V_r:A new index to represent the variation rate of geomagnetic activity

By calculating the hourly standard deviation of the first-order differences of the horizontal geomagnetic com- ponent minute data, a new index Vr to represent the variation rate of the geomagnetic field was introduced. Vr-indices show similar trends in the temporal change at different observatories and have simultaneous peak values at the observatories cov- ering a large span geographically, which reveals that the source of geomagnetic disturbances represented by Vr is in the mag- netosphere. Based on the comparison among Vr, Kp and ap, it is found that generally Vr changes linearly with Kp and ap, which means that the rapid changes of magnetic field usually exist together with magnetic disturbances. But there are excep- tions. As Vr can be easily produced by individual observatory in quasi real time and is more sensitive to the variation rate of geomagnetic field rather than the field itself, it can be expected to serve for monitoring or predicting the geomagnetic-induced event in a quick and intuitive way.

Anomalous phenomena in DC–ULF geomagnetic daily variation registered three days before the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan M_S 8.0 earthquake

The hourly data of the vertical Z and the horizontal H components of 37 ground-based DC-ULF geomagnetic stations are examined during 20 April-12 May 2008. On 9 May 2008, three days before the Wenchuan MS 8.0 shock, anomalies-a double low-point and a decreased amplitude-are registered on the curves of the Z component at 25 stations in a large-scale area surrounding the Wenchuan epicentral area. The H component shows none of the double low-point phenomenon but does exhibit a reduced magnitude at the same time. The geomagnetic index Kp is also examined and indicates that the anomalies appear at a solar quiet period. The appearing time shift(Tzs) between the first low-point on May 9 and the minimum point occurring time of May 1-5, 2008 is also checked.The results show that Tzs is on the order of 1-2 hours earlier or later than usual and there is a 2-6 hours’ gap between these two lowpoints. However, there is still a transition area which includes the epicenter where Tzs=0. Variation amplitude examined on vertical Z increases as the distance from the epicenter decreases. An Earth-air-ionosphere model has been employed to investigate a possible mechanism of this phenomenon and positive results have been unexpectedly attained. All these above-related results tend to prove that the variations of the Z and H on May 9, 2008 during the solar quiet period are probably associated with the forthcoming Wenchuan MS 8.0 earthquake.

Study on electric variations of media in epicentral area by geomagnetic transfer functions

Taking the graph of the apparent resistivity Pyx in Lanzhou area, its geomagnetic transfer function variations andthe investigation of moderate-strong local earthquakes as example and from.the viewpoint of seismomagnetic effect,the authors found that subterranean conductivity values might be applied to the division of Lanzhou areafrom the surface downward into four layers, i. e., the anomalous, the transitional,the non-anomalous and theanomalous layer. Only the transfer function modular |A| and |B|,magnetic azimuth ap with its variance ap,and the total variance yi in the anomalous layers showed obvious anomalies with time changes. Thus, it could beconjectured that the anomalous layer was closely associated with the anisotropic variations of conductivity of thesubterranean media in the seismicity area.This phenomenon might provide a way to the further study of itsmechanism. It is needed to study the inherent connotation deeply.

The observation and interpretation of geomagnetic variations in a small area of Hainan Province,China

In late December of 1991, observation of three component geomagnetic short period variations was carried out in Chengmai county of Hainan province, along a short measurement profile with small spatial intervals of detection points. Within the period range of 20 s to 500 s, we have discovered that the vertical variations are basically correlated with the horizontal variations in north direction in all measurement points, the real parts of complex transfer functions demonstrate that an asymmetric spatial variation of short wavelength superimposed on regional monotonic tendencious spatial variation. Inversion of the observed data along the small profile was carried out by using the invention method of generalized inverse matrix of finite element forward calculation for the electromagnetic induction of the 2 D conductivity model to investigate the conductivity structure of the profile. We conclude that the anomaly of geomagnetic short periodic variation in the small area originated from the Wangwu Wenjiao fault in the northern part of Hainan island .

Spatial Correlation Anomalies of the Diurnal Variation of the Geomagnetic Vertical Component before the Yingjiang MS 6.1 and Ludian MS 6.5 Earthquakes

Significant anomalies were observed at the geomagnetic stations in the southwest region of China before the Yingjiang M_S6. 1 earthquake and the Ludian M_S6. 5 earthquake in 2014.We processed the geomagnetic vertical component diurnal variation data by the spatial correlation method. The results show that during the period from April 1 to May 20,2014,there existed quasi-synchronous decrease changes in the coefficient curves between the five geomagnetic stations of Guiyang,Hechi,Nanshan,Muli,Yongning and Xinyi and Hongshan stations. Furthermore,there was a high gradient zone in the normalized correlation coefficient contour map with background values removed. The epicenters of the Yingjiang M_S6. 1 earthquake and the Ludian M_S6. 5 earthquake are located in the gradient zone or near the gradient zone.

