Qualitative and quantitative analysis of characteristic free and bound phenolics in three colored quinoas

Quinoa is a good source of phenolics,which both exist as free and bound forms.In order to mark clear the characteristic free and bound phenolics in different quinoa samples,in this study,characteristic free and bound phenolics in three colored quinoas including WQ(white quinoa),RQ(red quinoa)and BQ(black quinoa)were investigated.Result showed a total of 14 phenolics both acted as free and bound form were analyzed in three colored quinoas(WQ,RQ and BQ).Gallic acid,vanillic acid,epicatechin,p-coumaric acid and quercetin existed both as free and bound forms were common phenolics in quinoas.The highest total free phenolics(238.10 mg/kg)and bound phenolics(3377.75 mg/kg)were presented in WQ and RQ,respectively.It indicated WQ and RQ were respectively good source of free and bound phenolics.Moreover,characteristic free and bound phenolics in three colored quinoas could be well analyzed by principal component analysis(PCA),indicating it was an effective and reliable method in distinguishing three colored quinoas based on their characteristic free and bound phenolics,respectively.

Effect of pressure cooking on phenolic compounds of quinoa

Due to good nutritional properties and potential health benefits,quinoa has gained an increasing attention.The study aimed to analyze the effect of pressure cooking on the composition,antioxidant activity,antibacterial activity and bioavailability of phenolic compounds in four types of quinoa,and to evaluate the correlation between phenolics and its biological activities by correlation analysis.The results showed that different varieties of quinoa contained different phenolic components and their biological activities were different.Pressure cooking could significantly increase(P<0.05)the phenolic contents of quinoa,and decrease in vitro digestibility of protein.The antioxidant activity,antibacterial activity and bioavailability of quinoa were also enhanced which were positively related with phenolic contents.HPLC analysis indicated that at least twelve phenolic compounds were found in quinoa,and hyperoside,sinapic acid,rutin and ferulic acid occupied a majority of them.Correlation analysis suggested that hyperoside,quercetin,sinapic acid,ferulic acid and gallic acid made the key contribution to antioxidant and antibacterial activities of phenolic compounds of quinoa.The results provided valuable information for quinoa processing with phenolics as functional ingredient.

Evaluation of Pre-Harvest Sprouting(PHS)Resistance and Screening of High-Quality Varieties from Thirty-Seven Quinoa(Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)Resources in Chengdu Plain

Pre-harvest sprouting(PHS)will have a serious effect both on the yield and quality of quinoa(Chenopodium quinoaWilld.).It is crucial to select and breed quinoa varieties with PHS resistance and excellent agronomic traits for guidance production and utilization of quinoa.A comprehensive evaluation of the PHS resistance and agronomic traits of 37 species of quinoa resources was conducted in Chengdu Plain.The evaluation used various methods,including grain germination rate(GR),grain germination index(GI),total spike germination rate(SR),total grain germination index(SI),grey correlation analysis(GCA),cluster analysis and correlation analysis.Results showed significant differences in PHS resistance and agronomic traits amongst the 37 quinoa resources.CDU-23 was most resistant to PHS within 24 h,with a germination rate of 2.67%and 0%according to the GR and SR results,respectively.However,in the same time,CDU-31 showed the maximum susceptibility to PHS based on the SR of 31.07%,while CDU-34 was the most sensitive to PHS according to the GR of 100%.The comprehensive evaluation identified one and nine kinds of high resistance species for grain and whole spike germination,respectively.In both cases,the coefficients of variation(CV)for these parameters were 34.78%and 82.13%,respectively.GCA results showed that the magnitude of the association between each trait and yield in the thirty-seven quinoa resources was in the following order:thousand grain weight>seed length>seed area>seed width.Although the seed weight of CDU-18 reached 3.7010 g,the seed weight of CDU-5 was only 1.6030 g.However,the size of the seeds,their width and area did not correlate with their 1000-grain weight.There was a complex correlation between PHS resistance index and agronomic traits.Based on clustering analysis,thirty-seven quinoa resources were classified into three taxa.It was found that various taxa differed in PHS resistance and agronomic traits.Several comparisons of the aggregated data led to the selection of five varieties of quinoa,of which CDU-2 presented excellent agronomic qualities and strong PHS resistance.This study has provided a reference for breeding excellent quinoa varieties with PHS resistance.

南美藜(QUinoa)苗期低温冻害试验研究

南美藜是一种近几年从南美安第斯山土著居民区发掘出来的全新粮草菜作物.迄今为至,几个引种国家对其抗低温冻害的报道均因未进行专门、系统、深入的试验研究而使之相互矛盾.本课题利用主,辅试验相互睑证与补充的方法,找出了来自南美洲几个国家的26个品种(系)苗期低温冻害萎萼、死苗开始,死苗数占50%、死苗数占90%和苗死绝等各低温冻害级别的起点温度.

