Effect of Salt Solution on Characteristics of Soil Infiltration

[Objective] The aim was to study the effect of salt solution on characteristics of soil infiltration, and to provide references for the further studies on the effect of water quality on soil infiltration characteristics and its mechanism. [Method] With the NaCl, CaCl2 solutions as the main test materials, the effect of different water quality and salt solution concentration on soil infiltration was studied under one-dimensional vertical ponded water infiltration at laboratory. [Result] The solution concentration could affect the infiltration performance. The trends of the infiltration rates, cumulative infiltrations and wetting front migration distances were all 50 mg/L 100 mg/L 10 mg/L. At the same concentration, the effect of NaCl solution on soil infiltration characteristics was more significant than CaCl2 solution： in the same time, cumulative infiltration and wetting front migration distance of NaCl solution were greater than CaCl2 solution; compared with NaCl solution, CaCl2 solution took longer time to infiltrate the same amount of water. The dynamic changes of infiltration rate, wetting front and cumulative infiltration were well fitted to the Philip model. [Conclusion] This study only conducted indoor experiment to the infiltration of salt solutions, involving in low concentration and small range. Although it provided some references for the study on the effect of water quality on soil infiltration characteristics and its mechanism, studies in larger areas and with bigger concentrations are demanding.

An Analytical Solution for One-Dimensional Water Infiltration and Redistribution in Unsaturated Soil

Soil infiltration and redistribution are important processes in field water cycle, and it is necessary to develop a simple model to describe the processes. In this study, an algebraic solution for one-dimensional water infiltration and redistribution without evaporation in unsaturated soil was developed based on Richards equation. The algebraic solution had three parameters, namely, the saturated water conductivity, the comprehensive shape coefficient of the soil water content distribution, and the soil suction allocation coefficient. To analyze the physical features of these parameters, a relationship between the Green-Ampt model and the algebraic solution was established. The three parameters were estimated based on experimental observations, whereas the soil water content and the water infiltration duration were calculated using the algebraic solution. The calculated soil water content and infiltration duration were compared with the experimental observations, and the results indicated that the algebraic solution accurately described the unsaturated soil water flow processes.

Effect of the tumescent infiltration solution temperature on body temperature

Objective To evaluate the effect of tumescent infiltration solution temperature on core body temperatureafter liposuction.Methods 15 healthy female subjects were randomly divided into 2 groups to receive tumescent infiltration

Surrogate modeling for unsaturated infiltration via the physics and equality-constrained artificial neural networks

Machine learning(ML)provides a new surrogate method for investigating groundwater flow dynamics in unsaturated soils.Traditional pure data-driven methods(e.g.deep neural network,DNN)can provide rapid predictions,but they do require sufficient on-site data for accurate training,and lack interpretability to the physical processes within the data.In this paper,we provide a physics and equalityconstrained artificial neural network(PECANN),to derive unsaturated infiltration solutions with a small amount of initial and boundary data.PECANN takes the physics-informed neural network(PINN)as a foundation,encodes the unsaturated infiltration physical laws(i.e.Richards equation,RE)into the loss function,and uses the augmented Lagrangian method to constrain the learning process of the solutions of RE by adding stronger penalty for the initial and boundary conditions.Four unsaturated infiltration cases are designed to test the training performance of PECANN,i.e.one-dimensional(1D)steady-state unsaturated infiltration,1D transient-state infiltration,two-dimensional(2D)transient-state infiltration,and 1D coupled unsaturated infiltration and deformation.The predicted results of PECANN are compared with the finite difference solutions or analytical solutions.The results indicate that PECANN can accurately capture the variations of pressure head during the unsaturated infiltration,and present higher precision and robustness than DNN and PINN.It is also revealed that PECANN can achieve the same accuracy as the finite difference method with fewer initial and boundary training data.Additionally,we investigate the effect of the hyperparameters of PECANN on solving RE problem.PECANN provides an effective tool for simulating unsaturated infiltration.