CHARACTERISTICS OF Sq VARIATION OF GEOMAGNETIC FIELD AT THE GREAT WALL STATION, ANTARCTICA IN WINTER

In this paper the characteristics of Sq variation of geomagnetic field in the region of the Chinese Great Wall Station (CGWS), Antarctica, in winter are analyzed from geomagnetic data obtained at the Geomagnetic Observatory of CGWS. The result enables us to reveal the following aspects: (1) The pattern of Sq variation at CGWS in early (Apr.) and Late winter (Sep.) is similar to that at Beijing Geomagnetic Observatory (BJO) at the middle latitude in the Northern Hemisphere. It may be controlled by the midlatitudinal ionospheric dynamo current. Amplitude of Sq variation is very small, and the harmonics in 8 hours or shorter periods in midwinter (June and July) is predominant because of the decreased effect of solar ultraviolet radiation and the dominant geomagnetic disturbance at high latitudes. (2) The vectors of Sq-equivalent current in the daytime are about five times more than that in the night. The direction of the vectors is clockwise in the daytime (08-15h) and counterclockwise in the night in early and late winter. Both of the vectors are very small because of the effect of the current density in the ionosphere is relatively weak in midwinter. The direction of vectors of Sq-equivalent current at CGWS in early and late winter is different from that in midwinter. It may be affected by the ionospheric current and field-aligned current in the polar region.

Electromagnetic response function for the semi-annual variations estimated by the single-station method using the night-time values of the geomagnetic fields

The geomagnetic night-time values were used to estimate the electromagnetic response function Q1 for half-year period. If the spatial structure of the source field can be described by the approximation, one can estimate the Q1 value using the single-station Z/H method. This technique enables us to carry out regional deep gcomagnetic sounding by the method. The data used for analyses are geomagnetic night-time values for about, typically, 26 years from 5 good-quality stations and for several years from 34 stations distributed over the globe. The results indicate that the night-time values yield more reliable response estimates for half-year period compared to the usual estimates obtained from daily means. It implies that the approximation for the night-time fields holds good for the half-year period, but the daily means are not suitable for estimating the response function of the semi-annual variations by using the single-station method. Source field analyses for daily means data and night-time means data have also been carried out in this paper.

Geomagnetic diurnal-variation anomalies and their relation to strong earthquakes

The diurnal-variation anomalies of the vertical-component in geomagnetic field are mainly the changes of phase and amplitude before strong earthquakes. On the basis of data recorded by the network of geomagnetic observato- ries in China for many years, the anomalous features of appearance time of the minima of diurnal variations (i.e, low-point time) of the geomagnetic vertical components and the variation of their spatial distribution (i.e, phe- nomena of low-point displacement) have been studied before over 30 strong earthquakes with MS≥6.6 such as Kunlunshan MS=8.1 earthquake on November 14, 2001; Bachu-Jashi MS=6.8 earthquake on February 24, 2003; Xiaojin MS=6.6 earthquake on September 22, 1989, etc. There are good relations between such rare phenomena of geomagnetic anomalies and the occurrence of earthquakes. It has been found that most earthquakes occur in the vicinity of the boundary line of sudden change of the low-point displacement and generally within four days before and after the 27th or 41st day counting from the day of appearance of the anomaly. In addition, the anomalies of diurnal-variation amplitude near the epicentral area have been also studied before Kunlunshan MS=8.1 earthquake and Bachu-Jiashi MS=6.8 earthquake.

