Evaluation of Right Ventricular Volume and Systolic Function by Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography

The optimal plane for measurement of the right ventricular (RV) volumes by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE) was determined and the feasibility and accuracy of RT3DE in studying RV systolic function was assessed. RV “Full volume” images were acquired by RT3DE in 22 healthy subjects. RV end-diastolic volumes (RVEDV) and end-systolic volumes (RVESV) were outlined using apical biplane, 4-plane, 8-plane, 16-plane offline separately. RVSV and RVEF were calculated. Meanwhile tricuspid annual systolic excursion (TASE) was measured by M-mode echo. LVSV was outlined by 2-D echo according to the biplane Simpson's rule. The results showed: (1) There was a good correlation between RVSV measured from series planes and LVSV from 2-D echo (r=0.73; r=0.69; r=0.63; r=0.66, P<0.25—0.0025); (2) There were significant differences between RVEDV in biplane and those in 4-, 8-, 16-plane (P<0.001). There was also difference between RV volume in 4-plane and that in 8-plane (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between RV volume in 8-plane and that in 16-plane (P>0.05); (3) Inter-observers and intro-observers variability analysis showed that there were close agreements and relations for RV volumes (r=0.986, P<0.001; r=0.93, P<0.001); (4) There was a significantly positive correlation of TASE to RVSV and RVEF from RT3DE (r=0.83; r=0.90). So RV volume measures with RT3DE are rapid, accurate and reproducible. In view of RV's complex shape, apical 8-plane method is better in clinical use. It may allow early detection of RV systolic function.

The Infeasibility of Establishing Land Development Rights in China Based on the Path of Real Rights

Using comparative analysis and documentation method,this paper reveals infeasibility of establishing land development rights in China based on the path of real rights,in the hope of providing recommendations for improving the research route on localization of land development rights. Results indicate that at the level of legislative techniques,the land development rights rooted from property right paradigm do not contain possess the elements of object of real rights and conflict with the principle of statutory real rights and single ownership. At the level of legal logic,individual case of TDR conflicts with real right in rem. In conclusion,it is infeasible to introduce land development rights based on the path of real rights. In future,it is required to discard the concept of mechanical transplantation and explore feasible path and seek feasible way for establishing land development rights along with the direction of quasi-property and improving regulation efficiency.

Dynamic Characteristic Mechanism of Atrial Septal Defect Using Real-Time Three-Dimensional Echocardiography and Evaluation of Right Ventricular Functions

The dynamic characteristics of the area of the atrial septal defect（ASD） were evaluated using the technique of real-time three-dimensional echocardiography（RT 3DE）, the potential factors responsible for the dynamic characteristics of the area of ASD were observed, and the overall and local volume and functions of the patients with ASD were measured. RT 3DE was performed on the 27 normal controls and 28 patients with ASD. Based on the three-dimensional data workstations, the area of ASD was measured at P wave vertex, R wave vertex, T wave starting point, and T wave terminal point and in the T-P section. The right atrial volume in the same time phase of the cardiac cycle and the motion displacement distance of the tricuspid annulus in the corresponding period were measured. The measured value of the area of ASD was analyzed. The changes in the right atrial volume and the motion displacement distance of the tricuspid annulus in the normal control group and the ASD group were compared. The right ventricular ejection fractions in the normal control group and the ASD group were compared using the RT 3DE long-axis eight-plane（LA 8-plane） method. Real-time three-dimensional volume imaging was performed in the normal control group and ASD group（n=30）. The right ventricular inflow tract, outflow tract, cardiac apex muscular trabecula dilatation, end-systolic volume, overall dilatation, end-systolic volume, and appropriate local and overall ejection fractions in both two groups were measured with the four-dimensional right ventricular quantitative analysis method（4D RVQ） and compared. The overall right ventricular volume and the ejection fraction measured by the LA 8-plane method and 4D RVQ were subjected to a related analysis. Dynamic changes occurred to the area of ASD in the cardiac cycle. The rules for dynamic changes in the area of ASD and the rules for changes in the right atrial volume in the cardiac cycle were consistent. The maximum value of the changes in the right atrial volume occurred in the end-systolic period when the peak of the curve appeared. The minimum value of the changes occurred in the end-systolic period and was located at the lowest point of the volume variation curve. The area variation curve for ASD and the motion variation curve for the tricuspid annulus in the cardiac cycle were the same. The displacement of the tricuspid annulus exhibited directionality. The measured values of the area of ASD at P wave vertex, R wave vertex, T wave starting point, T wave terminal point and in the T-P section were properly correlated with the right atrial volume（P〈0.001）. The area of ASD and the motion displacement distance of the tricuspid annulus were negatively correlated（P〈0.05）. The right atrial volumes in the ASD group in the cardiac cycle in various time phases increased significantly as compared with those in the normal control group（P=0.0001）. The motion displacement distance of the tricuspid annulus decreased significantly in the ASD group as compared with that in the normal control group（P=0.043）. The right ventricular ejection fraction in the ASD group was lower than that in the normal control group（P=0.032）. The ejection fraction of the cardiac apex trabecula of the ASD patients was significantly lower than the ejection fractions of the right ventricular outflow tract and inflow tract and overall ejection fraction. The difference was statistically significant（P=0.005）. The right ventricular local and overall dilatation and end-systolic volumes in the ASD group increased significantly as compared with those in the normal control group（P=0.031）. The a RVEF and the overall ejection fraction decreased in the ASD group as compared with those in the normal control group（P=0.0005）. The dynamic changes in the area of ASD and the motion curves for the right atrial volume and tricuspid annulus have the same dynamic characteristics. RT 3DE can be used to accurately evaluate the local and overall volume and functions of the right ventricle. The local and overall volume loads of the right ventricle in the ASD patients increase significantly as compared with those of the normal people. The right ventricular cardiac apex and the overall systolic function decrease.

