Effect of quenching and tempering processes on properties and microstructure of G115 steel

The novel martensitic heat-resistant steel G115 was designed for thick-section boiler components of ultra-supercritical(USC) power plants at 630-650 ℃.The impact of the quenching and tempering processes on the properties and microstructure of G115 steel was explored.The samples that were quenched and tempered twice had a higher tensile strength at room temperature and 650 ℃,and the impact energy was significantly improved.The strength and impact energy increased in proportion to the increase in the first quenching temperature.The microstructure differences between the single and double quenched and tempered samples were examined using metallographic microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.The grain size of the double quenched and tempered samples was finer than that of the single quenched and tempered samples, and the tempered martensite lath is more visible, as are the carbides and other precipitates, which are finer and more uniformly distributed.As the first quenching temperature increased, the grains became coarser but more uniform.

Application of the Controllable Quenching Technology to the Quenching and tempering Workpieces

In order to obtain the desired mechanical properties of quenching and tempering workpieces, as well as reduce the cracking tendency and distortion, a program of controllable quenching was established. Furthermore, a computer-aided quenching system (CAQ) was also developed. The application samples of the CAQ system showed satisfactory results.

Analysis of microstructure and performance of temper bead welded joints for SA508-3 steel by Quenching and Tempering mode

The HAZ microstructure and performance of Quenching and Tempering mode temper bead welding and general welded joints which were made on SA508-3 steel of 60 mm thickness were compared in this article. The result shows that tempering sorbite which has excellent overall performance was obtained in both modes. The microstructure of Quenching and Tempering mode welded joints got more fine grain. Even though the hardness of tempering bead welded joints is higher than the general one,it still meets the standards which is lower than 350 HV. The impact absorbing energy of each district of tempering bead welded joints HAZ reached 170 J,which is equal to general one.

Cold extrusion deformation behavior of medium carbon steel after quenching and tempering

By taking 40Cr as a specific object, cold extrusion deformation behavior of medium carbon steel after quenching and tempering was studied by experimental works. The influence of deformation extent (10%-50%), cone angle of die (90 °-120 °), hardness after quenching and tempering (HRC21-29) and lubricated condition on the forming load was analyzed. The results show that there is no central bursting and micro crack in the inner of the extruded specimen, and the forming quality is good. The double-peak phenomenon takes place at the front-end of the specimen; the double-peak index increases with deformation extent, and larger deformation can avoid the double-peak phenomenon. The deformation extent is the most important influencing factor, and the lubricated condition almost has no influence, which means that the phosphate coating plus soap process is still a proper lubrication method for cold extrusion of medium carbon steel after quenching and tempering. By investigating the microscopic structure before and after deformation, the initial equiaxed grain is elongated in the extrusion direction, and this feature is more significant at the front-end of specimen.

Numerical simulation research of dimension variation in heavy plate during quenching and tempering process

The dimension variation of B610E steel during the quenching and tempering process was simulated by ABAQUS,the coefficient of heat transfer during quenching was verified by the buried thermocouple test and the trend of the dimension variation during the quenching process was also calculated by ABAQUS. It was shown by the comparison of simulated results and industrially measured results that only the simulation of thickness and width variation was accurate, while length variation needed further simulation. Besides, the dimension variation trend was identical with the measured results.

Effect of low-temperature tempering on the mechanical properties of cold-rolled martensitic steel

Cold-rolled martensitic steel is an important type of advanced high-strength steel for automobile production.With martensite as its primary microstructure constituent, martensitic steel possesses exceptional high strength despite its low alloy content.As the strength of cold-rolled martensitic steel increases, the martensite and carbon content also increases, leading to a decrease in bending properties and toughness.In this paper, the effect of various tempering parameters on the bending property and impact toughness of a quenched cold-rolled martensitic steel sheet was studied.It is found that after quenching, the ductility and impact toughness of the experimental steel are improved using low-temperature heat treatment.The optimal tempering conditions for ductility and toughness are analyzed.