Spatial and Temporal Variations of Daily Ranges of the Geomagnetic Vertical Component in the Chinese Mainland

In this paper, we use the daily ranges of the vertical magnetic intensity of approximately 76 geomagnetic stations from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2010 to analyze the spatial and temporal characteristics of Z ranges. The results are summarized as follows: (1) Temporally, we use regressive analysis and FFT analysis to analyze the data. The results show that the Z component daily ranges of all stations have an obvious cyclical variation, the computed Fourier spectra of all data sets have clearly resolved the required periodicities in the data, in the form of distinct peaks at days 365, 183, 22, and 73, and the power spectra of day 365 is the highest in all periods. (2) In terms of spatial variation, the daily ranges show nonlinear variation with latitude in China. The results show the existence of a point of inflexion (maximal value point) nearby at about 25°N, the daily ranges of Z rise from 15°~25°N and have a good linear decrease variation along with 25°~50°N. (3) Compared with the spatial and temporal variations of Z daily ranges with the Sq current inversion, we found that the spatial and temporal characteristics of Z ranges are decided mainly by the spatio-temporal evolution of the Sq current system. (4) If the latitudes of the maximum amplitudes of variation of the vertical component in the geomagnetic quiet days are roughly taken as the latitudes corresponding to the foci of Sq overhead current system, we can see that these latitudes of foci become higher in summer, are lowest in winter and highest during Equinoxes, displaying conspicuous monthly and daily variations. For two successive geomagnetic quiet days, the latitudes of foci may vary ten degrees.

Statistical Study of foF2 Diurnal Variation at Dakar Station from 1971 to 1996:Effect of Geomagnetic Classes of Activity on Seasonal Variation at Solar Minimum and Maximum

The statistical study of F2 layer critical frequency at Dakar station from 1971 to 1996 is carried out. This paper shows foF2 statistical diurnal for all geomagnetic activities and all seasons and that during solar maximum and minimum phases. It emerges that foF2 diurnal variation graphs at Dakar station exhibits the different types of foF2 profiles in African EIA regions. The type of profile depends on solar activity, season and solar phase. During solar minimum and under quiet time condition, data show?the signature of a strength electrojet that is coupled with intense counter electrojet in the afternoon. Under disturbed conditions,?mean intense electrojet is observed in winter?during fluctuating and recurrent activities. Intense counter electrojet is seen under fluctuating and shock activities in all seasons coupled with strength electrojet in autumn. In summer?and spring under all geomagnetic activity condition, there is intense counter electrojet. During solar maximum, in summer and spring there is no electrojet under geomagnetic activity conditions.?Winter shows a mean intense electrojet. Winter and autumn are marked by the signature of the reversal electric field.

The study of geomagnetic jerk from 2010 to 2021 based on hourly mean data from global geomagnetic observatories

The secular variation in the global geomagnetic field was analyzed in terms of the annual differences in monthly means by using the hourly mean data from 18 foreign(outside China)observatories of the World Data Center(WDC)for Geomagnetism from January 2010 to January 2020 as well as 9 observatories in the Geomagnetic Network of China from January 2015 to April 2021.In addition,according to the correlation of noisy components from the observatories,a covariance matrix was constructed based on residuals between observations and the CHAOS-7.4 model to remove external contamination.Through a comparison before and after denoising,we found that the overall average standard deviations were reduced by 29.97%in China and by 41.4%outside China.Results showed the correlation coefficient between external noise(mainly the magnetosphere ring current)and the Dst index was 0.82,and the correlation coefficient between external noise and the Ring Current(RC)index reached 0.94.A geomagnetic jerk was globally discovered around 2018.0 on the geomagnetic eastward component Y.The jerk timing in China was around 2020.0,and the earliest one was in2018.75,whereas the timing outside China was around 2018.0,and the earliest one was in 2017.67.This 2-year lag may have been caused by the higher electrical conductivity of the deep mantle.After more data were added,this jerk event was found to occur in an orderly manner in the northern hemisphere as the longitude increased and the intensity gradually increased as well.The variations in location of the jerk center were analyzed according to the CHAOS-7.4 model.Results revealed six extreme points distributed nearby the equator.The strongest was near the equator,at 170°E,and the strength gradually decreased as it extended to the northern and southern hemispheres.Another extreme point with the opposite sign was located at the equator,at 20°W,in the south-central part of the Atlantic,and the strength gradually decreased as it extended into Europe.The covariance matrix method can be used to analyze data from the Macao Science Satellite-1 mission in the future,and this method is expected to play a positive role in modeling and separating the large-scale external field.

