Interfacial built-in electric field and crosslinking pathways enabling WS_(2)/Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) heterojunction with robust sodium storage at low temperature

Developing efficient energy storage for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)by creating high-performance heterojunctions and understanding their interfacial interaction at the atomic/molecular level holds promise but is also challenging.Besides,sluggish reaction kinetics at low temperatures restrict the operation of SIBs in cold climates.Herein,cross-linking nanoarchitectonics of WS_(2)/Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) heterojunction,featuring built-in electric field(BIEF),have been developed,employing as a model to reveal the positive effect of heterojunction design and BIEF for modifying the reaction kinetics and electrochemical activity.Particularly,the theoretical analysis manifests the discrepancy in work functions leads to the electronic flow from the electron-rich Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) to layered WS_(2),spontaneously forming the BIEF and“ion reservoir”at the heterogeneous interface.Besides,the generation of cross-linking pathways further promotes the transportation of electrons/ions,which guarantees rapid diffusion kinetics and excellent structure coupling.Consequently,superior sodium storage performance is obtained for the WS_(2)/Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) heterojunction,with only 0.2%decay per cycle at 5.0 A g^(-1)(25℃)up to 1000 cycles and a high capacity of 293.5 mA h g^(-1)(0.1A g^(-1)after 100 cycles)even at-20℃.Importantly,the spontaneously formed BIEF,accompanied by“ion reservoir”,in heterojunction provides deep understandings of the correlation between structure fabricated and performance obtained.

Effects of Cooking Temperature and Storage Time on the Quality of Macadamia Nut Oil

The purpose is to study the influence of cooking and storage habits on the quality of macadamia nut oil,so as to provide reference for macadamia nut processingenterprises and consumers.Macadamia oil was treated at 100℃,200℃,300℃,microwave heating,45℃constant temperature storage,natural light for different times,and its acid value,peroxide value,squalene,sterol and fatty acid content were detected according to the national standard method.The results showed that the acid value and peroxide value increased with time.The acid value and peroxide value of macadamia oil cooked at 300℃and stored under natural light were higher than those heated by microwave and stored at 45℃,and increased rapidly with the increase of cooking and light time.The acid value was as high as 0.77 mg/g,with an increase of 63.8%,and the peroxide value was as high as 6.18 mg/g,with an increase of 43.7%.As for squalene,it decreased in varying degrees with heating time and storage time.Squalene in macadamia oil cooked at 300℃and stored under natural light were lower than those heated by microwave and stored at 45℃constant temperature,respectively,and decreased rapidly with the increase of cooking and light time,with the reduction ranges of 38.6%and28.4%respectively;Stigmasterol was not detected in macadamia oil.But in macadamia oil the content ofβ-sitosterol was 0.132 g/100 g,and the content did not change significantly in each treatmentgroup.In the experimental treatment group,the content of fatty acids in macadamia oil had different trends.After treatment at 300℃for 20 minutes,the content of oleic acid decreased by 75.66%,the content of palmitic acid decreased by 75.28%,and thecontent of palmitic acid decreased by 74.12%.In conclusion,low temperature heating,microwave heating and storage away from light can better preserve the quality of macadamia oil,this study will provide a theoretical basisfor the rational utilization of macadamia oil as cooking oil.

Experiments on rockburst proneness of pre-heated granite at different temperatures: Insights from energy storage, dissipation and surplus