淬火、回火对连铸QTNi4MoV球墨铸铁组织和硬度的影响

采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)和硬度计等对QTNi4MoV球墨铸铁在淬火和回火过程中的组织及硬度变化规律进行了研究。结果表明:经1323 K保温4 h的石墨化退火处理后,QTNi4MoV球墨铸铁的组织由石墨球+残留奥氏体+针状贝氏体组成,硬度约为40 HRC;再经1223 K保温1 h油淬后,QTNi4MoV球墨铸铁的组织由石墨球、马氏体和残留奥氏体组成,硬度为48.5 HRC;淬火后QTNi4MoV球墨铸铁的组织具有良好的回火抗力,回火温度达到773 K时,其淬火马氏体才开始分解;经773 K保温3 h的一次和二次回火后,QTNi4MoV球墨铸铁的组织为石墨球、回火马氏体和少量残留奥氏体,硬度值分别为47.5和46 HRC,抗拉强度高于900 MPa,满足铝合金压铸模具服役时对其制造材料在力学性能方面的要求。

过温淬火+低温回火20Cr13锻造剥皮齿的热处理工艺研究

以20Cr13不锈钢锻造的剥皮齿为研究对象,对比传统热处理工艺,提出了一种过温淬火和低温回火的热处理工艺方法。结果表明,在盐浴炉里进行热处理试验,得到的剥皮齿硬度值范围为48.0~49.5 HRC,比淬火加热到1000℃的同等条件,剥皮齿硬度值提高了5.3%。金相组织为低温回火马氏体和残余奥氏体,满足剥皮齿47~51 HRC的安全硬度值要求。后经不同设备网带炉验证,得到的剥皮齿硬度值范围为47.5~51.0 HRC,金相组织同为低温回火马氏体和残余奥氏体。经实际工作环境验证,所提出的工艺加工的剥皮齿满足安全工作的硬度要求。

淬回火工艺对N-Mo合金化Cr13型耐蚀塑料模具钢组织与力学性能的影响

对N-Mo合金化Cr13型耐蚀塑料模具钢进行925~1150℃保温0.5 h的油淬处理,再分别进行150~300℃保温2 h或者350~600℃保温1 h的回火处理,研究了淬回火工艺对该钢组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明:试验钢淬火后的组织主要为淬火马氏体,随着淬火温度的升高,晶粒长大,第二相逐渐固溶进基体,试验钢的硬度先增大后降低,当淬火温度为1050℃时,硬度达到峰值,为57.7 HRC,此时第二相基本固溶进基体,残余奥氏体体积分数仅为8.49%。随着回火温度的升高,试验钢组织由回火马氏体向索氏体转变,第二相逐渐析出并长大;硬度呈先降低后升高再迅速降低的趋势,冲击吸收能量随回火温度的变化规律与回火硬度的变化规律相反,抗拉强度的变化规律与硬度的变化规律一致,屈服强度呈先增大后降低的趋势,并在回火温度为480℃时达到最大值,为1445 MPa;在200℃以上温度回火后试验钢的塑性均保持在一个较好的水平。试验钢获得优异综合性能的热处理工艺为1050℃×0.5 h淬火+200~300℃×2 h回火,此时组织为回火马氏体,硬度为48~53 HRC,抗拉强度为1752~2050 MPa,屈服强度为1171~1223 MPa,冲击吸收能量为41~51 J,断面收缩率为42%~51%,断后伸长率为17.1%~17.7%。

07MnMoVR水电钢CCT曲线测定与应用

在Gleeble3800热模拟试验机上测定了07MnMoVR水电钢以不同冷却速度连续冷却时的膨胀曲线,结合金相-硬度法获得了该钢的静态CCT曲线,分析以不同冷却速度连续转变时的组织转变,阐明冷却速度与组织演变及硬度变化的关系。试验钢热处理工艺为920℃淬火,然后进行600℃回火时,力学性能满足生产技术要求。