Study on the Theory and Method of Real Estate Property Right Appraisal

This paper first introduces the overview of real estate appraisal theory,the basic situation of real estate appraisal,the basic principles and characteristics of real estate appraisal,and three main appraisal methods.On this basis,the specific use scope of each method,the meaning of each parameter,and the influencing factors are analyzed.Then,based on the in-depth study of various existing appraisal theories and methods,a new appraisal method is proposed:the appraisal analysis method based on fuzzy analytic hierarchy process.

论NFT数字作品的权属特点与规则适用

NFT是一种技术,它通过对数字客体进行标识、登记和固定,使其具有可支配性和特定性。数字作品经过NFT处理后,其“物”的特性得到了强化,从而在一定程度上超出了债权客体的范畴,更接近于物权客体的特征。虽然NFT数字作品的铸造和交易应该适用物权规则,但在占有和处分这些作品的过程中,其登记性和非同质性特点却十分鲜明。因此,传统物权规则在应用于该种新型物时需要进行内部调整,同时还需要与外部规则相适配。NFT与区块链登记公示的高度绑定有别于传统的动产物权登记和著作权自愿登记,它应该比照不动产而非动产物权登记机制进行规范,并明确该登记行为在著作权规则中的地位。NFT通过独特识别符形成的非同质性,与同质化代币相比存在巨大差异,因此在适用货币化、证券化规则时应该更加谨慎。

价值均衡视角下宅基地使用权继承纠纷的裁判规则构建

现阶段宅基地使用权继承纠纷解决存在司法处理态度不一、缺少统一立法规范的实践困境。根本原因在于宅基地使用权兼具身份价值和财产价值,而现有纠纷处理模式不能达成两种价值取向的均衡。鉴于此,建议适用“身份资格—房地关系”双重标准的限制继承规则作为司法裁判指引,同时明确“三权分置”背景下宅基地使用权的成员权内涵,以填补双重标准裁判规则的理论漏洞,消解新规则的内在矛盾。

登记对抗主义下相对性物权说之批判

登记对抗主义物权变动规则由设立要件与对抗要件构成,其适用难点在于如何解释对抗要件所产生的登记对抗效力。相对性物权说在承认未登记物权仍为物权属性可对抗一般债权的前提下,主张未登记物权不能对抗特殊债权乃对抗要件发挥其登记对抗效力的必然结果,进而认为,在登记对抗主义下,依据合同设立的未登记物权具有相对性。然而,该学说偏离了物权界定规则与登记对抗规则的位阶关系,对域外法的借鉴未能作出契合本土的诠释,导致设立要件与对抗要件的功能错位。实质上,相对性物权说是以物权的相对性替换债权物权化。特殊债权优先受偿与登记对抗效力不存在必然联系,因而不应纳入登记对抗效力的调整范围。

不动产抵押登记被撤销后相关法律问题探究

已经登记的抵押权被撤销或注销后,抵押权是否有效以及各当事人之间如何承担责任的问题,在我国理论界探讨不足,立法上尚属空白。在司法实践中,由于不动产抵押登记行为具有行民交叉的特征,存在着诉讼路径与诉讼结果的冲突,增加了司法诉累,影响了司法公信力。抵押登记是一种行政行为,不是一种持续的状态。即使抵押权登记被撤销或被注销,抵押权人的信赖利益仍然受到法律的保护,抵押权应继续有效。应当采取抵押权登记纠纷的行民合并审理模式,以保护交易安全,节约司法成本。如果抵押登记在行政诉讼中被撤销或被行政机关主动注销,说明行政机关在当初登记时就有错误,受到损失的利害关系人可以要求登记机关承担赔偿责任。

