

Higgs-Like Mechanism by Confinement of Quarks in a Chemical Non-Equilibrium Model

A chemical non-equilibrium equation for binding of massless quarks to antiquarks, combined with the spatial correlations occurring in the condensation process, yields a density dependent form of the double-well potential in the electroweak theory. The Higgs boson acquires mass, valence quarks emerge and antiparticles become suppressed when the system relaxes and symmetry breaks down. The hitherto unknown dimensionless coupling parameter to the superconductor-like potential becomes a re-gulator of the quark-antiquark asymmetry. Only a small amount of quarks become “visible”—the valence quarks, which are 13% of the total sum of all quarks and antiquarks—suggesting that the quarks-antiquark pair components of the becoming quark-antiquark sea play the role of dark matter. When quark-masses are in-weighted, this number approaches the observed ratio between ordinary matter and the sum of ordinary and dark matter. The model also provides a chemical non-equilibrium explanation for the information loss in black holes, such as of baryon number.

The Integer-Fraction Principle of the Digital Electric Charge for Quarks and Quasiparticles

In the integer-fraction principle of the digital electric charge, individual integral charge and individual fractional charge are the digital representations of the allowance and the disallowance of irreversible kinetic energy, respectively. The disallowance of irreversible kinetic energy for individual fractional charge brings about the confinement of individual fractional charges to restrict irreversible movement resulted from irreversible kinetic energy. Collective fractional charges are confined by the short-distance confinement force field where the sum of the collective fractional charges is integer. As a result, fractional charges are confined and collective. The confinement force field includes gluons in QCD (quantum chromodynamics) for collective fractional charge quarks in hadrons and the magnetic flux quanta for collective fractional charge quasiparticles in the fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE). The collectivity of fractional charges requires the attachment of energy as flux quanta to bind collective fractional charges. The integer-fraction transformation from integral charges to fractional charges consists of the three steps: 1) the attachment of an even number of flux quanta to individual integral charge fermions to form individual integral charge composite fermions, 2) the attachment of an odd number of flux quanta to individual integral charge composite fermions to form transitional collective integral charge composite bosons, and 3) the conversion of flux quanta into the confinement force field to confine collective fractional charge composite fermions converted from composite bosons. The charges of quarks are fractional, because QCD (the strong force) emerges in the universe that has no irreversible kinetic energy. Kinetic energy emerged in the universe after the emergence of the strong force. The charges of the quasiparticles in the FQHE are fractional because of the confinement by a two-dimensional system, the Landau levels, and an extremely low temperature and the collectivity by high energy magnetic flux quanta. From the integer-fraction transformation from integral charge electrons to fractional charge quarks, the calculated masses of pion, muon and constituent quarks are in excellent agreement with the observed values.

The Accurate Mass Formulas of Leptons, Quarks, Gauge Bosons, the Higgs Boson, and Cosmic Rays

One of the biggest unsolved problems in physics is the particle masses of all elementary particles which cannot be calculated accurately and predicted theoretically. In this paper, the unsolved problem of the particle masses is solved by the accurate mass formulas which calculate accurately and predict theoretically the particle masses of all leptons, quarks, gauge bosons, the Higgs boson, and cosmic rays (the knees-ankles-toe) by using only five known constants: the number (seven) of the extra spatial dimensions in the eleven-dimensional membrane, the mass of electron, the masses of Z and W bosons, and the fine structure constant. The calculated masses are in excellent agreements with the observed masses. For examples, the calculated masses of muon, top quark, pion, neutron, and the Higgs boson are 105.55 MeV, 175.4 GeV, 139.54 MeV, 939.43 MeV, and 126 GeV, respectively, in excellent agreements with the observed 105.65 MeV, 173.3 GeV, 139.57 MeV, 939.27 MeV, and 126 GeV, respectively. The mass formulas also calculate accurately the masses of the new particle at 750 GeV from the LHC and the new light boson at 17 MeV. The theoretical base of the accurate mass formulas is the periodic table of elementary particles. As the periodic table of elements is derived from atomic orbitals, the periodic table of elementary particles is derived from the seven principal mass dimensional orbitals and seven auxiliary mass dimensional orbitals. All elementary particles including leptons, quarks, gauge bosons, the Higgs boson, and cosmic rays can be placed in the periodic table of elementary particles. The periodic table of elementary particles is based on the theory of everything as the computer simulation model of physical reality consisting of the mathematical computation, digital representation and selective retention components. The computer simulation model of physical reality provides the seven principal mass dimensional orbitals and seven auxiliary mass dimensional orbitals for the periodic table of elementary particles.

