A grouting simulation method for quick-setting slurry in karst conduit:The sequential flow and solidification method

It is difficult to temporally and spatially track and characterize the slurry viscosity in flowing water during grouting simulation.In this study,a sequential flow and solidification(SFS)method considering the spatial-temporal evolution of slurry viscosity in flowing water in karst conduit is proposed.First,a time-dependent model for the threshold function of slurry viscosity is established.During the grouting process,the spatial-temporal evolution of slurry viscosity is revealed by tracking the diffusion behavior of the slurry injected at different times.This method is capable of describing the gradual solidification process of the slurry during grouting.Furthermore,a physical model of grouting in a karst conduit is developed.Second,the effectiveness of the SFS method in grouting simulation is verified by the experiment of grouting conduit in flowing water.The SFS method enables real-time monitoring of fluid velocity and pressure during grouting in flowing water and provides a feasible calculation method for revealing the grouting plugging mechanism in complex karst conduits at different engineering scales.In addition,it can be used to guide the design of grouting tests in flowing water,improve cost efficiency,and provide theoretical basis for optimizing grouting design and slurry selection.

Development and application of novel high‐efficiency composite ultrafine cement grouts for roadway in fractured surrounding rocks

The fractured surrounding rocks of roadways pose major challenges to safe mining.Grouting has often been used to reinforce the surrounding rocks to mitigate the safety risks associated with fractured rocks.The aim of this study is to develop highly efficient composite ultrafine cement(CUC)grouts to reinforce the roadway in fractured surrounding rocks.The materials used are ultrafine cement(UC),ultrafine fly ash(UF),ultrafine slag(US),and additives(superplasticizer[SUP],aluminate ultrafine expansion agent[AUA],gypsum,and retarder).The fluidity,bleeding,shrinkage,setting time,chemical composition,microstructure,degree of hydration,and mechanical property of grouting materials were evaluated in this study.Also,a suitable and effective CUC grout mixture was used to reinforce the roadway in the fractured surrounding rock.The results have shown that the addition of UF and US reduces the plastic viscosity of CUC,and the best fluidity can be obtained by adding 40%UF and 10%US.Since UC and UF particles are small,the pozzolanic effect of UF promotes the hydration reaction,which is conductive to the stability of CUC grouts.In addition,fine particles of UC,UF,and US can effectively fill the pores,while the volumetric expansion of AUA and gypsum decreases the pores and thus affects the microstructure of the solidified grout.The compressive test results have shown that the addition of specific amounts of UF and US can ameliorate the mechanical properties of CUC grouts.Finally,the CUC22‐8 grout was used to reinforce the No.20322 belt roadway.The results of numerical simulation and field monitoring have indicated that grouting can efficaciously reinforce the surrounding rock of the roadway.In this research,high‐performance CUC grouts were developed for surrounding rock reinforcement of underground engineering by utilizing UC and some additives.

Assessment of compressive strength of jet grouting by machine learning

Jet grouting is one of the most popular soil improvement techniques,but its design usually involves great uncertainties that can lead to economic cost overruns in construction projects.The high dispersion in the properties of the improved material leads to designers assuming a conservative,arbitrary and unjustified strength,which is even sometimes subjected to the results of the test fields.The present paper presents an approach for prediction of the uniaxial compressive strength(UCS)of jet grouting columns based on the analysis of several machine learning algorithms on a database of 854 results mainly collected from different research papers.The selected machine learning model(extremely randomized trees)relates the soil type and various parameters of the technique to the value of the compressive strength.Despite the complex mechanism that surrounds the jet grouting process,evidenced by the high dispersion and low correlation of the variables studied,the trained model allows to optimally predict the values of compressive strength with a significant improvement with respect to the existing works.Consequently,this work proposes for the first time a reliable and easily applicable approach for estimation of the compressive strength of jet grouting columns.

