An Innovative Approach to Predicting Scour Depth Around Foundations Under Combined Waves and Currents in Large-Scale Tests Based on Small-Scale Tests

This study presents an innovative theoretical approach to predicting the scour depth around a foundation in large-scale model tests based on small-scale model tests under combined waves and currents.In the present approach,the hydrodynamic parameters were designed based on the Froude similitude criteria.To avoid the cohesive behavior,we scaled the sediment size based on the settling velocity similarity,i.e.,the suspended load similarity.Then,a series of different scale model tests was conducted to obtain the scour depth around the pile in combined waves and currents.The fitting formula of scour depth from the small-scale model tests was used to predict the results of large-scale tests.The accuracy of the present approach was validated by comparing the prediction values with experimental data of large-scale tests.Moreover,the correctness and accuracy of the present approach for foundations with complex shapes,e.g.,the tripod foundation,was further checked.The results indicated that the fitting line from small-scale model tests slightly overestimated the experimental data of large-scale model tests,and the errors can be accepted.In general,the present approach was applied to predict the maximum or equilibrium scour depth of the large-scale model tests around single piles and tripods.

Numerical Analysis of the Influence of the Impinging Distance on the Scouring Efficiency of Submerged Jets

Water jet technology is widely used in submerged buried pipes as a non-traditional trenching process,often invol-ving a complex sediment response.An important adjustable and influential engineering variable in this technol-ogy is represented by the impinging distance.In this study,the FLOW-3D software was used to simulate the jet scouring of sand beds in a submerged environment.In particular,four sets of experimental conditions were con-sidered to discern the relationship between the maximum scour depth and mass and the impinging distance.As shown by the results,a critical impinging distance h0 exists by which the static scour depth can be maximized;the scour mass ratio between dynamic and static conditions decreases as the impinging distance increases.Moreover,the profile contours are similar when the erosion parameter Ec is in the range 0.35<Ec<2.Empirical equations applicable for predicting the jet trenching contour under both dynamic and static scour modes are also provided in this study.

Calculation of the ultimate depth of a scour pit after debris flow through drainage canal ribs

Drainage canals are engineering structures widely used for debris flow mitigation.When passing through a drainage canal,debris flow usually scours the gully bed at the back of the rib sill of the drainage canal,which leads to failure of the rib sill.Therefore,the scour depth at the back of the rib sill is an important design problem and it is related to the economic benefits of engineering and service years.To explore the law of the depth of the scour pit after debris flow through drainage canal ribs,we first proposed a formula for the calculation of the maximum scour depth at the back of a rib sill based on energy conservation.We then conducted a series of simulation experiments to test the proposed formula.The experimental results show that the scour depth,trench slope and the distance between ribs all increase with a decrease in debris flow density.We then compared the results of experiments and formula calculations.Through the testing analysis,we found that the calculation results of the conductedformula correspond with the experimental results better.Finally,taking Qipan Gully as an example,we designed the ultimate depth of a drainage canal for debris flow using the calculation formula.

Prediction of Scour Depth around Offshore Pipelines in the South China Sea

Scour depth prediction of offshore pipelines is of great significance to the design and construction of the submarine pipeline projects. In this paper, based on the CFD software package FLUENT and User Defined Function （UDF）, an Eulerian two-phase model, which includes an Euler-Euler coupled model for water and sediment phases, and a turbulent model for the fluid phase, is adopted to predict the scour depth around pipelines. The model is verified by observation data obtained from laboratory experiments. On the basis of the simulations, the factors affecting the scour depth, including the effects of incipient velocity, pipe diameter and sediment particle size and so on, were investigated. Meanwhile, according to formulas of incipient velocity of various sediments, approximate calculation on theoretical scour depths is developed for pipelines of seven stations in the South China Sea, where engineering application information is available.