A New Quantum Number Triangular Array That Defines the Internal Organization of Valence Quarks, the Hadron Quark Model, and the CKM Matrix

Purpose: The Harmonic Neutron Hypothesis, HNH, has demonstrated that many of the fundamental physical constants, including the quarks, are associated with partial harmonic fractional exponents, , of a fundamental frequency, vF. The model has shown that the properties of the quarks are based on a progression of prime number composites. They also fall on three separate power law lines related to integer factors of the Y-intercept, , of a fundamental electromagnetic line which is scaled by the Rydberg constant, R and Planck’s constant. The quark lines are scaled by the quantum number factors {1, 2, 3}, and their Y-intercepts are referred to as nbem. The goal is to present a new proto-quark model in a six-quark inverted triangular array that defines the global organization of the valence quarks, which determines the hadronic quantum numbers, the standard hadron quark model, and the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix. Methods: The charm, bottom, top quarks are associated with power law line Y-intercept, nbem equal to 1;the strange and down quarks with nbem equal to 2;and the up quark with nbem equal to 3. An inverted equilateral triangular array with three rows arranged from upper row (triangle base) to bottom row (triangle vertex), is associated respectively with nbem numbers 1, 2, and 3. The novelty of our perspective thus defines a new global valence quark organization which supersedes the Standard hadron composite quark model. The quarks are ordered via relative mass, partial fractions, and nbem quantum number. The top row of our inverted triangle includes the c, b, and t quarks from left to right;the middle row depicts the d and s quarks;and the bottom row, the up quark. Results: Our array depicts a quantum generator of the global organization of the valence quarks defining the composite quark model. The vertices of the triangular array are the up quarks, the midpoints are the down quarks. All weak transitions are from a corner to a midpoint or vice versa. The standard 3 by 3 CKM matrix is generated from the new quark triangle with each up type quark (u, c, and t) transforming to each down type (d, s, and b), with their experimental flavor transition magnitudes given. Conclusion: A new quark quantum number, nbem, is an important discovery that generates a new proto-valence quark triangle that secondarily generates the composite quark model and the CKM matrix.

Geometric Scaling Analysis of Deep Inelastic Scattering Data Including Heavy Quarks

An analytic massive total cross section of photon proton scattering is derived, which has geometric scaling. A geometric scaling is used to perform a global analysis of the deep inelastic scattering data on inclusive structure function F2 measured in lepton-hadron scattering experiments at small values of Bjorken x. It is shown that the descriptions of the inclusive structure function F2 and longitudinal structure function FL are improved with the massive analytic structure function, which may imply the gluon saturation effect dominating the parton evolution process at HERA. The inclusion of the heavy quarks prevent the divergence of the lepton-hadron cross section, which plays a significant role in the description of the photoproduction region.

Curvature of Pseudocritical Transition Line for Two-Flavor QCD with Improved Kogut-Susskind Quarks

The results on the curvature of a pseudocritical transition line for two-flavor QCD through lattice simulations are presented. The simulations are carried out with Symanzik-improved gauge action and Asqtad fermion action on a lattice 12^3×4 at quark mass am = 0.010. At the imaginary chemical potentials aμ1 = 0.050, 0.150, 0.200, 0.225 and 0.250, we investigate the chiral condensate ψψ, plaquette variable P and imaginary part of Polyakov loop Im（L） and their susceptibilities. Analytic continuation from an imaginary chemical potential to a real one is used to obtain the expression for transition temperature as a function of the chemical potential. The curvature is 0.0326（46）.

Dark Energy and Dark Matter as Relative Energy between Quarks in Nucleon

Dark energy and dark matter in the universe are assigned to the positive and negative, respectively, “hidden” relative energies between the diquark and quark in nucleon in the scalar strong interaction hadron theory, SSI. The origin of the “darkness” is that quarks cannot be observed individually.

Cosmic Applications of Relative Energy between Quarks in Nucleons

By taking into account the relative energy between the diquark and the quark in nucleons, the gravitational singularity in a black hole created from a collapsing neutron star can be removed;compatibility with quantum mechanics is restored. This black hole becomes a “black” neutron star. The negative relative energy identified as dark matter in the previous paper can account for the galaxy rotation curve. The positive relative energy identified as dark energy in the previous paper can explain the accelerating expansion of the universe. A possible scenario for cosmic ray generation is given.

IBM发布开源物联网应用开发工具Quarks

Quarks是基于IBM Streams的一款产品,该套工具将帮助制造商与程序员开发出高效的基于物联网感应数据的应用。

Possible Modular Structure of Matter Based on the “YY Model” Approach —An Overview of the Construction Rules for Quarks and Atomic Nuclei with Configurative Examples for Neutron, Proton, Deuteron and Dineutron