Many underground engineering projects show that rockburst can occur in rocks at great depth and high temperature, and temperature is a critical factor affecting the intensity of rockburst. In general, temperature can affect the energy storage, dissipation, and surplus in rock. To explore the influence of temperature on the energy storage and dissipation characteristics and rockburst proneness, the present study has carried out a range of the uniaxial compression(UC) and single-cyclic loading-unloading uniaxial compression(SCLUC) tests on pre-heated granite specimens at 20℃-700℃. The results demonstrate that the rockburst proneness of pre-heated granite initially increases and subsequently decreases with the increase of temperature. The temperature of 300℃ has been found to be the threshold for rockburst proneness. Meanwhile, it is found that the elastic strain energy density increases linearly with the total input strain energy density for the pre-heated granites, confirming that the linear energy property of granite has not been altered by temperature. According to this inherent property, the peak elastic strain energy of pre-heated granites can be calculated accurately. On this basis, utilising the residual elastic energy index, the rockburst proneness of pre-heated granite can be determined quantitatively. The obtained results from high to low are: 317.9 k J/m^(3)(300℃), 264.1 k J/m^(3)(100℃), 260.6 k J/m^(3)(20℃), 235.5 k J/m^(3)(500℃), 158.9 k J/m^(3)(700℃), which are consistent with the intensity of actual rockburst for specimens. In addition, the relationship between temperature and energy storage capacity(ESC) of granite was discussed, revealing that high temperature impairs ESC of rocks, which is essential for reducing the rockburst proneness. This study provides some new insights into the rockburst proneness evaluation in high-temperature rock engineering.

Changes in Physicochemical,Cooking and Sensory Characteristics of Rice Shifted from Low-temperature Storage

The physicochemical, cooking, and sensory characteristics of stored rice were measured in order to investigate the quality changes in it after low-temperature storage. The quality of the stored rice was compared to that of the rice stored at ambient temperature(20℃, 30%–70% RH) at a 25 d interval during 200 d of storage. The rice was stored in a temperature controller at 4℃ for 3 months and later under a simulated condition similar to that of the main rice consumption areas in China(35℃, 80% RH and 30℃, 70% RH). The results showed that the fatty acid value, b value, and moisture content of rice stored at 35℃, 80% RH and 30℃, 70% RH had increased significantly, whereas its L value had decreased as compared to the rice stored at ambient temperature. Higher temperature storage caused a greater water uptake, whereas the dry mass in the residual cooking water notably reduced under the storage at 35℃ as compared to that at 20℃. Hardness increased and adhesiveness reduced under the storage at 35℃ as compared to that at 20℃. The shelf life of the stored rice which was shifted from a low temperature to three storage conditions used in this study was 75 d, 100 d and 150 d, respectively, in the main rice consumption areas of China.

Effect of Storage Temperature and Periods on Some Characteristics of Wheat Flour Quality

A laboratory experiment has been designed and implemented to study the effects of storage temperatures (27.5°C and 37.5°C) and storage periods (day, 3 days, 10 days, 20 days and 30 days) in normal conditions and relative humidity on the characteristics of wheat flour quality, as well as some of the chemical characteristics of flour (moisture content and ratio of wet gluten), the physical properties (color and falling number). Increasing the storage temperature from 27.5°C to 37.5°C has led to decreasing moisture content of flour stored under storage relative humidity of 38% - 70%. It has also resulted in extending the storage period from 1 day to 10 days to a decrease in moisture content of flour, and this decline has increased the storage period up to thirty days. The overlap between these two factors has been significantly affective. As the storage temperature of flour increased from 27.5°C to 37.5°C, the percentage of wet gluten has been increased too, and the storage period was extended to ten days. This has led to a significant increase in the percentage of wet gluten flour. In addition, there was a significant response to the effective overlap between the storage temperatures and periods of storage under study in this manner. Increasing the storage temperature from 27.5°C to 37.5°C has led to significantly increased values of the color of the stored flour. Besides, increasing the storage period one day more has led to decreasing the values of the color of the stored flour. However, there has been no significant change to the subsequent periods of storage. The overlap between both factors of temperature and storage periods has a significant effect on the flour color. There has been a significant decrease of the enzyme activity (the height values of the falling No.). But there is a noticeable increase to the falling No. values of the stored flour by 37.5°C when increasing the storage periods from one day to ten days and thirty days. This effect, nonetheless, has not reached the significant level.