Application of Artificial Neural Network, Kriging, and Inverse Distance Weighting Models for Estimation of Scour Depth around Bridge Pier with Bed Sill

This paper outlines the application of the multi-layer perceptron artificial neural network (ANN), ordinary kriging (OK), and inverse distance weighting (IDW) models in the estimation of local scour depth around bridge piers. As part of this study, bridge piers were installed with bed sills at the bed of an experimental flume. Experimental tests were conducted under different flow conditions and varying distances between bridge pier and bed sill. The ANN, OK and IDW models were applied to the experimental data and it was shown that the artificial neural network model predicts local scour depth more accurately than the kriging and inverse distance weighting models. It was found that the ANN with two hidden layers was the optimum model to predict local scour depth. The results from the sixth test case showed that the ANN with one hidden layer and 17 hidden nodes was the best model to predict local scour depth. Whereas the results from the fifth test case found that the ANN with three hidden layers was the best model to predict local scour depth.

Experimental investigation and flow analysis of clear-water scour around pier and abutment in proximity

Local scour around bridge piers and abutments is one of the most significant causes of bridge failure.Despite a plethora of studies on scour around individual bridge piers or abutments,few studies have focused on the joint impact of a pier and an abutment in proximity to one another on scour.This study conducted laboratory experiments and flow analyses to examine the interaction of piers and abutments and their effect on clear-water scour.The experiments were conducted in a rectangular laboratory flume.They included 18 main tests(with a combination of different types of piers and abutments)and five control tests(with individual piers or abutments).Three pier types(a rectangular pier with a rounded edge,a group of three cylindrical piers,and a single cylindrical pier)and two abutment types(a wingewall abutment and a semicircular abutment)were used.An acoustic Doppler velocimeter was used to measure the three-dimensional flow velocity for analyses of streamline,velocity magnitude,vertical velocity,and bed shear stress.The results showed that the velocity near the pier and abutment increased by up to 80%.The maximum scour depth around the abutment increased by up to 19%.In contrast,the maximum scour depth around the pier increased significantly by up to l71%.The presence of the pier in the vicinity of the abutment led to an increase in the scour hole volume by up to 87%relative to the case with a solitary abutment.Empirical equations were also derived to accurately estimate the maximum scour depth at the pier adjacent to the abutment.

Multi-approach analysis of maximum riverbed scour depth above subway tunnel

When subway tunnels are routed underneath rivers, riverbed scour may expose the structure, with potentially severe consequences. Thus, it is important to identify the maximum scour depth to ensure that the designed buried depth is adequate. There are a range of methods that may be applied to this problem, including the fluvial process analysis method, geological structure analysis method, scour formula method, scour model experiment method, and numerical simulation method. However, the application ranges and forecasting precision of these methods vary considerably. In order to quantitatively analyze the characteristics of the different methods, a subway tunnel passing underneath a river was selected, and the aforementioned five methods were used to forecast the maximum scour depth. The fluvial process analysis method was used to characterize the river regime and evolution trend, which were the baseline for examination of the scour depth of the riverbed. The results obtained from the scour model experiment and the numerical simulation methods are reliable; these two methods are suitable for application to tunnel projects passing underneath rivers. The scour formula method was less accurate than the scour model experiment method; it is suitable for application to lower risk projects such as pipelines. The results of the geological structure analysis had low precision; the method is suitable for use as a secondary method to assist other research methods. To forecast the maximum scour depth of the riverbed above the subway tunnel, a combination of methods is suggested, and the appropriate analysis method should be chosen with respect to the local conditions.

Comparison of Three Commonly Used Equations for Calculating Local Scour Depth around Bridge Pier under Ice Covered Flow Condition

A precise prediction of maximum scour depth around bridge foundations under ice covered condition is crucial for their safe design because underestimation may result in bridge failure and over-estimation will lead to unnecessary construction costs. Compared to pier scour depth predictions within an open channel, few studies have attempted to predict the extent of pier scour depth under ice-covered condition. The present work examines scour under ice by using a series of clear-water flume experiments employing two adjacent circular bridge piers in a uniform bed were exposed to open channel and both rough and smooth ice covered channels. The measured scour depths were compared to three commonly used bridge scour equations including Gao’s simplified equation, the HEC-18/Jones equation, and the Froehlich Design Equation. The present study has several advantages as it adds to the understanding of the physics of bridge pier scour under ice cover flow condition, it checks the validity and reliability of commonly used bridge pier equations, and it reveals whether they are valid for the case of scour under ice-covered flow conditions. In addition, it explains how accurately an equation developed for scour under open channel flow can predict scour around bridge piers under ice-covered flow condition.