物权登记错误行政赔偿裁判规则争议问题之再认识

需要受害人穷尽其他法律救济途径才能判令行政机关承担因登记错误致损赔偿责任的司法实践于法无据;物权登记错误行政赔偿与民事赔偿或者刑事附带民事赔偿等救济途径具有同等独立法律价值,人民法院应当根据当事人诉请依法裁判;司法实践和司法规范将以房屋登记为代表的物权登记行政赔偿归责原则确立为过错归责原则缺少法律依据。确立结果归责原则理据在于:具有法律规范依据,更加符合《国家赔偿法》《民法典》立法宗旨;与国家赔偿责任构成要件相匹配;结果归责原则并不要求物权登记机构承担绝对责任。将登记错误行政赔偿责任作为一种补充责任涉嫌违反《行政诉讼法》和《国家赔偿法》规定,也会造成新的不公平。根据物权交易民事侵权人与登记机构(工作人员)是否具有实施故意侵权意思联络为标准,登记错误行政赔偿责任可以分为份额责任和连带责任。

物权变动规则是一个解释选择吗?

我国物权变动规则对债权合同与履行行为从一体把握到相互区分,最终采纳了物权形式主义。物权变动规则不是一个“解释选择”问题。物权形式主义贯彻了意思自治原则,既是物债二分的必然结果,也是非即时交易的必然规则,还是登记审查的必然要求。我国目前无论在立法还是在司法方面都确立了物权形式主义。支持债权形式主义的许多理由不能成立,诸如所有权保留等规则均能也均应通过物权行为理论解释。应当协调物权形式主义与法律行为无效制度、善意取得制度的关系,共同维护当事人的利益平衡和保障交易安全。

体育赛事直播画面法律保护的适用困境与纾解路径——基于31个案例的实证分析

体育赛事直播已成为我国体育产业的重要组成部分,但其现有的法律保护路径仍不完善。综合运用文献资料、案例分析等方法,梳理2012-2023年31起体育赛事直播画面侵权案例后发现:由于相关权益性质不明,现有法律框架下著作权法、反不正当竞争法以及体育法等相关法律法规对体育赛事直播画面保护出现距离性,受害人通常难以实现权利救济。研究总结了当前体育赛事直播画面纠纷处理过程中在体育赛事直播画面定性、权利主体认定、权益保护法律适用三方面的现存困境。据此提出纾解路径,即立法将体育赛事直播画面定义为“实时数据集合”,并将其纳入“新型知识产权”客体范畴;扩大广播组织的定义,使其涵盖网络广播组织;在《体育法》中创设“体育赛事视听信息权”。

多模态超声对右心结构和功能的评估研究

目的运用多模态超声检查技术进行右心室结构和功能的综合评估,为右心相关的疾病诊治提供更客观、高效的超声检测工具。方法前瞻性收集2022年2月至2023年2月义乌市中心医院诊治右心相关疾病的患者88例(观察组)和健康志愿者80名(对照组),采用常规二维超声测量三尖瓣环收缩期位移(TAPSE)、三尖瓣环收缩期速度(S')和右心室面积变化分数(FAC)、三尖瓣口舒张早期与晚期血流峰值速度的比值(E/A)、右心房内径(RAD)、下腔静脉内径及吸气末内径塌陷率,二维斑点追踪技术(2D-STE)测量右心室游离壁心肌整体纵向应变(RVGLS),实时三维超声(RT-3DE)测量右心室射血分数(RVEF)。结果观察组TAPSE、S'、FAC、E/A和RVEF明显低于对照组,RVGLS高于对照组(均P<0.05)。Spearman秩相关显示,RVGLS与TAPSE、S'、FAC、E/A和RVEF均呈负相关,RVEF与TAPSE、S'、FAC和E/A均呈正相关(均P<0.05)。最后,TAPSE、S'、FAC、E/A、RVEF和RVGLS的观察者内和观察者间的组内相关系数均≥0.899(均P<0.05),提示多模态超声的重复性较好。结论综合应用多模态超声技术能够提供更多有关右心室结构和功能的信息,在客观、准确诊治右心相关疾病方面具有重要的应用价值。

“三权分置”背景下土地经营权登记的路径选择

农地“三权分置”背景下,土地经营权性质的界定关系到土地经营权的权利构造及其权利行使方式,对于后续改革与权利的完善具有重大意义。学界针对土地经营权登记问题的研究形成了债权和物权登记两种理论观点。就其权利属性而言,土地经营权债权登记欠缺理论基础且在实践中不具有可操作性,无法为权利人提供实质性保障。土地资源要素市场化的构建需要效力强大的物权为其提供制度支撑,土地经营权的物权属性为其纳入不动产登记体系提供了理论基础。物权登记路径的确立有着坚实的制度基础和法律保障,既符合农地改革的内在要求,也与我国正在建立实施的不动产统一登记制度相契合。