A Study of Estimating the Safe Storage Life, Self-accelerating Decomposition Temperature and Critical Temperature of Thermal Explosion of Double-base Propellant Using Isothermal and Non-isothermal Decomposition Behaviours

A method of estimating the safe storage life （τ）, self-accelerating decomposition temperature （TsADT） and critical temperature of thermal explosion （Tb） of double-base propellant using isothermal and non-isothermal decomposition behaviours is presented. For double-base propellant composed of 56±1wt% of nitrocellulose （NC）, 27±0.5wt% of nitroglycerine （NG）, 8.15±0.15wt% of dinitrotoluene （DNT）, 2.5±0.1wt% of methyl centralite, 5.0±0.15wt% of catalyst and 1.0±0.1wt% of other, the values of r of 49.4 years at 40℃, of TSAOT of 151.35℃ and of Tb of 163.01℃ were obtained.

Improved electrochemical hydrogen storage properties of Mg-Y thin films as a function of substrate temperature

Pd-capped Mg78Y22 thin films have been prepared by direct current magnetron co-sputtering system at different substrate temperatures and their electrochemical hydrogen storage properties have been investigated.It is found that rising substrate temperature to 60 ℃ can coarsen the surface of thin film,thus facilitating the diffusion of hydrogen atoms and then enhancing its discharge capacity to 1725 mAh·g-1.Simultaneously,the cyclic stability is effectively improved due to the increased adhesion force between film and substrate as a function of temperature.In addition,the specimen exhibits a very long and flat discharge plateau at about —0.67 V,at which nearly 60%of capacity is maintained.The property is favorable for the application in metal hydride/nickel secondary batteries.The results indicate that rising optimal substrate temperature has a beneficial effect on the electrochemical hydrogen storage of Mg-Y thin films.

High-temperature electrochemical performance and phase composition of Ti_(0.7) Zr_(0.5) V_(0.2) Mn_(1.8-x)Ni_x hydrogen storage electrode alloys

The rapid development of electric vehicles demands the development of high performance nickel metal hydride battery that is able to endure high temperature. The discharge properties of Ti 0.7 Zr 0.5 V 0.2 Mn 1.8- x Ni x ( x =0.4, 0.8, 1.1, 1.4, 1.7)hydrogen storage alloys was investigated and its phase composition was analyzed using X ray diffraction. The results show that the cycling life was improved as the content of nickel increases. When x =0.4, 0.8, 1.1 and 1.4, the main phase is MgZn 2 type C14 Laves phase and the second one is cubic TiNi phase. When x =1.7, the Laves phase structure disappears. EDAS analysis shows that the increase of nickel content is effective in suppressing the dissolution of vanadium component in alloys. [

Effect of Different Preservation Treatments on the Room Temperature Storage of “Gala” Apple

In this experiment," Gala" apples were used as test materials,and 1-MCP treatment and fresh-keeping film packaging were used for storage at room temperature.The results showed that the storage effects of 1-MCP treatment and fresh-keeping film packaging were better than those of the control.Moreover,1-MCP treatment was better than fresh-keeping film packaging in hardness,soluble solids content,titratable acid content,and inhibition of ethylene release.

Influence of Temperature on Electrochemical Performances of Rare Earth Based Hydrogen Storage Material

In view of the higher temperature of large-size NilMH battery in electric vehicle, the effect of temperature on electrochemical performances of hydrogen storage alloy Ml （ NiCoMnTi ）5 was investigated systematically. The results show that the electrochemical performances of alloy vary drastically with temperature changing. As temperature rises, the hydrogen equilibrium pressure increases, the width of hydrogen desorption plateau decreases and the gradient increases, leading to a decline of capacity. When temperature rises from 20 ℃ to 80 ℃ , the discharge capacity of the alloy decreases from 309.11 mA· h· g^-1 to 227.64 mA· h· g^-1 , but the high rate dischargeability is improved markedly. Higher temperatures also bring about a significant decrease in the cycling stability and self-discharge property. X-ray diffraction analysis indicates that the alloy has a single phase with CaCu5-type LaNi5 structure.

