Three-dimensional numerical simulation of wave interaction with perforated quasi-ellipse caisson

The finite difference method and the volume of fluid （VOF） method were used to develop a three-dimensional numerical model to study wave interaction with a perforated caisson. The partial cell method was adopted to solve this type of problem for the first time. The validity of the present model, with and without the presence of caisson structures, was examined by comparing the model results with experimental data. Then, the numerical model was used to investigate the effects of various wave and structure parameters on the wave force and wave runup of the perforated quasi-ellipse caisson. Compared with the solid quasi-ellipse caisson, the wave force on the perforated quasi-ellipse caisson is significantly reduced with increasing porosity of the perforated quasi-ellipse caisson. Furthermore, the perforated quasi-ellipse caisson can also reduce the wave runup, and it tends to decrease with the increase of the porosity of the perforated quasi-ellipse caisson and the relative wave height.

Numerical Simulation of Nonlinear Wave Force on a Quasi-ellipse Caisson

A three dimensional numerical model of nonlinear wave action on a quasi-ellipse caisson in a time domain was developed in this paper. Navier-Stokes equations were solved by the finite difference method, and the volume of fluid (VOF) method was employed to trace the free surface. The partial cell method was used to deal with the irregular boundary typical of this type of problem during first-time wave interaction with the structure, and a satisfactory result was obtained. The numerical model was verified and used to investigate the effects of the relative wave height H/d, relative caisson width kD, and relative length-width ratio B/D on the wave forces of the quasi-ellipse caisson. It was shown that the relative wave height H/d has a significant effect on the wave forces of the caisson. Compared with the non-dimensional inline wave force, the relative length-width ratio B/D was shown to have significant influence on the non-dimensional transverse wave force.

An Experimental Study of Irregular Wave Forces on Multiple Quasi-ellipse Caissons

伪椭圆沉箱结构上的不规则的波浪力量的试验性的调查被介绍。不规则的波浪从 1.19 s 与二重要波浪高度，和光谱高峰时期范围基于 Jonswap 光谱被产生到 1.81 s。相对多重沉箱的中心线的事件波浪方向从 0 敢琠敨搠獥慰物漠吗？

Resistance Factor of Caisson-Tip with Internal Fillet for Suction Caissons Penetrating into Clay

This paper presents failure mechanisms of the soil at the caisson-tip with fillet during suction-assisted penetration of suction caissons in undrained clay.Theoretical solutions of resistance factor N_c of the caisson-tip are obtained in terms of the caisson-tip geometry ratio of the flat section of the caisson-tip to the caisson wall thickness m/t and adhesion factorsα_i along inside of caisson wall andα_b at the base of the caisson-tip.It is indicated that the factor N_c increases with the increase of m/t,α_i and a_b.The resistance factors N_c for the rough base(α_b=1)are larger by 0.57than that for the smooth base(α_b=0).Besides,the factors N_c of caisson-tip with flat base(m=t)are larger by 1.14 than that with full internal fillet(m=0).The required suction to penetrate suction caissons with various fillets is obtained in terms of the force equilibrium in vertical direction.The finite element limit analysis and centrifuge model test results are used to verify the rationality of the presented failure mechanisms and theoretical predictions.

Studies on Suction-Assisted Installation Behavior of Suction Caissons in Clay Under Various Undrained Shear Strengths

Suction caissons are widely used for anchoring floating platform and offshore wind turbines.Penetration of the suction caisson into the desired position under the combination of its self-weight and applied suction resulted from pumping out the encased water is integral to practical engineering.Model tests were carried out to investigate the suctionassisted installation of suction caissons in clay under various undrained shear strengths.It was found that there exists a critical penetration depth value.When the penetration depth is smaller than the critical value,the soil plug undrained shear strength is higher than intact clay(i.e.,clay prior to installation).However,when the penetration depth is greater than the critical penetration depth,the undrained shear strength of soil plug is lower than intact clay.The critical value decreases with the increasing consolidation time and undrained shear strength of clay.During suction-assisted installation,cracks occur around suction caissons.The installation way has little effect on the crack formation.The influence range(i.e.,the maximum distance between the crack and the suction caisson edge)was found to increase with the increasing friction coefficient of interface between the suction caisson wall and soil and decreases with the increasing soil undrained shear strength.In addition,the drained condition of the clay during installation is dominated by the caisson aspect ratio,the undrained shear strength and the friction coefficient between the caisson wall and clay.Equations to estimate the penetration resistance and the required suction to install the suction caisson are summarized.