房地一体不动产确权登记数据管理系统的研究与实现

从房地一体化采购项目数字化、标准化、科学化和智能化管理面临的问题着手,结合房地一体不动产确权登记数据管理实际需求,给出了房地一体不动产确权登记数据管理系统的功能设计和实现,并对房地一体不动产确权登记数据管理系统建设的关键技术和系统特色进行了论述。

浙江省水利工程不动产确权登记实践与思考

基于浙江省水利工程不动产确权登记工作概况,归纳浙江省不动产确权登记实践中的典型做法,分析实践中存在的资料不全、权属不清、依据不足、用途交叉等主要问题,通过深入思考提出完善规章制度、调整土地用途、加强技术支持、推动融资试点等有针对性的建议意见,以促进水利工程不动产确权登记取得新突破。

住宅建设用地使用权期限届满续期中多元权益诉求问题研究

为深入了解住宅拥有者在土地使用权到期续期时的内在多元化权益诉求,基于适足住房权理论、马斯洛需求层次理论和系统论,将住宅持有者对土地使用权到期房产权益诉求分为三层:拥有、持续性拥有和更好地持续性拥有。其中,“拥有”层次的权益诉求指住宅拥有者渴望保持对住宅继续占用和使用;“持续性拥有”层次的权益诉求指住宅拥有者期望对土地使用权到期的住宅可以在更长时间内占有和使用;“更好地持续拥有”层次的权益诉求指住宅拥有者期望在土地使用权续期时既要经济上合理、又要法律上有尊严。结合现实案例、法律政策、学术争论分析得出,目前仅“拥有”层面的权益诉求得到解决;“持续拥有”和“更好地持续拥有”两个层面的权益诉求还处于模棱两可的不确定状态。因此,住宅建设用地使用权到期续期时的缴费标准、测算方案与缴费方式还需明确,科学确定续期年限与续期次数,明确土地使用权处于续期状态之房产的可处分性、可继承性以及重建权的适用范围、运行规则与保障体系。

商品房消费者物权期待权的法教义学阐释

商品房消费者物权期待权的法教义学阐释是要厘清商品房消费者物权期待权在法律适用中内容属性、请求主体及效力顺位等三个方面的问题。在内容属性方面,商品房消费者物权期待权是指购买商品房用于居住的消费者所享有的类似所有权人的地位,其权利结构呈复合型,即优先权、购房款债权和生存权的结合;在本质上是法定担保物权,并非是能够优先受偿的债权。在请求主体方面,其仅限于具有生存权益的商品房消费者享有,以房抵债受让人不在其中。在效力顺位方面,其效力不仅优先于抵押权和其他债权,亦优先于建设工程价款优先受偿权。如此设置,不仅符合法律逻辑,也符合实践需要。

地下空间的物权客体属性及其政策演变趋势

围绕城市地下空间治理体系与治理能力现代化的改革总目标,研究地下空间的法律界定,揭示地下空间政策演变趋势,以期为国家层面的政策供给提供思路。研究表明,过去二十多年来,地下空间政策围绕构建地下空间工程管理制度、物权管理制度和三维产权管理制度,可以划分为早期探索、初步形成和规范完善3个阶段。但是,既有政策对地下空间的界定主要着眼于自然属性,混淆了地表与地面、地下空间与地下工程的区分。在《民法典》第345条分层设立建设用地使用权制度框架下,地下空间在法律上摆脱了自罗马法以来附属于地表的状态。作为独立的地下建设用地使用权客体,地下空间必须为人类所能控制,具有特定性、独立性和明确的三维产权边界。基于此,政策演变呈现出了从自然属性到法律属性、从资源到资产资本、从工程思维到物权思维、从平面思维到三维思维、从计划配置到市场配置的趋势性。

不动产收益权担保规范构造论

不动产收益权是一项既非物权亦非债权的独立不动产权利,现行法将其纳入应收账款存在不当。对于不动产收益权担保的规范构造应予以重新审视。首先,就体系定位而言,不动产收益权担保应采取抵押构造,而非质押构造。其次,就设立要件而言,除一般要件外,不动产收益权担保的设立须满足“行政机关同意”这一特别要件。再次,就公示制度而言,不动产收益权担保的公示方式是登记,效力模式上应采取登记生效主义。最后,就实现进路而言,应优先执行账户内资金,并以变价收益权作为备选:一方面,“执行账户内资金”的性质是担保权益延伸,应于不动产收益权抵押登记栏目下设立“账户”项目,并于此登记账户信息。另一方面,“变价收益权”应通过招标、拍卖等竞价方式进行,且应准许分割期限转让。