Viability of Two Freeze-dried Strains of Bifidobacterium Preparations at Various Temperatures during Prolonged Storage

Viability of bifidobacteria in freeze-dried probiotic products at various temperatures during prolonged storage was assessed. Bifidobacterium longum and Bifidobacterium infantis were freeze-dried. The freeze-dried preparations were stored at -18 , 4 , and 20 ℃. Cell counts were enumerated using BS agar at 37 ℃ for 48 h under anaerobic conditions at 0, 45 and 120 days. Storage at 20 ℃ showed the greatest decline in the viability of bifidobacteria, whereas that at -18 ℃ showed the least decrease.

Effects of Transport,Storage Temperature and Time on Parthenogenetically Developmental Competence of Sheep Oocyte

This study was to investigate the effects of transport, storage temperature and time on parthenogenetical developmental competence of sheep oocyte. The ovaries were collected and randomly immersed in physiological saline at （ 10 - 15 ） ℃, （20 - 25 ） ℃ and （30 - 35 ） ℃ and transported to the laboratory for culture. They were divided into three groups randomly in an optimized transport temperature, kept in physiological saline at4 ℃, （14 -18） ℃ and （25 -30） ℃ respectively; 15 - 17 h later, the ovaries were cutured for the maturation and parthenogenetic activation of oocytes. The results showed that the optimal transport temperature of ovaries was 20 -25 ℃, when the maturation rate and blastocysts rate reached 67.44% and 35.93% respectively. Incubating sheep ovaries at （ 14 - 18 ） ℃ for （15 -17） h did not reduce the maturation rate （61.81%） and blastocysts rate （29.03%） of oocyte significantly. However, incubating sheep ovaries at 4 ℃ or （25 -30） ℃ significantly reduced the maturation rate （41.90%, 18.40% ） and cleavage rate （9.09%, 13.04% ）, and the ovaries could not develop into blastocysts at these two temperature ranges. It can be concluded that the optimal transport temperature of the sheep ovaries is 20 - 25 ℃, and incubation at 14 - 18 ℃ overnight in vivo does not affect the developmental competence of oocytes.

Aloe vera Coating Efficiency on Shelf Life of Eggplants at Differential Storage Temperatures

The core objective of instant study was to check the effectiveness of Aloe vera edible coating on postharvest life and physicochemical characteristics of eggplants under different storage temperatures. For this purpose, different formulations of Aloe vera based coating （non-poisonous） was applied at concentration of 0, 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1.0%, respectively on eggplants. The coated eggplants were stored at two different temperatures [10℃ and （30±2）℃] and examined for weight loss, firmness, stem color, shriveling, total soluble solids, pH, acidity, vitamin C, sugar （total sugar, reducing sugar and non-reducing sugar） and N, P, K, Ca and Na for two weeks. The obtained results showed that weight loss, shriveling, total soluble solids, pH, sugar （total sugar and non-reducing sugar） increased and firmness, stem color, acidity, reducing sugar, vitamin C minimized during the storage period. The 0.5% Aloe coating at 10℃ showed significant effect and delayed the changes in above parameters. Aloe vera coating remained almost ineffective in altering nutrient homeostasis （N, P, K, Ca and Na） of eggplants. The optimistic results gained in the current study could additionally investigate in larger market experiments and also could extensive to other tropical/subtropical fruits and vegetables.