Experimental Study of Submergence Ratio on Local Scour Around a Square Pile in Steady Flow

Scour around a submerged square pile was realized experimentally in a steady flow to study the effects of flow depth on local scour.Flow depth to pile height ratios ranging from 1.5 to 5 in uniform sand and 2 to 5 in non-uniform sand were tested in the approaching flow velocity to critical velocity(larger than which the sediment particle is motivated)ratios of 0.56 and 1.03,respectively.The influences of flow depth were investigated on the basis of analysis of the three-dimensional topography,temporal maximum scour depth,bed profile development,and equilibrium scour depth.Results showed that the maximum scour depth was at the upstream corners of the pile other than at the stagnation point.The evolutions of the maximum scour depth data in non-uniform sand were well fitted with a recent exponential function,which characterized the initial,developing,and equilibrium stages of scour depth.The scour hole slopes upstream of the pile were found to be parallel to each other in the process of each test and were mainly governed by the sediment repose underwater.The equilibrium scour depth varied slightly with flow depth when the submergence ratio was larger than 1 in uniform sand while it was 2 in non-uniform sand.The armoring effects of coarse sediment particles markedly reduced the sediment transport in non-uniform sand despite the 0.34 increment in non-uniformity.

基于Flow-3D的桩林坝不同布置形式对坝基的冲刷侵蚀

桩林坝是一种以桩为基础的竖向格子坝,既有良好的受力条件,又相对节约材料,同时拥有“拦粗排细”的功效,现有桩林坝的研究,多在冲击荷载、拦截固源和调控泥石流性能等方面构建不同布置形式的桩林坝模型。以杨家沟为例,通过野外现场踏勘和数值仿真计算,基于Flow-3D软件开展数值模拟研究,建立不同布置形式(单排桩、双排桩、桩间距、排间距)的桩林坝模型,探讨不同影响因素下桩林坝坝基冲刷侵蚀规律。结果表明:桩林坝的整体设计中桩林不宜过密,桩间距和排间距以2.5 m为宜;单排桩的稳定性较弱,在泥石流冲击下极易发生剪切破坏,且对上游的“固源”作用远不如多排桩,但单排桩的冲刷深度及侵蚀规模均小于多排桩。研究成果对桩林坝的布置形式及冲刷机制提供数据支撑,并为震后泥石流防治工程设计提供参考。

考虑端部形状影响的矩形桥墩局部冲刷试验研究

文章以宽度相同、长度不同的矩形桥墩为研究对象,考虑矩形、圆端形、三角尖形3种典型端部形状,在铺设10 cm等厚定级配沙的矩形长直水槽内进行不同流速下桥墩局部冲刷室内试验,量测不同时刻桥墩周边测点流场、墩周冲刷坑深度等参数,结合基本理论对桥梁基础局部冲刷进行研究。结果表明:圆端形和三角尖形端部桥墩墩前下降水流和墩周马蹄形涡流强度较矩形端部小;在相同条件下,圆端形端部桥墩最大冲刷坑深度相对于矩形端部桥墩减小34.9%,而三角尖形端部桥墩最大冲刷坑深度相对于矩形端部桥墩减小66.7%;在保证矩形桥墩长宽比L/B≥2的前提下,当弗劳德数Fr≤0.111时L/B越小,墩周冲刷破坏程度越小,而当0.148≤Fr≤0.185时则相反。根据河道不同流速合理选择墩型,能够更好地预防冲刷破坏。试验结果可为桥墩局部冲刷设计提供参考。