Theory,technology and application of grouted bolting in soft rock roadways of deep coal mines

The grouted bolt,combining rock bolting with grouting techniques,provides an effective solution for controlling the surrounding rock in deep soft rock and fractured roadways.It has been extensively applied in numerous deep mining areas characterized by soft rock roadways,where it has demonstrated remarkable control results.This article systematically explores the evolution of grouted bolting,covering its theoretical foundations,design methods,materials,construction processes,monitoring measures,and methods for assessing its effectiveness.The overview encompassed several key elements,delving into anchoring theory and grouting reinforcement theory.The new principle of high pretensioned high-pressure splitting grouted bolting collaborative active control is introduced.A fresh method for dynamic information design is also highlighted.The discussion touches on both conventional grouting rock bolts and cable bolts,as well as innovative grouted rock bolts and cables characterized by their high pretension,strength,and sealing hole pressure.An examination of the merits and demerits of standard inorganic and organic grouting materials versus the new inorganic–organic composite materials,including their specific application conditions,was conducted.Additionally,the article presents various methods and instruments to assess the support effect of grouting rock bolts,cable bolts,and grouting reinforcement.Furthermore,it provides a foundation for understanding the factors influencing decisions on grouted bolting timing,the sequence of grouting,the pressure applied,the volume of grout used,and the strategic arrangement of grouted rock bolts and cable bolts.The application of the high pretensioned high-pressure splitting grouted bolting collaborative control technology in a typical kilometer-deep soft rock mine in China—the soft coal seam and soft rock roadway in the Kouzidong coal mine,Huainan coal mining area,was introduced.Finally,the existing problems in grouted bolting control technology for deep soft rock roadways are analyzed,and the future development trend of grouted bolting control technology is anticipated.

Large-scale model testing of high-pressure grouting reinforcement for bedding slope with rapid-setting polyurethane

Bedding slope is a typical heterogeneous slope consisting of different soil/rock layers and is likely to slide along the weakest interface.Conventional slope protection methods for bedding slopes,such as retaining walls,stabilizing piles,and anchors,are time-consuming and labor-and energy-intensive.This study proposes an innovative polymer grout method to improve the bearing capacity and reduce the displacement of bedding slopes.A series of large-scale model tests were carried out to verify the effectiveness of polymer grout in protecting bedding slopes.Specifically,load-displacement relationships and failure patterns were analyzed for different testing slopes with various dosages of polymer.Results show the great potential of polymer grout in improving bearing capacity,reducing settlement,and protecting slopes from being crushed under shearing.The polymer-treated slopes remained structurally intact,while the untreated slope exhibited considerable damage when subjected to loads surpassing the bearing capacity.It is also found that polymer-cemented soils concentrate around the injection pipe,forming a fan-shaped sheet-like structure.This study proves the improvement of polymer grouting for bedding slope treatment and will contribute to the development of a fast method to protect bedding slopes from landslides.

Stability behavior of the Lanxi ancient flood control levee after reinforcement with upside-down hanging wells and grouting curtain

The stability of the ancient flood control levees is mainly influenced by water level fluctuations, groundwater concentration and rainfalls. This paper takes the Lanxi ancient levee as a research object to study the evolution laws of its seepage, displacement and stability before and after reinforcement with the upside-down hanging wells and grouting curtain through numerical simulation methods combined with experiments and observations. The study results indicate that the filled soil is less affected by water level fluctuations and groundwater concentration after reinforcement. A high groundwater level is detrimental to the levee's long-term stability, and the drainage issues need to be fully considered. The deformation of the reinforced levee is effectively controlled since the fill deformation is mainly borne by the upside-down hanging wells. The safety factors of the levee before reinforcement vary significantly with the water level. The minimum value of the safety factors is 0.886 during the water level decreasing period, indicating a very high risk of the instability. While it reached 1.478 after reinforcement, the stability of the ancient levee is improved by a large margin.

Research on Sleeve Grouting Density Detection Based on the Impact Echo Method

Grouting defects are an inherent challenge in construction practices,exerting a considerable impact on the operational structural integrity of connections.This investigation employed the impact-echo technique for the detection of grouting anomalies within connections,enhancing its precision through the integration of wavelet packet energy principles for damage identification purposes.A series of grouting completeness assessments were meticulously conducted,taking into account variables such as the divergent material properties of the sleeves and the configuration of adjacent reinforcement.The findings revealed that:(i)the energy distribution for the highstrength concrete cohort predominantly occupied the frequency bands 42,44,45,and 47,whereas for other groups,it was concentrated within the 37 to 40 frequency band;(ii)the delineation of empty sleeves was effectively discernible by examining the wavelet packet energy ratios across the spectrum of frequencies,albeit distinguishing between sleeves with 50%and full grouting density proved challenging;and(iii)the wavelet packet energy analysis yielded variable detection outcomes contingent on the material attributes of the sleeves,demonstrating heightened sensitivity when applied to ultrahigh-performance concrete matrices and GFRP-reinforced steel bars.