承载曲轴用34CrNiMo6钢调质处理工艺强韧化机理研究

针对高承载曲轴需要高强塑性匹配的要求,选用34CrNiMo6钢并进行调质热处理,研究淬、回火温度对合金钢力学性能的影响规律,建立工艺-组织-性能的匹配关系,揭示合金钢调质热处理后强韧化机理。得出结论为:回火温度一定时,随着淬火温度升高,34CrNiMo6钢硬度、强度是逐渐小幅下降,伸长率先增加后减少,并在860℃时达到峰值,冲击功则逐渐增加。淬火温度一定时,随回火温度增加,硬度、抗拉强度和屈服强度呈现出先降低后增加最后又降低的趋势,伸长率和冲击功呈现出先增加后减小的抛物线形态。在580℃回火,硬度、强度达到小高峰,伸长率获得最大值,冲击功比560℃时的最大值略有下降。当回火温度超过600℃时,各项性能急剧下降。因此,34CrNiMo6钢的最佳调质工艺为:860℃淬火+580℃回火,其强韧化机理与索氏体的细化程度和残余奥氏体含量及变形过程组织中的位错密度有关。

770 MPa级调质铸钢液态金属致脆失效原因及相应防护对策

采用金相显微镜、电子扫描显微镜等对某大型截面铸钢工件裂纹成因进行了分析。结果表明:开裂高强度调质铸钢,在热浸锌过程中,基体产生了垂直于表面的裂纹,裂纹长度约为3 mm,且裂纹沿晶开裂。能谱结果表明,裂纹中富含大量锌,为典型的液态金属致脆现象。针对此情况,在热浸锌工艺、焊接工艺、成型工艺、涂装体系等方面给出了避免产生液态金属致脆的防护对策。

深层页岩气用高强度套管强韧性研究

为满足井深大于3 500 m的页岩气开发用高强度套管的强韧性要求,对试验用套管钢在不同热处理条件下的强韧性变化、显微组织演变及微观断裂机制等进行试验研究。试验结果表明:该试验钢的最佳热处理工艺条件为920℃保温45 min后淬火,660℃保温60~90 min后回火,其屈服强度≥1 000 MPa、-10℃横向冲击功≥80 J,可满足T/CPSI 01301—2022标准对140钢级的要求,具有最佳的强韧性匹配。随着回火温度升高及回火保温时间延长,晶界、板条内及板条界等位置上析出碳化物发生球化、聚集及粗化演变,断口形貌特征逐渐转变为准解理、撕裂棱及二次裂纹,进而演变成大小韧窝和少量二次裂纹特征,造成了试验钢的强韧性差异。

38MnVTi非调质钢的TTT曲线的测定与分析

研究了38MnVTi非调质钢在等温冷却过程中的奥氏体转变产物及转变量与时间的关系。通过Gleeble-1 500D热模拟试验机获得不同等温温度的膨胀曲线。采用膨胀法,通过Gleeble-1 500D热模拟试验机获得不同等温温度的膨胀曲线,再计算和运用Origin软件拟合得到38MnVTi非调质钢的等温转变曲线(TTT曲线)。结果表明:38MnVTi非调质钢渗碳体的析出温度为750℃、铁素体析出温度为840℃、马氏体析出温度为360℃以及马氏体转变终止温度为212℃。在540、510、480、430℃等温冷却条件下贝氏体的最大转变量分别为16.9%、26.8%、38.5%、55.3%。

淬回火工艺对Cronidur30钢组织及性能的影响

利用扫描电镜、摩擦磨损试验机和X射线衍射仪等研究了淬火温度、冷处理温度和回火温度对Cronidur30钢的硬度、残余奥氏体含量以及摩擦磨损性能和耐腐蚀性的影响。结果表明:淬火温度为1 025,1 060℃时,回火态试样硬度均不低于59 HRC,1 025℃淬火试样的残余奥氏体含量略低且组织更加均匀细小;淬火温度为1 025℃时,-75和-196℃这2种冷处理温度对试样硬度和残余奥氏体含量影响的差别不大;淬火温度1 025℃,冷处理温度-75℃时,155,480℃回火温度下试样的硬度均高于58 HRC,155℃回火后试样的减摩性优于480℃,耐磨性则略低;随着回火温度升高,试样的耐腐蚀性下降,回火温度550℃时试样的耐腐蚀性最差。