Solute carrier family 2 members 1 and 2 as prognostic biomarkers in hepatocellular carcinoma associated with immune infiltration

BACKGROUND Metabolic reprogramming has been identified as a core hallmark of cancer.Solute carrier family 2 is a major glucose carrier family.It consists of 14 members,and we mainly study solute carrier family 2 member 1(SLC2A1)and solute carrier family 2 member 2(SLC2A2)here.SLC2A1,mainly existing in human erythrocytes,brain endothelial cells,and normal placenta,was found to be increased in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),while SLC2A2,the major transporter of the normal liver,was decreased in HCC.AIM To identify if SLC2A1 and SLC2A2 were associated with immune infiltration in addition to participating in the metabolic reprogramming in HCC.METHODS The expression levels of SLC2A1 and SLC2A2 were tested in HepG2 cells,HepG215 cells,and multiple databases.The clinical characteristics and survival data of SLC2A1 and SLC2A2 were examined by multiple databases.The correlation between SLC2A1 and SLC2A2 was analyzed by multiple databases.The functions and pathways in which SLC2A1,SLC2A2,and frequently altered neighbor genes were involved were discussed in String.Immune infiltration levels and immune marker genes associated with SLC2A1 and SLC2A2 were discussed from multiple databases.RESULTS The expression level of SLC2A1 was up-regulated,but the expression level of SLC2A2 was down-regulated in HepG2 cells,HepG215 cells,and liver cancer patients.The expression levels of SLC2A1 and SLC2A2 were related to tumor volume,grade,and stage in HCC.Interestingly,the expression levels of SLC2A1 and SLC2A2 were negatively correlated.Further,high SLC2A1 expression and low SLC2A2 expression were linked to poor overall survival and relapse-free survival.SLC2A1,SLC2A2,and frequently altered neighbor genes played a major role in the occurrence and development of tumors.Notably,SLC2A1 was positively correlated with tumor immune infiltration,while SLC2A2 was negatively correlated with tumor immune infiltration.Particularly,SLC2A2 methylation was positively correlated with lymphocytes.CONCLUSION SLC2A1 and SLC2A2 are independent therapeutic targets for HCC,and they are quintessential marker molecules for predicting and regulating the number and status of immune cells in HCC.

Experimental investigation on rainfall infiltration and solute transport in layered porous and fractured media

Layered structures with upper porous and lower fractured media are widely distributed in the world. An experimen- tal investigation on rainfall infiltration and solute transport in such layered structures can provide the necessary foundation for effectively preventing and forecasting water bursting in mines, controlling contamination of mine water, and accomplishing ecological restoration of mining areas. A typical physical model of the layered structures with porous and fractured media was created in this study. Then rainfall infiltration experiments were conducted after salt solution was sprayed on the surface of the layered structure. The volumetric water content and concentration of chlorine ions at different specified positions along the profile of the experiment system were measured in real-time. The experimental results showed that the lower fractured media, with a considerably higher permeability than that of the upper porous media, had significant effects on preventing water infil- tration. Moreover, although the porous media were homogeneous statistically in the whole domain, spatial variations in the features of effluent concentrations with regards to time, or so called breakthrough curves, at various sampling points located at the horizontal plane in the porous media near the porous-fractured interface were observed, indicating the diversity of solute transport at small scales. Furthermore, the breakthrough curves of the outflow at the bottom, located beneath the underlying fractured rock, were able to capture and integrate features of the breakthrough curves of both the upper porous and fractured media, which exhibited multiple peaks, while the peak values were reduced one by one with time.