Research on Prefabricated Open Caisson Construction Technology

With the continuous improvement of urban residents’lives,the demand for of urban infrastructure construction increases,requiring more and more advanced engineering technology.We should not only speed up the progress of the project,but also reduce the impact of the construction on the surrounding environment.Our company has had several achievements in this regard,and prefabricated open caisson construction process is one of them.In this paper,the application of prefabricated caisson construction method is analyzed in depth according to the actual situation of the rain sewage reconstruction treatment project of Minghe ecological water system in Dancheng County.Through practice,it is concluded that this construction method greatly improves the construction efficiency,shortens the overall construction process,reduces the construction cost,and effectively improves environmental quality of the construction site,which has good reference value.

沉箱外壁和隔墙内力计算优化

现行规范对于沉箱构件内力计算进行简化,忽略上部结构对构件的约束。将考虑沉箱上部结构对构件施加有效约束时的横向跨中弯矩和支座弯矩结果与规范计算模式结果进行对比分析,并比较不同计算模式下的构件顶部1.5l内(l为仓格间距)和构件底部1.5l内的内力。结果表明,当考虑沉箱上部结构对构件施加有效约束时,沉箱构件上部的横向跨中弯矩可减少约36%,支座弯矩可减少约14%,可显著优化结构设计,同时须核算构件竖向强度。虽然结构约束条件与底部相似,但由于荷载分布不同,构件顶部不适合采用三边固接一边简支模型计算内力;沉箱构件内力分布不均匀,边缘仓格的内力远大于中间仓格的内力,弯矩增加超过30%,对于仓格少于或等于2个的小型沉箱设计时尤其值得注意,此时建议建立整体模型进行分析计算。

软土地区沉井施工引起地表沉降预测计算方法

沉井已被广泛应用于软土区的地下空间建设,但其下沉过程引起的地表沉降大小及分布不清,缺乏预测方法。本文以上海地区某沉井工程为背景,基于上海典型土层的HSS模型计算参数,采用有限差分法模拟圆形沉井下沉,基于对96个数值结果的系统分析和归一化研究,提出了一套沉井施工引起的地表沉降快速预测方法。该方法能够综合考虑沉井直径B、下沉深度H和井内留土高度h对地表沉降的影响。最后采用该计算方法预测了5个工程的地表沉降并同实测数据进行了对比,结果表明,该方法能够很好地预测软土区的沉井施工引起的地表沉降,可为快速评估沉井施工的环境效应提供有效方法。

沉井侧摩阻力监测装置设计及应用研究

针对现有沉井施工过程中侧摩阻力测试方法要求高、难度大的问题,自主设计研发一套侧摩阻力直接测试装置,并提出输出电压与侧摩阻力的理论转化公式。通过有限元软件对不同传感器平行梁尺寸下梁端应变和最大应力、不同密封材料下装置的应变损失进行分析,指导传感器平行梁尺寸及密封材料的选择,并利用大型直剪仪对装置进行精准标定,最后在哈尔滨某沉井工程中进行现场应用。研究结果表明:1)平行梁的厚度越小、长度越大,弹性元件在荷载作用下微应变越大,但同时最大应力会增大;2)传感器内填充密封材料后,会存在一定应变损失,采用硅酮结构胶对装置进行密封应变损失最小;3)不同法向应力加载条件下侧摩阻力监测装置标定曲线的一致性较好,线性拟合系数均大于0.99,装置稳定性好。现场应用结果表明,通过侧摩阻力监测装置获取的沉井侧摩阻力与侧壁土压力的分布规律基本一致,且装置易于安装,可靠性好。

寒区码头沉箱盖板裂缝成因分析与数模计算验证

对营口港仙人岛港区30万t级原油码头检测时发现沉箱上方的空心盖板上普遍出现竖向裂缝,根据检测结果、施工记录、施工期温度、开裂时间、裂缝特点、开裂结构特点、工程区域海冰状况调查结果等进行综合分析,推断空心盖板、现浇上部结构、沉箱顶部开裂是由于空心盖板内结冰膨胀所致。利用有限元仿真模型对开裂原因进行验证,模拟了系缆力、整体温度变化以及海冰引起的体积膨胀4种工况对结构产生的应力应变影响,结果表明很小的冰体积膨胀便使盖板侧壁产生很大的拉应力,并导致结构的开裂,高应力区域与实际发生裂缝的区域基本一致。由此分析得知海冰的膨胀是造成空心盖板侧面裂缝出现的主要原因。