薄规格高强度工程机械用钢板在线淬火工艺开发

通过对薄规格高强度工程机械用钢研发过程中的技术难题进行了分析,并有针对性采取了措施,使得20~29 mm厚度钢板在线淬火工艺得以成功应用。通过对轧制道次的优化提高了轧制板形、通过冷却单元上下水比、边部遮挡优化保证了冷却的均有性,通过钢板头部跟踪位置优化解决了头部过冷问题,为水冷后板形的改善创造了条件。通过头尾遮挡参数及热处理回火工艺优化,保证了钢板性能的均匀性,实现了薄规格钢板的短流程生产,取得了较好的经济效益和社会效益。

直连绳索取心钻杆分区热处理技术研究

为了提高绳索取心钻杆的性能,对直连绳索取心钻杆的受力情况、结构特点以及传统处理工艺进行分析,提出了分区热处理的工艺。通过对两端进行热加工处理,使钻杆中间管体区域和两端热处理螺纹区域性能出现差异,提高两端综合强度的同时改善螺纹部分的受力状态,可使钻杆柱既具有高强度又兼具柔性,大幅提高钻杆机械性能以及耐磨性。其中调质硬度HRC33~38能在保证管体延伸率与正火、回火基本一致的情况下,强度提高37.7%,硬度提高40%,抗冲击性提高46.7%。调质硬度HRC38~42时,材料的耐磨性提高9.1%。更适合全液压钻机施工及深孔钻进,为钻探施工提供了钻机、钻杆配套性的优选方案。

NM500级高强度低合金耐磨钢的研制开发

在研制开发NM500级高强度低合金耐磨钢过程中,通过设计合理成分体系及淬火+回火工艺方案,实现塑韧性与硬度匹配良好、高强度低合金耐磨钢NM500的稳定生产。布氏硬度均在489~528HBW,显微组织观察发现厚度截面为全马氏体组织。针对典型工艺的成品钢进行冲击磨料磨损耐磨对比试验,结果显示:NM500级高强度低合金耐磨钢的相对耐磨性优于NM400和NM450级高强度低合金耐磨钢,为Q355B级高强度低合金耐磨钢的8.30倍。

淬回火与等温淬火对SAE6150钢组织和力学性能的影响

对SAE6150钢进行淬回火和等温淬火热处理试验,分析了不同回火温度和等温温度对其组织和性能的影响。结果表明,SAE6150钢的回火组织主要由回火马氏体和残余奥氏体组成。随回火温度的升高,回火马氏体板条状形态逐渐消失,渗碳体和合金碳化物尺寸增大,数量增多。经等温淬火后,组织以贝氏体为主,随等温温度的升高,铁素体形态由细针状变为羽毛状。力学性能方面,随回火温度的升高,SAE6150钢的硬度、屈服强度和抗拉强度减小,断面收缩率和伸长率增大。对比等温淬火和回火SAE6150钢的力学性能后发现,在断面收缩率和伸长率相近的情况下,低温等温淬火试样表现出更高的硬度和强度。

热处理及锻造工艺对1Cr12Ni3Mo2VN叶片钢横纵向冲击性能的影响

为了解决1Cr12Ni3Mo2VN叶片钢横纵向性能差异较大的问题,采用金相、SEM、XRD、TEM、拉伸、冲击等实验手段研究了不同热处理及锻造工艺对1Cr12Ni3Mo2VN钢的组织、析出相和力学性能的影响。研究结果表明,淬火温度在1040~1060℃区间,该叶片钢的冲击韧性最好,在1040℃淬火时横纵向冲击比达到0.9,满足性能要求。同时,进行了二次回火处理,得出适当提高二次回火温度也有利于冲击韧性提高。这主要是因为提高二次回火温度使马氏体分解,细小的碳化物析出相增多,在保证硬度的情况下提高了冲击性能。镦拔工艺对该叶片钢的横纵向力学性能的影响不明显,镦拔次数增加反而会降低横纵向冲击功之比,因此生产中采用一镦一拔开坯即可满足性能要求,为现场生产提供了较好的解决方案。