Modeling Water Infiltration and Solute Transfer in a Heterogeneous Vadose Zone as a Function of Entering Flow Rates

Due to its rapid movement, preferential flow (PF) in the vadose zone allows much faster contaminant transport, which may have a significant impact on ground-water quality. PF can occur in heterogeneous vadose zones and it strongly depends on hydric and hydraulic conditions like entering flow rates at surface. This study deals with the modeling of the establishment of PF, and related solute transfer during the infiltration phase in a strongly heterogeneous glaciofluvial deposit. This deposit is made of four contrasting lithofacies (sand, gravel, bimodal gravel and matrix-free gravel) and lies underneath an urban infiltration basin (Lyon, France). Previous studies have been carried out on this site and linked the regionalization of soil pollution with the lithological heterogeneity. But none of them clearly demonstrated how heterogeneity could impact flow and solute transfer and may explain such a regionalization. In this study, we model flow and solute transfer at the trench scale for both uniform and heterogeneous profiles in order to characterize the effect of lithological heterogeneity. In addition, such a modeling was performed for two different entering flow rates to depict the influence of condition at surface on PF. A key result is that heterogeneity clearly impacts unsaturated flow and solute transfer. Numerical modeling permitted pointing out the existence of PF paths associated with the sedimentary heterogeneity of the glaciofluvial deposit. For lower surface fluxes, the sand lens and matrix-free gravel were the sources of capillary barrier effects, leading to a funneled flow and a groundwater recharge characterized by earlier and more dispersed wetting fronts. Such a flow pattern enhances solutes transfer and reduces solute retention by soil. Thus, the effect of heterogeneity on solute transfer is significant, especially for the most reactive solutes.

Development of Si_3N_4/Al composite by pressureless melt infiltration

Pressureless infiltration process to synthesize Si3N4/Al composite was investigated. Al-2%Mg alloy was infiltrated into Si3N4 and Si3N4 containing 10% Al2O3 preforms in the atmosphere of nitrogen. It is possible to infiltrate Al-2%Mg alloy in Si3N4 and Si3N4 containing 10% Al2O3 preforms. The growth of the dense composite of useful thickness was facilitated by the presence of magnesium powder at the interface and by flowing nitrogen. During infiltration Si3N4 reacted with aluminium to form Si and AlN, the growth of composite was found to proceed in two ways, depending on the Al2O3 content in the initial preform. Firstly, preform without Al2O3 content gives rise to AlN, Al3.27Si0.47 and Al type phases after infiltration. Secondly, perform with 10% Al2O3 content gives rise to AlN-Al2O3 solid solution phase (AlON), MgAl2O4, Al and Si type phases. AlON phase was only present in composite, containing 10% Al2O3 in the Si3N4 preforms before infiltration.

Pressureless infiltration of Si_3N_4 preforms with an Al-2wt%Mg alloy

The pressureless infiltration process to synthesize a silicon nitride composite was investigated. An Al-2wt%Mg alloy was infiltrated into silicon nitride preforms in the atmosphere of nitrogen. It is possible to infiltrate the Al-2wt%Mg alloy in silicon nitride preforms, The growth of the composite with useful thickness was facilitated by the presence of magnesium powder at the interface and by flowing nitrogen. The microstructure of the Si3N4-Al composite has been characterized using scanning electron microscope. During the infiltration of Si3N4 preforms, Si3N4 reacted with aluminium to form silicon and AIN. The silicon produced during the growth consumed in the formation of MgSiAIO, MgSiAlN and Al3.27Si0.47 type phases. The growth of the composite was found to proceed in two ways, depending on the oxide content in the initial preforms, First, less oxide content preforms gave rise to MgAlSiO and MgAlSiN type phases after infiltration. Second, more oxide content preforms gave rise to AlN-Al2O3 solid solution phase （AlON）, The AlON phase was only present in the composite, containing 10% aluminium in the silicon nitride preforms before infiltration.