Dynamic mode decomposition of the geomagnetic field over the last two decades

Earth’s magnetic field,which is generated in the liquid outer core through the dynamo action,undergoes changes on timescales of a few years to several million years,yet the underlying mechanisms responsible for the field variations remain to be elucidated.In this study,we apply a novel data analysis technique developed in fluid dynamics,namely the dynamic mode decomposition,to analyze the geomagnetic variations over the last two decades when continuous satellite observations are available.The dominant dynamic modes are extracted by solving an eigen-value problem,so one can identify modes with periods longer than the time span of data.Our analysis show that similar dynamic modes are extracted from the geomagnetic secular variation and secular acceleration,justifying the validity of applying the dynamic mode decomposition method to geomagnetic field.We reveal that the geomagnetic field variations are characterized by a global mode with period of 58 years,a localized mode with period of 16 years and an equatorially trapped mode with period of 8.5 years.These modes are possibly related to magnetohydrodynamic waves in the Earth’s outer core.

Total Electron Content during Recurrent and Quiet Geomagnetic Periods at the Koudougou Station in Burkina Faso

In this work, the comparative study of total electron content (TEC) between recurrent and quiet geomagnetic periods of solar cycle 24 at Koudougou station with geographical coordinates 12°15'N;- 2°20'E was addressed. This study aims to analyze how geomagnetic variations influence the behavior of TEC in this specific region. The geomagnetic indices Kp and Dst were used to select quiet and recurrent days. Statistical analysis was used to interpret the graphs. The results show that the mean diurnal TEC has a minimum before dawn (around 0500 UT) and reaches a maximum value around 1400 UT, progressively decreasing after sunset. In comparison, the average diurnal TEC on recurrent days is slightly higher than on quiet days, with an average difference of 7 TECU. This difference increases with the level of geomagnetic disturbance, reaching 21 TECU during a moderate storm. The study also reveals significant monthly variations, with March and October showing the highest TEC values for quiet and recurrent days, respectively. Equinox months show the highest mean values, while solstice months show the lowest. Signatures of semi-annual, winter and equatorial ionization anomalies were observed. When analyzing annual variations, it was found that the TEC variation depends significantly on F10.7 solar flux, explaining up to 98% during recurrent geomagnetic activity and 92% during quiet geomagnetic activity.

Short-term and imminent geomagnetic anomalies of the Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake and exploration on earthquake forecast

The diurnal variation of the geomagnetic vertical component is exhibited mainly by changes of phase and amplitude before strong earthquakes. Based on data recorded by the network of geomagnetic observatories in China for many years, the anomalous features of the appearance time of the minima of diurnal variations （i.e, low-point time） of the geo- magnetic vertical components and the variation of their spatial distribution （i.e, phenomena of low-point displacement） have been studied before the Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake. The strong aftershocks after two months＇ quiescence of M6 aftershocks of the Ms8.0 event were forecasted based on these studies. There are good correlativities between these geomagnetic anoma- lies and occurrences of earthquakes. It has been found that most earthquakes occur near the boundary line of sudden changes of the low-point time and generally within four days before or after the 27th or 41st day counting from the day of the appearance of the anomaly. In addition, the imminent anomalies in diurnal-variation amplitudes near the epicentral areas have also been studied before the Wenchuan earthquake.

Geomagnetic solar flare effect on February 4 and 6，1986 at the china Antarctic Great wall Station

Taking the sampled every minute values of the horizontal, declination and vertical components H, D, Z and theintensity of total field F calculated from H and Z on the magnetograms at ten geomagnetic observatories in Chinain the same periods, and at the china Antarctic Great wan station (CAGWS), the authors conducted the maximum entropy analysis and band-pass filtration of these data and obtained the following results: (1) At the PeriodT=10-90 min geomagnetic solar flare effect (sfe) is evident on the sunlit hemisphere. It is more pronounced atperiods 15, 20, 25 and 30 min, and most prominent at 30-35 min. The solar X-ray spectra at the same timeshowed their peaks at 10 and 15 min ; (2) The period T=10-70 min of sfe at the CAGWS in the westernHemisphere was also recognizable after spectral analysis and filtration, but the corresponding period of the maximum amplitude was different from that in the sunlit hemisphere. The results further proved that the geomagnetic effect of solar flares could also be observed in the dark hemisphere I (3) The subsolar POints of two solar flareswere found around Lanzhou, and the associated current density in the ionosphere was about 24 A/km. Thetransitional zone from positive to negative sfe was found around the geographic latitude p￣ 22'-- 24'N, wherethe sfe in H-crochet was almost illegible.

Is There a Geomagnetic Component Involved with the Determination of G?