Numerical Simulation of Surrounding Rock Deformation and Grouting Reinforcement of Cross-Fault Tunnel under Different Excavation Methods

Tunnel construction is susceptible to accidents such as loosening, deformation, collapse, and water inrush, especiallyunder complex geological conditions like dense fault areas. These accidents can cause instability and damageto the tunnel. As a result, it is essential to conduct research on tunnel construction and grouting reinforcementtechnology in fault fracture zones to address these issues and ensure the safety of tunnel excavation projects. Thisstudy utilized the Xianglushan cross-fault tunnel to conduct a comprehensive analysis on the construction, support,and reinforcement of a tunnel crossing a fault fracture zone using the three-dimensional finite element numericalmethod. The study yielded the following research conclusions: The excavation conditions of the cross-fault tunnelarray were analyzed to determine the optimal construction method for excavation while controlling deformationand stress in the surrounding rock. The middle partition method (CD method) was found to be the most suitable.Additionally, the effects of advanced reinforcement grouting on the cross-fault fracture zone tunnel were studied,and the optimal combination of grouting reinforcement range (140°) and grouting thickness (1m) was determined.The stress and deformation data obtained fromon-site monitoring of the surrounding rock was slightly lower thanthe numerical simulation results. However, the change trend of both sets of data was found to be consistent. Theseresearch findings provide technical analysis and data support for the construction and design of cross-fault tunnels.

Mechanical behaviour of fiber-reinforced grout in rock bolt reinforcement

Grouted rock bolts subject to axial loading in the field exhibit various failure modes,among which the most predominant one is the bolt-grout interface failure.Thus,mechanical characterization of the grout is essential for understanding its performance in ground support.To date,few studies have been conducted to characterize the mechanical behaviour of fiber-reinforced grout(FRG)in rock bolt reinforcement.Here we experimentally studied the mechanical behaviour of FRG under uniaxial compression,indirect tension,and direct shear loading conditions.We also conducted a series of pullout tests of rebar bolt encapsulated with different grouts including conventional cementitious grout and FRG.FRG was developed using 15%silica fume(SF)replacement of cement(by weight)and steel fiber to achieve highstrength and crack-resistance to overcome drawbacks of the conventional grout.Two types of steel fibers including straight and wavy steel fibers were further added to enhance the grout quality.The effect of fiber shape and fiber volume proportion on the grout mechanical properties were examined.Our experimental results showed that the addition of SF and steel fiber by 1.5%fiber volume proportion could lead to the highest compressive,tensile,and shear strengths of the grout.The minimum volume of fiber that could improve the mechanical properties of grout was found at 0.5%.The scanning electron microscopy(SEM)analysis demonstrated that steel fibers act as an excellent bridge to prevent the cracks from propagating at the interfacial region and hence to aid in maintaining the integrity of the cementitious grout.Our laboratory pullout tests further confirmed that FRG could prevent the cylindrical grout annulus from radial crack and hence improve the rebar’s load carrying capacity.Therefore,FRG has a potential to be utilized in civil and mining applications where high-strength and crack-resistance support is required.

Numerical investigation of geostress influence on the grouting reinforcement effectiveness of tunnel surrounding rock mass in fault fracture zones

Grouting is a widely used approach to reinforce broken surrounding rock mass during the construction of underground tunnels in fault fracture zones,and its reinforcement effectiveness is highly affected by geostress.In this study,a numerical manifold method(NMM)based simulator has been developed to examine the impact of geostress conditions on grouting reinforcement during tunnel excavation.To develop this simulator,a detection technique for identifying slurry migration channels and an improved fluid-solid coupling(FeS)framework,which considers the influence of fracture properties and geostress states,is developed and incorporated into a zero-thickness cohesive element(ZE)based NMM(Co-NMM)for simulating tunnel excavation.Additionally,to simulate coagulation of injected slurry,a bonding repair algorithm is further proposed based on the ZE model.To verify the accuracy of the proposed simulator,a series of simulations about slurry migration in single fractures and fracture networks are numerically reproduced,and the results align well with analytical and laboratory test results.Furthermore,these numerical results show that neglecting the influence of geostress condition can lead to a serious over-estimation of slurry migration range and reinforcement effectiveness.After validations,a series of simulations about tunnel grouting reinforcement and tunnel excavation in fault fracture zones with varying fracture densities under different geostress conditions are conducted.Based on these simula-tions,the influence of geostress conditions and the optimization of grouting schemes are discussed.