Transient-state instability analysis of dissolution-timescale reactive infiltration in fluid-saturated porous rocks: Purely mathematical approach

This paper deals with how the purely mathematical approach can be used to solve transient-state instability problems of dissolution-timescale reactive infiltration(DTRI) in fluid-saturated porous rocks. Three key steps involved in such an approach are:(1) to mathematically derive an analytical solution(known as the base solution or conventional solution) for a quasi-steady state problem of the dissolution timescale, which is viewed as a frozen state of the original transient-state instability problem;(2)to mathematically deduce a group of first-order perturbation partial-differential equations(PDEs) for the quasi-steady state problem;(3) to mathematically derive an analytical solution(known as the perturbation solution or unconventional solution) for this group of first-order perturbation PDEs. Because of difficulty in mathematically solving a transient-state instability problem of DTRI in general cases, only a special case, in which some nonlinear coupling between governing PDEs of the problem can be decoupled, is considered to illustrate these three key steps in this study. The related theoretical results demonstrated that the transient chemical dissolution front can become unstable in the DTRI system of large Zh numbers when the long wavelength perturbations are applied to the system. This new finding may lay the theoretical foundation for developing innovative technique to exploit shale gas resources in the deep Earth.

降雨条件下植被根系对非饱和土浅层滑坡的加固作用

为了研究降雨条件下植被根系对非饱和土边坡浅层滑移的稳定性,基于可计算任意时刻任意土层深度处孔隙水压力分布与变化特征的降雨入渗解析模型,通过理论解析方法研究降雨入渗作用、植被根系抗拉强度、根面积指数以及根系生长方向等因素对边坡浅层滑移稳定性的影响。结果表明,植被根系的抗拉强度越大或根面积指数越大,则边坡的稳定性越强。随着边坡坡角的增大,植被根系对边坡稳定性的加固效应越加明显。此外,植被根系的生长方向也会对加固效果产生明显影响。在实际工程中,应在合理控制植被根系生长方向的基础上,选择根系发达且发育较长同时具有较大根面积指数的植被,以达到更好的护坡效果。

湖北省2019-2021年岩溶碳汇估算及其驱动因子分析

碳酸盐岩在水循环过程中的碳汇效应显著,加之岩溶地貌在我国分布广泛,所以探求岩溶碳汇潜力的研究对制定区域增汇策略具有重要意义。选取位于西南岩溶区的湖北省为重点研究区域,基于水化学径流法及入渗-平衡化学法进行定量化计算和比较,利用ArcGIS空间分析技术整体评估湖北省2019-2021年岩溶碳汇的空间格局与量级,探索更适宜应用于区域尺度的岩溶作用碳汇估算方法,综合分析岩溶碳汇的驱动因子,发掘更大的增汇潜力。研究结果表明:(1)采用入渗-平衡化学法估算3 a碳汇强度大小为2020年>2019年>2021年,丰水年(2020年)岩溶碳汇总量约为枯水年(2019年)的6倍,3 a年均碳汇强度为12.84 t/(km^(2)·a),碳汇总量达163.89×10^(4) t/a;(2)相较于水化学径流法,入渗-平衡化学法计算结果更为准确,获取数据资料较为简单,大小空间尺度都具有一定的普适性;(3)碳汇作用变化是高度动态的,气候变化下变化幅度主要由径流深决定,碳汇强度随径流深增大而变强,土地利用类型调控着岩溶作用碳汇强度;(4)鄂西南地区岩溶作用强烈,可建立岩溶碳汇试验区,定量评估人工干预所带来的增汇效果。研究结果不仅提供了精确易行的岩溶碳汇估算方法,而且确定了湖北省岩溶碳汇的量级与空间格局,摸清了碳汇强度驱动因子的共同耦合作用,体现了岩溶碳汇的人为可调控性以及复杂性,进一步为环境保护政策、人工增汇措施的制定提供了可靠的科学依据。