跨海铁路桥梁深水基础冲刷数值模拟

拟建头门港铁路支线(头门港站—头门港东站)二期工程位于浙江省东部海域,跨海铁路头门港大桥所在海域潮汐现象显著,波高较大,基础冲刷明显。首先选择7个典型桥墩,分别采用经验公式(孙志林公式和韩海骞公式)、JTG C30—2015《公路工程水文勘测设计规范》公式、美国HEC-18公式及数值模拟方法计算桥墩冲刷深度,基于百年一遇水位采用Das公式计算冲刷坑范围。然后采用半经验半理论的冲淤计算公式,计算冲淤平衡后水深变化量。通过与理论公式计算的局部冲刷深度对比,验证了数值模拟方法用于桥墩局部冲刷分析的可行性。结果表明:不管桥墩承台顺桥向尺寸如何变化,孙志林公式和HEC-18公式计算的冲刷深度偏大,韩海骞公式计算值最小,因此桥梁设计时宜采用规范公式计算冲刷深度;总体上桥墩承台顺桥向尺寸越大,冲刷坑面积越大;桥梁建成后水深下降了0.3~0.7 m,一般冲刷深度在3~5 cm,故分析该桥址处局部冲刷时可不考虑一般冲刷的影响;承台顺桥向尺寸在8~11 m时,与孙志林公式计算的局部冲刷深度相比,数值模拟值和规范公式计算值更接近,可采用数值模拟方法进行桥墩局部冲刷分析。

冰盖下组合桥墩的局部冲刷特性及水力特性

为研究冰盖对组合桥墩局部冲刷及其周围流场分布的影响,基于动床冲刷试验,在不同覆盖条件下,分析了不同水流条件和桥墩尺寸对组合桥墩局部冲刷的影响,建立了预测明渠水流与冰盖流条件下组合桥墩最大冲刷深度的经验方程,并通过ADV测量了墩前的流场。结果表明:组合桥墩的冲刷模式与串列桥墩相似,最大冲刷深度始终出现在墩正前方;经验方程中来流水深、来流流速、桥墩尺寸、冰盖糙率均与最大冲刷深度呈正相关关系;在粗糙冰冰盖流条件下,墩前的垂向流速最大,导致其最大冲刷深度总是大于同等条件下的明渠水流和光滑冰盖流。

冰盖下桥墩局部冲刷新型防冲组合结构试验研究

河流冰盖的形成改变了桥墩周围的水力特性,导致桥墩局部冲刷加剧。基于动床冲刷,在冰盖及明流条件下进行了螺纹式减冲索与钩环式护圈组合的新型防冲结构室内模型试验,探究其对桥墩局部冲刷的防冲效果。试验结果表明:新型防冲组合结构改变了桥墩的局部冲刷模式,延缓了冲刷过程;通过极差分析与方差分析可知,螺纹直径为6.0 mm、螺纹角为15°、螺纹排数为3的新型防冲组合结构的防护效果最优;与无防护工况相比,在粗糙冰盖条件下新型防冲组合结构桥墩最大冲刷深度减小了59.03%;螺纹式减冲索增大了桥墩表面的粗糙度,可以更好地削弱下潜流和分离墩前迎面水流,从而达到有效防冲的目的。

固结黏性土河床冲刷深度试验研究

固结黏性土是沉积日久、经过物理化学作用、已经形成黏土矿物的黏性土,其起动特性与散粒体泥沙存在明显差异,河床冲刷情况也更为复杂。以拟建绍兴市城市轨道交通2号线下穿曹娥江隧道工程河段为例,采用水槽试验与河工模型试验相结合的方法,通过水槽试验测量原状土与模型沙起动流速及输沙率,从而选取模型沙并确定冲淤时间比尺。结果表明:在百年一遇与三百年一遇极端洪水作用下,隧道线位上游受弯道的影响,下游受左岸边滩的约束,冲刷深度均较大,而隧道线位处冲刷幅度相对较小,最大冲刷深度分别为5.5 m、7.7 m。水槽试验与河工模型试验相结合的方法可为固结黏性土河床的隧道、管道埋深设计提供参考。

新型旋转减冲装置对桩基局部冲刷防护试验研究

为减轻海上风电单桩基础周围局部冲刷对其结构安全的影响,本文提出了一种新型旋转减冲装置。在波流水槽中开展物理模型试验,改变波流条件、装置安装高度、安装距离,记录桩周冲刷发展历时,运用激光地形仪扫描冲刷坑形态,分析各工况下冲刷坑形态差异,验证装置不同安装距离、安装高度下的冲刷防护效果,提出了不同安装位置下的防护效率公式。结果表明:新型旋转减冲装置具有较好的冲刷防护效果,本试验工况下,桩周最大冲刷深度可减小44%左右。装置安装距离对冲刷防护效果影响较小,波流作用下的冲刷防护效果受装置安装高度影响显著,冲刷防护效果随装置安装高度的增加而减弱。