Remote Detection of Varying Water Storage in Relation to Surfacial Temperature of Aral Sea

Lake monitoring by remote sensing is of significant importance to understanding the lake and ambient ecological and environmental processes. In particular, whether lake water storage variation could predict lake surfacial temperature or vice versa has long fascinated the research community, in that it would greatly benefit the monitoring missions and scientific interpretation of the lake change processes. This study attempted to remotely detect the dynamics of the Aral Sea and pursue the relationships between varying lake water storage attributes and surface water temperature by using MODIS LST(Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Land Surface Temperature) 8-day composite products, satellite altimeter data, and actual meteorological measurements. Their associations with lake Surface Water Temperatures(SWT) were then analyzed. Results showed the lake water surface areas and elevations of the North Aral Sea tended to increasing trend from 2001(2793.0 km^2, 13.6 m) to 2015(6997.8 km^2, 15.9 m), while those of the South Aral Sea showed a decreasing trend during 2001(20 434.6 km^2, 3.9 m) and 2015(3256.1 km^2, 0.9 m). In addition, the annual daytime and nighttime lake SWT both decreased in the North Aral Sea, while only the daytime SWT in the South Aral Sea exhibited an increase, indicating a rising deviation of diurnal temperatures in the South Aral Sea during the past 15 yr. Moreover, a lower correlation was found between variations in the daytime SWT and storage capacity in the South Aral Sea(R^2 = 0.33;P < 0.05), no fair correlations were tested between lake water storage and daytime SWT in the North Aral Sea nor between lake water storage and nighttime SWT in either part of the sea. These results implied that climate change, if any at least during the research period, has no significant effects on lake dynamics over the two sectors of the Aral Sea with anthropogenic disturbances. However, climate change and human activities may overlap to explain complex consequences in the lake storage variations. Our results may provide a reference for monitoring the spatiotemporal variations of lakes, increasing understanding of the lake water storage changes in relation to the lake SWT, which may benefit the ecological management of the Aral Sea region, in the effort to face the likely threats from climate change and human activities to the region.

Effects of Storage Temperature on the Effective Activity of Straw Frozen Semen after Thawing

The aim was to discuss the optimal storage environment and proper insemination time after thawing of 0.25 mL straw frozen semen. Straw frozen semen was thawed at 40 ℃ for 20 s, and then stored at 0 -4 ℃, 14 - 16 ℃, 25 -27 ℃ for 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 h, respectively. The sperm motility was detected. After thawing, semen was stored at 0 - 4 ℃ and 14 - 16 ℃ for 10 h. Their sperm motilities （0.434 ±0. 016 7 and 0.423 ±0.019 6） had no significant differences （P 〉 0.05） with initial thawing motility （0.441 ± 0.030）. Sperm motility reduced as the storage time prolonged at 25 -27 ℃. Sperm motility after 6 h had signifi- cant differences with that of initial thawing motility （P 〈 O. 05 ）, and sperm motilities after 8 and 10 h showed extremely significant differences （P 〈 0.01 ）. Thus, sperm motility after thawing was still very high after stored at 0 -4 ℃ and 14 - 16 ℃ within 10 h, which met the requirements for insemination. Under this temperature and time ranges, sperm could be carried over long distances, which had small effects on sperm quality and reached the expected insemination effects. However, under the temperature of 25 - 27 ℃, semen should be used for insemination within 6 h after thawing.

Effects of Storage Duration and Temperature of Human Plasma and Serum on Red Blood Cell Aggregation and Shape

Platelet-free plasma of human blood (sodium citrate and EDTA as an anticoagulant) and serum were stored at 4°C, room temperature (25°C) and at 37°C for 24 hours. RBC aggregation decreased after incubation of plasma and serum at 37°C for 4 hours. The RBC shape was changed at the same time: discocytes transformed to echinocytes. Storage of plasma and serum at 4°C and room temperature did not lead to significant alterations of RBC aggregation. The RBC shape did not change in influence of such plasma and serum. The most considerable decrease of RBC aggregation and change of their shapes were observed in the plasma and serum incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. Dilution of incubated plasma by fresh plasma led to consistent restoration of erythrocyte shape and their aggregation.