植物纤维对MS培养液中烟酸和维生素B_(6)的水平浸润传质效应

为筛选用于所发明帘状锚固培养生物反应器培养床的纤维,模拟反应器通过纤维丝将培养液浸润传质到愈伤组织细胞的流程创制了“纤维水平浸润传质模拟装置”,结合改进的烟酸、维生素B6、维生素B1 HPLC同步检测法,流动相洗脱体系采用庚烷磺酸钠溶液∶乙腈=90∶10(V∶V)等度洗脱等,研究16种纤维集束对MS培养液中烟酸、维生素B6和维生素B1的水平浸润传质效应。结果表明,16种纤维集束水平浸润传质具有升降MS培养液中烟酸、维生素B6浓度的效应,但效应持续时间均不超过84 min,且具有较明显种类间差异,秸秆和木材纤维的作用效应弱于茎皮和竹材纤维。慈竹、青皮竹竹材纤维集束中烟酸浓度的升降较明显,在0.02~2.58μg/mL,苎麻茎皮纤维集束中烟酸浓度的升幅最高,达3.17μg/mL,是原浓度的5倍多,持续时间72 min。青皮竹、毛竹竹材纤维集束传质液中维生素B6的浓度出现下降至零点的效应,苎麻茎皮纤维集束中出现较原浓度升高2倍的高点,其他种类纤维集束中3种维生素的浓度升降较小。虽然植物纤维集束会导致传质液中3种维生素的浓度升高或降低,但作用效应的持续时间均只在纤维集束饱和吸液后的84 min内。

径流对缓坡饱和土壤溶质影响的实验研究

降雨条件下,土壤溶质随径流的产生发生迁移。利用室内实验,研究缓坡饱和土壤溶质流失的时间规律、溶质浓度在垂直入渗和坡面径流两个方向上的变化规律。结果表明:在径流过程中,溶质流失速度变小,流失量减少并趋于稳定,幂函数比指数更适合描述这类变化;垂直方向上,土壤溶质向下层渗透扩散受深度的影响,随深度的增加溶质浓度先增后减并趋于稳定,此规律适合用对数描述;在坡面表层,土壤溶质随径流的迁移规律清晰,土壤溶质浓度远处高于近处,多阶多项式模型更适合描述浓度变化;随土层深度增加,溶质浓度变化有明显分界线,在分界线及以下溶质浓度变化规律性较差,总体呈降低趋势。

基于最小作用原理的积水土坡水分入渗路径及规律研究

基于最小作用原理,以时间为最小作用量,建立了二维Richards方程水分入渗路径的泛函,提出了积水条件下土坡水分入渗的变分解,并在此基础上利用Brooks-Corey模型计算了锋面以上土体的水力坡降并讨论了入渗曲线的形态,同时利用Hydrus 2D软件分析了第一类边界条件下土坡内含水量分布。结果表明:二维斜面入渗的变分解与一维水平入渗、垂直入渗变分解具有相同形式;入渗曲线表现为外凸形态;数值计算得到的入渗量与湿润锋深度呈线性关系,与变分解的分析结果一致;变分解求得的湿润锋深度、含水量分布用于分析边坡稳定等宏观工程问题是可行的。

涌泉根灌肥液入渗水氮运移特性研究

为了提高涌泉根灌模式下水肥利用率,减少氮肥流失与深层渗漏,通过涌泉根灌肥液入渗田间试验,研究了不同肥液质量浓度涌泉根灌入渗湿润体及其水氮运移特性,揭示了涌泉根灌土壤入渗量和湿润锋运移距离随肥液质量浓度的变化关系;建立了不同肥液质量浓度涌泉根灌入渗量和湿润锋运移经验模型;分析了入渗湿润深度范围内肥液质量浓度分别对土壤NO-3-N和NH+4-N含量分布特性的影响。结果表明:肥液质量浓度增大,单位面积累计入渗量随入渗时间增加而增大,并且入渗量和湿润锋运移距离均与入渗时间呈极显著幂函数关系,决定系数分别达到0.98和0.96,均大于临界相关系数rα(0.605 5);入渗再分布阶段,肥液质量浓度41.7 g/L能更好地保证枣树根系水分的吸收,而不同肥液质量浓度对土壤氮素转化率影响有所不同,硝态氮转化率基本不明显,而肥液质量浓度为33.3 g/L时铵态氮转化率最高。