不同冰盖条件下导流体对桥墩局部冲刷防护作用研究

基于桥墩基础的减冲防护原理,设计了一种稳定性高的防冲装置—导流体。为探究导流体对桥墩局部冲刷的防冲效果,在不同流速及覆盖条件下,采用不同形状的导流体进行模型试验。通过分析冲刷特性、最大冲坑深度、下潜流水力特性、冲坑体积和冲坑面积,选出最优形状和最佳安装位置。试验结果表明:当导流体底边高8 cm、安装位置在墩前2d时,防冲效果最好;当流速为0.32 m/s时,安装导流体可使桥墩最大冲深减小59.3%,冲坑体积减小76.1%,冲坑面积减小79.0%,下潜流流速及紊动强度明显减小。通过敏感性分析得出安装距离是影响导流体防冲效果的主要影响因素。

海底电缆覆盖物清理的移动射流过程仿真分析

在实际工况中,高压喷嘴存在横向移动的速度,使得射流对土体的冲埋深度难以预测,导致海缆表面覆盖物清理不完全。针对此问题,建立了优化后的流场与冲埋深度预测理论模型,利用数值仿真对模型进行了验证。首先,建立了一种喷嘴流场优化模型,阐述了冲埋深度的预测方法;其次,建立了水射流破土数值仿真模型,选取射流压强、喷嘴直径、喷嘴横移速度以及土壤剪切强度4种控制参数,分析了不同参数对冲埋深度的影响。结果表明,随着射流压强、喷嘴直径的增大,冲坑深度逐渐增大;随着喷嘴横移速度和土体剪切强度的增加,冲坑深度逐渐减小。最后,理论结果和仿真结果进行对比,两者误差在允许范围之内。该模型可在一定程度上解决冲埋深度难以预测的问题,可为工程应用提供指导。

海上风电桩基“抛石+”复合防护方法试验研究

针对现有海上风电基础冲刷防护措施的失效机理及薄弱之处,利用扰流环的驻涡原理降低了水流对抛石层的沉陷破坏、利用套筒固定抛石层从而减弱了抛石层的边缘破坏、利用仿生水草垫阻碍下潜水流及侧向来流的功能有效减弱了抛石层的剪切破坏,由此分别提出了“抛石+扰流环”“抛石+套筒”“抛石+仿生水草”三种新型复合防护方法,并按照3类复合防护措施的布置方式提出10种具体的复合防护设计。进一步开展物理模型试验,评估不同复合防护方法的防护效果。试验结果表明,海流作用下3类复合防护的防护效果均较好且明显优于抛石单独防护,防护效率均在66%以上。当抛石铺设范围为3倍单桩直径、抛石厚度为2倍的中值粒径,扰流环内部直径设置为2倍单桩直径、距离抛石层0.5倍桩径时,扰流环能够更好地发挥作用,使得到达抛石层以及周围泥沙的水流分散并且流速减缓,此种复合防护方法的防护效率为82.2%,能够达到理想的防护效果。

基于任意拉格朗日欧拉方法的射流破土仿真分析

基于任意拉格朗日-欧拉方法对射流破土过程进行仿真分析。以琼州海峡黏土质砂为研究对象,选用MAT-FHWA-SOIL模型建立土体材料本构。运用LS_DYNA软件建立包括射流源、喷嘴、水域及土体的仿真模型,探究射流破土机理。并讨论射流关键参数对破土效果的影响,对射流压力、喷嘴直径、射流靶距进行单因素研究。研究发现在其他射流参数不变的情况下,射流压力增大1倍,最大冲坑深度也增大1倍;土体的冲蚀体积会随着射流压力的增大而增加,与射流时间近似呈线性关系;喷嘴直径从5 cm增大到9 cm时,最大冲坑深度增幅为43%。在20~60 cm之间的射流靶距对清理效果的影响较小。该研究可为海底电缆抢修的射流破土作业过程提供依据。