An Overview of Soil Improvement through Ground Grouting

Soil is an essential component of what surrounds us in nature, providing as the basis for our infrastructure and construction. However, soil is not always suitable for construction due to a variety of geotechnical issues such as inadequate bearing capacity, excessive settlement, and liquefaction susceptibility. Through improving the engineering qualities of soil, such as strength, permeability, and stability, ground grouting is a specific geotechnical method used. Using a fluid grout mixture injected into the subsurface, holes are filled and weak or loose strata are solidified as the material seeps into the soil matrix. The approach’s adaptability in addressing soil-related issues has made it more well-known in the fields of civil engineering and construction. In the end, this has improved groundwater management, foundation support, and overall geotechnical performance.

预制混凝土构件钢筋浆锚对接连接受拉性能

为改善预制混凝土构件钢筋连接工艺及性能,提出一种预制混凝土构件钢筋浆锚对接连接技术。针对该新型钢筋连接的传力可靠性问题,开展了考虑钢筋直径、混凝土强度和浆锚长度变化的接头单向拉伸试验。试验结果表明,钢筋浆锚对接连接接头受拉性能由钢筋浆锚长度与帮条钢筋承载力共同控制,与混凝土强度无明显关系,表现为帮条钢筋配置相同的条件下,12 mm、14 mm直径连接钢筋试件分别在0.5l a(受拉钢筋基本锚固长度)、0.6l a钢筋浆锚长度条件下实现钢筋拉断,16 mm直径连接钢筋试件在0.6l a钢筋浆锚长度条件下发生帮条钢筋拉断。结合数据分析,建议12~16 mm直径连接钢筋浆锚长度按0.6l a控制,帮条钢筋与连接钢筋牌号相同的前提下,12~14 mm直径连接钢筋的帮条钢筋按4 C 8设计,16 mm直径连接钢筋的帮条钢筋应按6 C 8设计。同时,试验中钢筋镦头构造可保证钢筋充分锚固,其具体尺寸可用于指导钢筋加工;螺旋筋对接头受拉性能影响不明显,可参照本次试验参数进行设计。

基于网格上近似的大规模数据集离群点检测算法GROUT

通过对数据集中离群点分布特性的分析,给出离群点的解析定义,并在度量意义下采用数据空间网格化方法实现对密集数据主体的过滤,从而构造了在时间和空间上均具有极高效率的离群点检测算法。

Mechanical properties of anti-seepage grouting materials for heavy metal contaminated soil

Cement-based composite grouting materials were used to construct grouting cutoff wall for heavy metal contaminated soil in non-ferrous metal mining areas. Cement, fly ash, and slag as principal ingredients were mixed with water glass in different ways to produce three composite grouting materials. In order to investigate the effect of water glass mixing ratio, Baume degree, fly ash and slag contents on the mechanical properties of the composite grouting materials, particularly their gel time and compressive strength, the beaker-to-beaker method of gel time test and unconfined compressive strength test were conducted. In addition, the phase composition and microstructure of the composite grouting materials were analyzed by the X-ray diffraction（XRD） and scanning electron microscope（SEM） techniques. The test results show that their gel time increases when water glass mixing ratio and Baume degree increase. The gel time increases dramatically when fly ash is added, but decreases slightly if fly ash is partly replaced by slag. When the mixing ratio of water glass is below 20%, their compressive strength increases with the increases of the ratio; when the ratio is above 20%, it significantly decreases. The compressive strength also tends to increase as Baume degree increases, and improves if fly ash and slag are added.

富水区水工隧洞外水压力降压措施研究

外水压力是影响隧洞稳定及衬砌结构安全性的重要因素,特别是对富水地层深埋水工隧洞,高外水压力给衬砌设计带来巨大挑战.目前隧洞排水降压措施没有统一的标准,且主要聚焦于对衬砌外水压力的影响,对渗流场的影响分析还有待加强.本文依托滇中引水工程松林隧洞,借助ABAQUS软件开展隧洞围岩及衬砌结构流固耦合分析,分析在不同灌浆圈参数及排水布置方案下,隧洞渗流场及衬砌外水压力的变化规律.研究结果表明:通过改变灌浆圈厚度或降低灌浆圈的渗透性均可有效降低衬砌外水压力并减小隧洞开挖对渗流场的影响;布置排水孔亦能有效降低衬砌外水压力,且对距离排水孔越近降压效果越显著,离排水孔越远降低幅度越小且对渗流场产生较大影响,建议在实际工程中应采取堵排结合的措施来降低外水压力,并对排水孔及灌浆圈开展优化设计,以得到最优减压效果.