The newly developed YY model contains a set of constitutive rules to describe the structures of atomic nuclei and subatomic particles, by using two elementary sub-quark particles, the Yin and Yang fermions of charge 1/3 forming all the particles of the Standard Model. This model suggests a modular structure of the universe, in which two elementary constituents recursively form all the matter. The advantage of this hypothesis is that it provides a total symmetry and a noticeably clear conceptual understanding. Moreover, it justifies the cosmological formation of a limited number of atoms, e.g., H and Li with their isotopes, considering that matter can be produced as a free agglomerate of semi-stable neutrons, which would lead to the feeding of baryonic matter in the universe. In this current article, some further theoretical aspects are proposed as an evolution of the YY model. They cover correlation paths between interacting quarks, the considerations of color forces between yin-yang elementary elements. Moreover, an agreement of the YY model with the Teplov approach based on harmonic quarks and oscillators is established, and the mass of Yin and Yang is considered. Two example nuclei are used for the analysis: a radioactively stable deuteron (containing a neutron and a proton) and a possible semi-stable dineutron (roughly “consisting of two neutrons”), which is purely theoretical, represent a very natural and legal nuclear state within YY model. Based on the results obtained here, some indications are given for a possible simple experimental verification providing proof for the stability or instability of the dineutron.

The Bare and Dressed Masses of Quarks in Pions via the of Quarks’ Geometric Model

In previous articles (Guido) we demonstrated that Quarks (u, d) are represented by golden geometric structures of coupled quantum oscillators. In this article we show the geometric structure of the pion triplet and, in particular, via the structure equation of neutral pion, we identify its decays and we solve the spin question in hadrons thanks also to introduction of algebraic operations [?, ⊕] on geometric structure. Moreover by means of the golden ratio between (u, d), we determine the values of bare masses of quarks (3.51 MeV for u-quark and 5.67 MeV for d-quark) and those ones bounded in a pion (53.31 MeV for u-quark and 85.26 MeV for d-quark). Finally, using algebraic operations [?, ⊕] we point out a new way to represent the processes of pions’ decay.

The Theoretical Value of Mass of the Light <i>η</i>-Meson via the Quarks’ Geometric Model

Highlighting a golden triangular form in u and d quarks (Quark Geometric Model), we build the geometric structures of light meson η and individualize its decays and spin. By the structure equations describing mesons, we determine a mathematic procedure to calculate the theoretical value of the mass of light mesons η.

The Theoretical Spectrum of Mass of the Light Mesons without Strangeness via the Quarks’ Geometric Model

Using the “Aureum Geometric Model” (AGM) of quarks, we formulate the structure equations describing mesons and, by a mathematic procedure, we calculate the theoretical spectrum of mass values of light mesons without strangeness.

On Quarks and Gluons

This article gives the potential energy function of quark in the gluon field, derives the wave function of quark in stationary state and the quark confinement and asymptotic freedom, shows that a quark is composed of two different color gluons, expounds the formation mechanism of the quark confinement and asymptotic freedom and the physical substance of “colors” of quark, and discusses the stability of hadrons in the end.

Mass-effect of Quarks in Freeze-out from Quark-gluon Plasma

The effects of masses of quarks and light gluions on the temperature of Quark-Gluon Plasma(QGP)is taken into account in Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)bag model while freeze-out of quarks from QGP is discussed in the break-up model.It turns out that in the last stage of development of QGP,quark species will freeze-out in the heavier to lighter order,which may not be changed by unavoidable production of other particles(e.g.,gluions).

X0(2900)and X1(2900):Hadronic Molecules or Compact Tetraquarks

Very recently the LHCb collaboration reported their observation of the first two fully open-flavor tetraquark states,the X 0(2900)of J P=0^+and the X 1(2900)of J P=1^−.We study their possible interpretations using the method of QCD sum rules,paying special attention to an interesting feature of this experiment that the higher resonance X 1(2900)has a width significantly larger than the lower one X 0(2900).Our results suggest that the X 0(2900)can be interpreted as the s-wave D∗−K∗+molecule state of J P=0^+,and the X 1(2900)can be interpreted as the p-wave¯c¯s u d compact tetraquark state of J P=1^−.Mass predictions of their bottom partners are also given.

Calculations for Density of Quark Core Consisting of Mono Flavored Closely Packed Quarks inside Neutron Star

The attempt has been taken to calculate the density of stars possessing quark matter core using sphere packing concept of crystallography. The quark matter has been taken as solid in nature as predicted in references 36 and 37, and due to immense gravitational pressure at the core of the star the densest packing of quarks as spheres has been assumed to calculate the packing fraction Φ, thus the density ρ of the matter. Three possible types of pickings—mono-sized sphere packing, binary sphere packing and ternary sphere packing, have been worked out using three possible types of quark matter. It has been concluded that no value about the ρ of quark matter can be calculated using binary and ternary packing conditions and for mono-sized packing condition different flavor quark matters of different values in the density have been calculated using results from the experiments done by HI, ZEUS, L3 and CDF Collaborations about the radius limit of quark. For example, for u quark matter ρ ranges from 4.0587 × 1048 - 7.40038 × 1048 MeV/c2 cm3 using results of L3 Collaboration, for s quark matter 15.91794 × 1048 - 17.6866 × 1048 MeV/c2 cm3, etc.