Carbonation Reaction of Lithium Hydroxide during Low Temperature Thermal Energy Storage Process

In order to apply lithium hydroxide(LiOH)as a low temperature chemical heat storage material,the carbonation reaction of LiOH and the prevention method are focused in this research.The carbonation of raw LiOH at storage and hydration condition is experimentally investigated.The results show that the carbonation reaction of LiOH with carbon dioxide(CO_(2))is confirmed during the hydration reaction.The carbonation of LiOH can be easily carried out with CO_(2) at room temperature and humidity.LiOH can be carbonated at a humidity range of 10%to 20%,a normal humidity region that air can easily be reached.Furthermore,the carbonation reaction rate has not nearly affected by the increase of reaction temperature.An improved storage method by storing LiOH at a low humidity less than 1.0%can be effectively prevented the carbonation of LiOH.The hydration reaction ratio of LiOH at the improved storage method shows a better result compared to the ordinary storage method.Therefore,the humidity should be carefully controlled during the storage of LiOH before hydration and dehydration reaction when apply LiOH as a low heat chemical storage material.

Low-Temperature Hydrogen Storage Alloy and Its Application in Ni-MH Battery

Rare earth compositions, La, Ce and Pr in Mm(NiCoMnAl)(5) hydrogen storage alloy, were arranged by uniform design method. The discharge performances and kinetics parameters including capacity, exchange current density, symmetry factor and hydrogen diffusion coefficient of the alloy at -40degreesC, were tested in standard tri-electrode cell. And linear regression method was used to analyze the effect of rare earth compositions on the performances of hydrogen storage alloys. The results show that the capacities of the alloys are positively correlative to the square of Ce content at -40degreesC and under both 0.4 and 0.2C rate. The kinetics parameters and hydrogen diffusion coefficient indicate that the low-temperature performances of the alloys are mainly controlled by hydrogen diffusion process, and the surface electrochemical reaction affects the low-temperature performances to a certain extent. The low-temperature discharge capacities of the battery were also tested. The results show excellent low-temperature performances. The battery delivers 69.6% of its room-temperature capacity at -40degreesC and 0.2C rate, 77.7% at -40degreesC and 0.4C rate, 59.1% at -45degreesC and 0.2C rate.

Analysis on the Changes in Fruit Quality of ‘Beishan’ Apricots during Storage at Room Temperature

[Objectives]This study was conducted to understand the changes in fruit quality during storage of local high-quality apricot variety ‘Beishan’ in Xinjiang at room temperature, and to clarify the suitable storage time of the variety. [Methods] Under normal temperature storage conditions, the changes of fruit weight, firmness, soluble solids, titratable acid, soluble sugar, vitamin C and rot rate were observed every day. [Results] With the increase of storage days at room temperature, the fruit weight and firmness of ‘Beishan’ apricots gradually decreased;the contents of titratable acid and vitamin C decreased gradually;and the contents of soluble solids and soluble sugar increased slightly on the 2^(nd) day of storage, and then gradually decreased. The fruit quality began to decline sharply after the 6^(th) day of storage. The fruit began to rot on the 3^(rd) day of storage, and the rot rate was higher than 60% and increased significantly after the 6^(th) day. After the ‘Beishan’ apricots were stored at room temperature until the 6^(th) day, the fruit quality began to decline sharply, and the rot rate exceeded 60%. The suitable storage time at room temperature was about 6 d. [Conclusions] This study provides data support for the research and promotion of the ‘Beishan’ variety.

An Integrated Collector Storage Solar Water Heater and Study of its Temperature Stratification

In this paper we describe an integrated collector storage solar water heater for the North Western region of India for use as domestic water heater during the winter season and present the experimental results of temperature stratification. The system consists of a steel water storage tank with azimuthal orientation such that its walls face south east, south west, north east and North West directions. The sunlit walls (south east and south west) and the top cover surface of the storage tank are covered with transparent insulation material (TIM) and the off-sunlit sides with opaque insulation. Experimental results show that the top layer is at the highest temperature. The top layer is drained using a new design of the outlet. The system can be used in rural areas or as a pre heater in more affluent households. The system can return the cost of conversion of the storage tank into a Solar Water Heater in one winter season by saving the cost of electrical energy required for heating water during winter months.