未来超级营养作物—昆诺阿藜(QUINOA)

昆诺阿藜是南美安底斯高原古老的作物;至少已有五十多年的种植历史.印加人称之为“谷物之母”。和其它作物相比,昆诺阿藜会有更高的蛋白质、钙质、铁质,有些研究者认为:还没有一种食物能象它那样提供全面的人体所需的基本营养,无论在植物界或动物界.昆诺阿藜在分类学上属于藜科(Chenopodiaceue),学名为 Chenopodium qu-inoa,其叶形等许多特征都很象通常我们所见的灰灰菜,其籽粒很小呈上下平坦的圆盘状,浅黄色、白色或粉红色,但有些品种呈红色,橙黄色或黑色。

西藏南美藜（Chenopodium quinoa Willd）病害初步研究

本文研究报道１９９３～１９９４年南美黎在西藏病害的发生情况，经鉴定有真菌病害７种，病毒病害１种。并提出防治建议。

Transcriptome Analysis of Drought Induced Stress in <i>Chenopodium quinoa</i>

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a halophytic, allotetraploid grain crop of the Amaranthaceae family with impressive drought tolerance, nutritional content and an increasing worldwide market. Here we report the results of an RNA-seq transcriptome analysis of Chenopodium quinoa using four water treatments (field capacity to drought) on the varieties “Ingapirca” (representing valley ecotypes) and “Ollague” (representing Altiplano Salares ecotypes). Physiological results, including growth rate, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and stem water potential, support the earlier findings that the Altiplano Salares ecotypes display greater tolerance to drought-like stress conditions than the valley ecotypes. cDNA libraries from root tissue samples for each variety × treatment combination were sequenced using Illumina Hi-Seq technology in an RNA-seq experiment. De novo assembly of the transcriptome generated 20,337 unique transcripts. Gene expression analysis of the RNA-seq data identified 462 putative gene products that showed differential expression based on treatment, and 27 putative gene products differentially expressed based on variety × treatment, including significant expression differences in root tissue in response to increasing water stress. BLAST searches and gene ontology analysis show an overlap between drought tolerance stress and other abiotic stress mechanisms.

Developing Genetic Variability of Quinoa (<i>Chenopodium quinoa</i>Willd.) with Gamma Radiation for Use in Breeding Programs

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a staple food produced mainly by small-scale subsistence farmers in Peru’s highland. Dry seeds (cv. Pasankalla) were irradiated with doses of 150 Gy, 250 Gy and 350 Gy. In the M1 generation, the germination process was delayed with increasing radiation dose;seedling height, root length and leaf development were most reduced at 250 Gy and at 350 Gy, no plants survived. In M2, the maximum spectrum of chlorophyll mutations corresponded to 150 Gy and the maximum frequency to 250 Gy. The chlorine mutation was predominant, followed by xantha. Changes were registered for branch number, pedicel length, plant height, life-cycle duration, stem and foliage colour, and leaf morphology at the two doses, with improvements in plant type. More than one mutation per plant was found, especially at 250 Gy. In M3, the same spectrum of mutations was observed, along with a valuable change in grain colour.

Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Red and Yellow Quinoa (<i>Chenopodium quinoa</i>Willd.) Seeds as Affected by Baking and Cooking Conditions

Seeds with colored testa (seed coat) contain high concentrations of polyphenolic compounds that exhibit high levels of antioxidant activity. Common processing procedures, such as cooking and baking, decrease the levels of these bioactive compounds and consequently, overall antioxidant activity. Here, the effects of baking and cooking processes were examined on total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and ferric-reducing ability of plasma antioxidant activity (FRAP AA) of red and yellow quinoa seeds. Our results indicate that red quinoa seed contains significantly higher levels of TPC, TFC and FRAP AA than yellow quinoa seeds. In addition, cooked and baked quinoa seeds retain most of their TPC, TFC and FRAP AA in the final product. Thus, red quinoa seeds processed by these two methods might be considered a functional food, in addition to its traditional role of providing dietary proteins. Due to their high antioxidant activity, red quinoa seeds might also contribute significantly to the management and/or prevention of degenerative diseases associated with free radical damage.

Breeding and Application Prospects of a New Quinoa Variety Longli 1

Longli 1 （ Chenopod/um qu/noa Willd） was the first new quinoa variety in China, which was bred by Pasture and Green Agriculture Institute of Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences through the methods of line breeding, cultivation and domestication. In muhipeint regional test, the average yield of Longli 1 was 2 100. （30 kg/hm2, which was increased by 9.6% compared to Jingle qulnoa. Langli 1 was a mid-late mature quinoa variety. The plant was brcom-shape, with the plant height of 181.2 - 223.6 cm, the growth period of 128 - 140 d, and the branch number of 23 - 27. The seeds were round pill shaped, with 1 000-grain weight of 2.40 -3.46 g. The contents of crude protein, fat, proline and total phosphorus in seeds were 171.5 -187.8, 56.5 -59.3, 5.5 -6.9 and 4.5 -6.8 g/kg, re- spectively. I_ongli 1 presented resistance against downy mildew and leaf spot, with strong disease-resistant ability. In multipeint regional test and production test, Longli 1 displayed lodging resistance with strong regeneration ability. It also presented resistance to cold, drought, saline and alkaline, and barren, with wide adaptability. Longh 1 was suitable for planting in mountains, plain field and irrigation area with frost-free period greater than 120 d, rainfall more than 250 mm, and altitude 1 500 -3 000 m. The application prospects of quinoa were also put forward in the paper.