We compared the small quantitative changes (range) in G over repeated measures (days) with recently improved methods of determinations and those recorded over 20 years ago. The range in the Newtonian constant of gravitation G is usually in the order of 400 ppm as reflected in experimentally-determined values. The moderate strength negative correlation between daily fluctuations in G, in the range of 3 × 10-3 of the average value, and an index of global geomagnetic activity reported by Vladimirsky and Bruns in 1998 was also found for the daily fluctuations in the angular deflection θ (in arcseconds) and geomagnetic activity within 24 hr for the Quinn et al. 2013 data. A temporal coupling between increases of geomagnetic activity in the order of 10-9 T with decreases in G in the order of 10-14 m3·kg-1·s-2 could suggest a recondite shared source of variance. The energy equivalence for this change in G and geomagnetic activity within 1 L of water is ~3 × 10-14 J.

Analysis of S^p_q current systems by using corrected geomagnetic coordinate

The S^p_q equivalent current system of the quiet day geomagnetic variation in the polar region is very complicated. It is composed of several currents, such as the ionospheric dynamo current and the auroral electrojet caused by the field aligned current. S p q is unsymmetrical in both polar regions. In this paper, the S p q current systems are analyzed in the corrected geomagnetic coordinates (CGM) instead of the conventional geomagnetic coordinates (GM), and the symmetries of the S p q current in different systems are compared. Then the causes of S p q asymmetry in the GM coordinates are discussed; the effects of each component in S p q are determined.

The Geomagnetic Effects of Solar Activity as Measured at Ouagadougou Station

The coronal mass ejections (CMEs) produce by Sun poloidal magnetic fields contribute to geomagnetic storms. The geomagnetic storm effects produced by one-day-shock, two-days-shock and three-days-shock activities on Ouagadougou station F2 layer critical frequency time variation are analyzed. It is found that during the solar minimum and the increasing phases, the shock activity produces both positive and negative storms. The positive storm is observed during daytime. At the solar maximum and the decreasing phases only the positive storm is produced. At the solar minimum there is no three-days-shock activity. During the solar increasing phase the highest amplitude of the storm effect is due to the one-day-shock activity and the lowest is produced by the two-days-shock activity. At the solar maximum phase the ionosphere electric current system is not affected by the shock activity. Nevertheless, the highest amplitude of the storm effect is caused by the two-days-shock activity and the lowest by the one-day-shock activity. During the solar decreasing phase, the highest amplitude provoked by the storm is due to the three-days-shock activity and the lowest by the one-day-shock activity.

高斯函数拟合的地磁日变规律分析及改正

地磁数据的采集精度直接影响着地磁匹配定位的准确度,地磁日变改正是获取高精度地磁数据的重要前提.在远海以及一些远离台站有效范围的偏远区域设立日变站相对困难,而且保证日变站持续稳定的工作对日变站的设立提出了更高要求.日变改正步骤复杂而繁琐,大多通过多台站联合改正或监测相应时刻日变站的变化实现,对于区域地磁数据采集过程的日变改正研究相对较少.针对这些问题,文章顾及地磁静日变化存在一定周期性的特点,基于高斯拟合函数对单点位多个太阳日下的地磁场变化规律进行分析,并对区域多点的地磁场数据进行日变拟合及改正分析.试验结果表明:在一定区域范围内高斯函数拟合得到的点位磁场的静日变化能够满足地磁日变改正精度,拟合误差在几个nT以内,中误差也不超过10 nT;区域点位实验中,将高斯函数拟合获得的日变改正值与常规方法获得的日变改正值进行对比,其中82.3%的点位日变改正值的差值在±5 nT以内.因此,基于高斯函数拟合的地磁日变改正分析能够根据观测时间获得相应区域的日变改正估值,实现日变改正,获得高精度地磁数据,为地磁匹配定位提供了基础.

2020年唐山古冶5.1级地震前后岩石圈磁场异常变化分析

基于唐山及周边地区2019年9月-2021年4月连续4期流动地磁观测资料,获得唐山地区岩石圈磁场异常变化模型,以此分析2020年7月12日唐山古冶5.1级地震前后半年期岩石圈磁场的时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)岩石圈磁场变化的水平矢量在地震前出现明显的方向转向和幅值弱化的现象,地震前后经历了“由震中向周边分散→由周边向震中汇聚发震→方向反转”的时空演化过程;(2)震中附近各测点岩石圈磁场总强度值在地震前后具有规律性时序变化,均呈现“震前缓慢减小→同震时期急剧增大→震后急剧减小”的特征;(3)基于压磁效应和断层亚失稳模型分析,地震前后岩石圈磁场异常的时空变化特征或许是由震中附近主要断裂地应力的积累和释放所致。