连续沉井法建设轨道交通地下车站的关键技术研究

为探索“碳达峰、碳中和”国家战略背景下建设方式的绿色转型,根据嘉兴至枫南市域铁路工程曹庄站的实际背景,提出连续沉井法建设轨道交通地下车站的设计方案,即通过分批下沉间距紧密的沉井群并纵向贯通形成狭长型整体车站结构;然后,阐述本工法所涉及的永临结合、结构连接、差异沉降控制、环境影响控制等关键技术。与传统明挖法相比,该工法可避免大量临时工程,降低工程造价;通过采用不排水开挖方式,可规避承压水突涌风险;该工法对周边土体影响小,适用于城区敏感环境下轨道交通地下车站的建设;通过增加狭长型车站可同步施工的作业面并实现结构制作、土方开挖同步进行,节省车站工期。

沉井下沉过程倾斜度演变特征研究

沉井下沉施工过程须贯彻勤测勤纠、随偏随纠原则,特别是对整个下沉过程实施信息化监测尤为必要,以实现均匀安全下沉。以某沉井下沉过程监测技术为例,讨论了各参数的演变特征,如下沉速率、倾角等,发现沉井下沉速率基本均匀,位移及倾斜程度均满足施工规范及安全要求。考虑取土频率及阻力等因子影响,沉井下沉各阶段基本呈现一类阻尼振荡衰减演变特征,这一特征可用于反馈整个沉井施工过程中的技术控制或评价整个施工过程质量控制,对类似工程施工具有指导意义。

仰观:从穹顶画到藻井画——以异域、西域和敦煌石窟为文明比较

针对敦煌石窟藻井画与异域、西域的穹顶画的不同,从西方券顶和穹顶画入手,分析双方的不同,探讨了表现神祇和人物的穹顶画为什么在敦煌几乎没有出现,认为敦煌藻井画的出现或与印度石窟平棋、阿富汗石窟三角天井构造有一定联系,但巴米扬、龟兹和吐鲁番石窟都有穹顶画,到了敦煌就停滞了空间创作与传播。敦煌藻井画由北朝隋初唐的艺术动感,发展为中唐的静态设计,晚唐五代繁复极致却僵硬成为程式化装饰,显然与异域穹顶人物画的写实本真相差甚远,并制约了后世藻井画的整体创新,失去了外来文化激活开新,影响到吸纳新艺术潮流的演变推进。

敦煌藻井色彩元素在公共空间设计中的应用

敦煌藻井作为中国古代艺术的瑰宝,其色彩元素独特而丰富,蕴含着深厚的文化内涵和艺术价值。近年来,随着人们对传统文化艺术的重视和再认识,敦煌藻井色彩元素在公共空间设计中的应用逐渐增多,不仅为公共空间增添了独特的艺术魅力,也为传统文化的传承和发展提供了新的途径。本研究分析敦煌藻井色彩元素的特点以及在公共空间设计中的应用原则和应用意义,并对敦煌藻井在公共空间设计中的应用方式展开探讨,以期为公共空间的设计注入新的活力和魅力。

大型沉井接高过程中地基抗剪强度的有限元计算

为探讨大型沉井在强度较低且具有时变效应的软土地基上产生的突沉、偏沉等问题,运用ABAQUS有限元软件对南京市龙潭大桥南锚碇沉井前3节的接高过程进行模拟,观察沉井地基中超静孔压的消散情况,并通过规范法和有效应力法计算并比较其抗剪强度的变化。结果表明,在沉井混凝土养护期间,超静孔压迅速消散,地基抗剪强度得到提升,且浅部的强度提升较大,向深部则存在衰减;沉井能否进行下一节的浇筑接高不受超静孔压消散时间的控制,而主要受控于混凝土的养护情况;规范法的抗剪强度计算结果相较于有效应力法大,在工程实践中为保守取值,可选取有效应力法计算强度增长。

沉井-砂土界面特性及侧摩阻力分布特性试验研究

沉井侧摩阻力是桥梁工程中的重点关注问题。为研究沉井-砂土界面特性,使用大型直剪仪对不同法向应力及含水率条件下的砂土进行界面剪切试验,并开展模型试验,研究不同类型的砂土、有无台阶以及不同施工工艺条件下沉井下沉过程中的侧摩阻力分布特性。结果表明:剪切位移较小时,沉井-砂土界面剪应力随剪切位移的增加而增加,当剪切位移达到某一临界值后,剪应力趋于稳定;界面抗剪强度随含水率的增加而小幅减小,界面抗剪强度参数以内摩擦角为主,黏聚力较小,界面水敏性较低;沉井下沉过程中,侧壁土压力-入土深度曲线在沉井刃脚位置发生“内拐”,即侧壁土压力在刃脚发生应力松弛,应力松弛的程度与下沉深度正相关,且随砂土粒径的增加有所降低;与无台阶沉井相比,台阶型沉井的侧壁土压力明显降低,在沉井上增设台阶可有效降低沉井的下沉难度;台阶型沉井与侧壁土体之间灌砂会导致沉井侧壁土压力小幅增加,对沉井的下沉难度影响不大。