再生水及盐溶液入渗与蒸发对土壤水盐和碱性的影响

为研究再生水利用对土壤盐碱性影响的特殊性,采用室内大型土槽试验,对比研究了清水、再生水和钠吸附比(sodium adsorption ratio,SAR)分别为3、10和20(mmolc/L)0.5的盐溶液入渗与蒸发10次(模拟灌溉2a)期间对土壤及土壤溶液盐分迁移累积和碱性的影响。结果表明:与清水相比,再生水和SAR值为20(mmolc/L)0.5的盐溶液处理中0～40cm深度壤土含水率较高,80～120cm砂土含水率的增加产生滞后现象;再生水和盐溶液入渗与蒸发后土壤中盐分产生累积,累积量为9.54%～51.83%,而再生水处理中淋洗液带出的盐分最多,是其他处理的1.09～1.42倍。清水、再生水和盐溶液处理土壤溶液钠吸附比(SAR)<3(mmolc/L)0.5,土壤pH值<8.5,再生水和盐溶液入渗与蒸发引起土壤碱化的风险较低。再生水入渗与蒸发后土壤溶液中K+和Ca2+在土体中的迁移分布与清水和盐溶液处理不同,再生水对土壤中Cl-有较强的淋洗作用,长期再生水灌溉过程中土壤K+、Ca2+和Cl-的迁移和淋洗需要引起重视。试验结果对农业中长期安全合理利用再生水具有指导意义。

表层盐化土壤的灌溉淋洗需要量

通过土柱模拟实验及数值模拟计算，探讨了灌溉淋洗需要量的确定方法，并初步给出了不同作物苗期及生育期的灌溉淋洗需要量。依各种作物耐盐性的不同，苗期灌溉淋洗需要量为１９１一１３５０ｍ￣３／ｈａ，生育期灌溉淋洗需要量为６９０一３９５０ｍ￣３／ｈａ。此研究结果为土壤盐渍化的防治和进一步完善水资源的合理利用提供了理论依据。

聚丙烯酰胺对黄土坡面水分入渗及溶质迁移的影响

通过研究上方供水方式模拟降雨径流条件下,聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对黄土坡面水分入渗及溶质(Br-)迁移的影响,结果显示:施加PAM能显著减少坡面产沙率及溶质的流失量,不施PAM(CK)的坡面累积产沙量分别是施加PAM1、PAM2、PAM3和PAM4的5.2,3.0,13.1,30.5倍;冲刷试验前期不同施量的PAM均能增加土壤水分入渗,约5～10min后与PAM施量较少的处理(<1g/1.25m2)相比,施量较大的处理(>1g/1.25m2)地表径流量较大;对于提高降雨径流的就地利用、增加地表入渗,PAM的最佳用量约为1g/1.25m2;对于集蓄和利用坡地径流、减少入渗,PAM最佳用量约为3g/1.25m2;不同PAM用量条件下,坡面溶质Br-浓度变化过程与时间存在y=axb的幂函数关系。

考虑土体非饱和特性的无限长斜坡降雨入渗解析解

由降雨诱发的残积土滑坡在亚热带和热带地区非常普遍,产生此类滑坡的主要原因是雨水入渗使斜坡内非饱和土体的负孔隙水压力降低导致了土体抗剪强度的减小。基于二维非饱和渗流控制方程,采用指数函数描述非饱和土体的土水特征曲线及其渗透系数随含水率(或负孔隙水压力)的变化,建立了降雨入渗条件下无限长斜坡内水分运移模型,在合理简化的基础上给出了模型的解析解。通过与成熟的有限元数值模拟软件计算结果的比较与分析,证明该解析解稳定可靠。由该解析解获得的负孔隙水压力剖面可用于评估降雨入渗对非饱和土斜坡稳定性的影响。