Testing Analysis of Composite Ground with Grouting Piles and Deep Mixing Piles

This paper discusses a new technique to improve soft ground with grouting piles and deep mixing piles. The bearing capacity of composite ground and the stress ratio between piles and soil is discussed by means of the static test. Based on Mindlin solution and Boussinesq solution, the additional stress and settlement of the composite ground are acquired.Compared the practical value with calculation, a better calculating method is confirmed.

Grouts-Blaivas评分法评价无张力阴道吊带术治疗压力性尿失禁的临床价值

目的:观察无张力阴道吊带术(TVT)治疗女性压力性尿失禁的临床疗效,并探讨Grouts-Blaivas评分法评价该法治疗尿失禁效果的临床价值.方法:对25例中、重度女性压力性尿失禁患者采用TVT治疗,手术后采用Grouts-Blaivas评分法评价尿失禁情况,并定期随访.结果:25例患者TVT均取得满意疗效.术后随访3～21个月,按Grouts-Blaivas评分法,尿失禁治愈率为92%(23/25),1例改善良好,1例改善中等,无手术失败及严重并发症发生.结论:TVT治疗女性压力性尿失禁有效、安全,且疗效持久.Grouts-Blaivas评分法是一种较为全面的评价尿失禁疗效的方法.

钢筋螺旋肋灌浆套筒连接性能试验分析

传统灌浆套筒制造过程繁琐、原材料成本高且灌浆质量难以保证,限制了中国预制装配式建筑的推广。为促进建筑行业的经济、环保和高效发展,本课题组研发了一种新型钢筋灌浆套筒连接技术,采用了“滚压螺旋肋灌浆套筒”和“类宾汉流体灌浆料”,钢筋与灌浆料、灌浆料与套筒之间形成了更加紧密的机械锁合,显著提高了构件连接后的承载力。该技术具有成本低廉、施工简便、灌浆质量易于保证等优点。为了探究该连接体系下钢筋的最小锚固长度及钢筋对中对接与偏置对接在连接性能上的差异,通过对34个接头试件进行单向拉伸试验,分析了试件的破坏模式及各项结构性能指标。研究结果表明:钢筋在套筒内部偏置对接与对中对接在连接性能上差别不大;滚压套筒内的内凸肋显著增强了对灌浆料滑移的阻抗作用,可提供足够的黏结锚固以达到连接性能要求。初步结果显示,在该连接方式下钢筋的最小锚固长度可采用10倍钢筋直径,并采用偏置对接方式。

复杂地层超长桩后压浆施工工法探究与实践

在复杂地质环境下,超长桩施工难度大、造价高,基桩的单桩承载力特征值无法满足设计要求。后压浆灌注技术可以通过在施工灌注桩时预先安装注浆管,极大提高桩端承载力及桩与土之间的摩阻力。以广东省深圳市南山某一项目为例,探讨了在复杂地质条件下抗拔桩的后压浆施工工艺,桩基承载能力得到大幅提升,在有限桩长下满足了设计要求。

改进型止浆塞在上斜钻孔带压封堵地质异常区中的应用研究

为解决煤矿井下地质探查上斜钻孔带压封堵异常区时,漏浆、跑浆及加压管磨损破裂等问题,设计出带有锥形头、单向阀和内置导流管的改进型止浆塞,并在山西某矿进行了现场试验。试验对7个钻孔下入孔底止浆塞,均达到设计下入深度,平均下深191 m,平均膨胀压力5.1 MPa,合格率100%,下入过程中未出现加压管磨损或断裂事故。对孔内有毒有害气体含量偏高的2^(#)、6^(#)、7^(#)钻孔进行持续观测,发现在下入止浆塞后,孔口有毒有害气体含量均呈不同程度衰减趋势,其中H_(2)S气体含量分别衰减40%、33%、13%;CO气体含量分别衰减20%、70%、25%;CH_(4)气体含量分别衰减0.3%、4.4%、10%。试验结果表明,改进型止浆塞结构设计合理,能够按要求下入指定孔深,且封堵效果良好,孔内有毒有害气体得到有效隔绝,保证了巷道掘进及采面回采安全高效进行。