基于离心模型试验的水下保护沉箱沉降规律研究

水下保护沉箱可以有效防护水下生产系统免受船锚和渔网拖曳、海底滑坡冲击以及冰山撞击等风险,但沉箱一旦发生超出允许变形量的沉降,将会引起沉箱内采油树失稳,管汇及沉箱跨接管、海管、脐带缆等发生断裂,进而酿成油气泄露等重大工程事故。通过开展离心模型试验研究了水下保护沉箱基础在基坑开挖安装就位和自重固结过程中的沉降规律,并采用Weibull曲线模型拟合出最终沉降量的预测公式。离心模型试验预测的最终沉降量与数值模拟、规范理论计算结果的对比,发现三种方法的预测沉降量较为接近。通过分析离心模型试验结果可知:基坑开挖完成后,基坑底部出现较为明显的回弹变形;在沉箱基础安装后的固结过程中,基础底部土体的回弹量有所减小,但回弹变形依旧存在。

跨海大桥沉井水中沉放流场及水流力模拟研究

水中沉放是设置沉井施工的重要环节,明晰沉放过程中周围流场结构及受力特性是开展沉井沉放施工的基本前提。文章以西堠门公铁两用跨海大桥#4墩嵌入式设置沉井为研究对象,通过采用数值模拟方法分析了沉井基坑开挖对周围流场的影响,研究了不同沉深及不同流速条件下的沉井内外流场形态与所受水流力,获得了绕流特征与沉井受力随沉深及流速的变化规律。结果表明:受沉井形态及基坑地形影响,三维绕流特性较为显著;入水沉放深度对竖向绕流形态、紊动强度等参量具有显著影响;不同来流速度下的绕流形态、流场速度分布规律、相对紊动强度较为一致;受尾涡脱落影响,沉井所受横、纵向水流力均会伴随一定幅值的波动,均值与沉深、来流速度具有较好的正相关关系;基坑的存在降低了沉井竖向阻塞作用,会减小沉井所受水流力。

硬质岩基条件下沉箱码头的抛石棱体优化设计

对于硬质基岩条件下的重力式沉箱码头,通常在沉箱后方设置抛石棱体,用以减小沉箱宽度,从而缩减基槽开挖范围内的炸礁量。依托某海外工程,对棱体高度和工程造价的关系进行分析,探究抛石棱体的优化设计规律。结果表明,当抛石棱体高度约为沉箱高度的60%~80%时,工程造价最低;在硬质岩面低于沉箱高度的1/2时,抛石棱体的最优高度为沉箱高度的60%左右;在硬质岩面高出沉箱高度的1/2时,抛石棱体的最优高度为沉箱高度的80%左右。揭示的规律可供类似项目参考,实际工程中应综合考虑工程地质条件、地材价格、施工能力等多方面因素,分析确定经济合理的棱体高度。

施工期跨海桥梁矩形设置基础波流力研究

为给跨海桥梁矩形设置基础施工提供参考,研究跨海桥梁矩形设置基础定位下沉过程中墩位水深及结构吃水深度对其波流力的影响。基于垂向多层σ坐标变换模型和大涡模拟LES方法建立三维波浪-流与结构物相互作用的数值仿真模型,分析不同水深及结构吃水深度时,单独波浪作用和波流共同作用下矩形设置基础的波流力及其统计值和流场分布特征,并提出施工期矩形设置基础下沉过程波流力简化算法。结果表明:矩形设置基础在定位下沉过程中,垂直来流传播方向的结构阻水面积随之增大,流场的复杂绕射作用使得波流力峰值呈非线性增大趋势;由于浅水波在整个水深范围影响都比较大,矩形设置基础波流力对结构吃水深度的变化相对深水条件更为敏感;结构波流力峰值不对称系数随吃水深度增加逐渐减小,且波流力表现为正向峰值大于负向峰值的强烈不对称性特点;随着结构吃水深度增加,单独波浪作用、波流共同作用时,在流场复杂绕射作用下,矩形设置基础迎浪侧的波面爬高增大,涡脱现象愈加明显;提出的跨海桥梁矩形设置基础下沉着床过程波流力简化算法可用于估算设置基础施工期波流力。