Antimicrobial Potential and Phytochemical Content of Six Diverse Sources of Quinoa Seeds (<i>Chenopodium quinoa</i>Willd.)

Antimicrobial potential of quinoa seeds from six diverse seeds, grown in three distinctive geo-graphical zones of Chile, was correlated with their total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and total saponin content (TSC). The six seeds were Ancovinto, Cancosa, Cahuil, Faro, Regalona and Villarrica. A significant influence of quinoa source on chemical composition of seeds was observed. Extracts of all quinoa samples showed antimicrobial activity in the range of 8.3 - 14.8 mm inhibition zone for E. coli and 8.5 - 15.0 mm inhibition zone for S. aureus. Cancosa seeds had the highest antimicrobial action. The TPC and TFC ranged from 3.71 to 16.55 mg GA/100 g d.m. and 7.77 to 14.37 mg QE/100 g d.m., respectively. TSC varied from 1.78 to 3.08 g/100 g d.m. A cor-relation between TFC and antimicrobial activity was found. In conclusion, the six types of quinoa seeds were identified as potential sources of antioxidant compounds and antimicrobial activity.

Evolutionary divergence in Chenopodium and validation of SNPs in chloroplast rbcL and matK genes by allele-specific PCR for development of Chenopodium quinoa-specific markers

The genus Chenopodium comprises about 150 species, of which Chenopodium quinoa and C. album are important for their nutritional value. Evaluation of variation in qualitative morphological traits of plants and SNPs in chloroplast rbc L and mat K gene sequences in 19 accessions representing C. quinoa and C. album indicated that the accessions IC-411824 and IC-411825,which have white seeds, belong to C. quinoa rather than C. album. This observation was also supported by a time tree that indicated IC-411824 and IC-411825 to be a sister clade to accessions of C. quinoa with an estimated age of 1.2 Mya. Whereas multiple alignments of rbc L gene sequences from the 19 accessions revealed 1.26% parsimony-informative sites with 0.68%interspecific sequence diversity, alignment of nucleotide sequences of amplicons representing the mat K gene revealed 4.97% parsimony-informative sites and 2.81% interspecific sequence diversity. Validation of SNPs in the cp rbc L and mat K regions of 36 accessions belonging to C. quinoa and C. album was performed by allele-specific PCR with primers carrying a single base change at the 3′ end. We report the first C. quinoa-specific SNP-based primer, R1RQ-AFR,designed from rbc L sequences, that could differentiate quinoa from 64 genera including13 species of the genus Chenopodium. With an estimated age of 10.5–4.1 million years(Myr), the Himalayan chenopods are evolutionarily younger than the Andean chenopods. The results establish the paraphyletic origin of the genus Chenopodium.

Analysis of Nutritional Ingredients and Planting Techniques of Quinoa

Quinoa( Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is native to South America,and its grains are mainly used. In recent years,using quinoa seedlings as a vegetable have become more and more popular. In this paper,the biological characteristics,nutritional ingredients and health functions of quinoa were introduced in detail,and on the basis of experiments and production,a set of scientific cultivation techniques was summarized to promote the large-scale cultivation of this characteristic vegetable.

Production of antihypertensive and antidiabetic peptide fractions from quinoa(Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)by electrodialysis with ultrafi ltration membranes

Processing bioactive peptides from natural sources using electrodialysis with ultrafiltration membranes(EDUF)have gained attention since it can fractionate in terms of their charge and molecular weight.Quinoa is a pseudo-cereal highlighted by its high protein content,amino acid profile and adapting growing conditions.The present work aimed at the production of quinoa peptides through fractionation using EDUF and to test the fractions according to antihypertensive and antidiabetic activity.Experimental data showed the production of peptides ranging between 0.4 and 1.5 k Da.Cationic(CQPF)(3.01%),anionic(AQPF)(1.18%)and the electrically neutral fraction quinoa protein hydrolysate(QPH)-EDUF(~95%)were obtained.In-vitro studies showed the highest glucose uptake modulation in L6 cell skeletal myoblasts in presence of QPH-EDUF and AQPF(17%and 11%)indicating potential antidiabetic activity.The antihypertensive effect studied in-vivo in spontaneously hypertensive rats(SHR),showed a decrease in systolic blood pressure in presence of the fractionated peptides,being 100 mg/kg a dose comparable to Captopril(positive control).These results contribute to the current knowledge of bioactive peptides from quinoa by reporting the relevance of EDUF as tool to produce selected peptide fractions.Nevertheless,further characterization is needed towards peptide sequencing,their respective role in the metabolism and scaling-up production using EDUF.

Towards Expanding Quinoa Cultivation in Egypt: The Effect of Compost and Vermicompost on Quinoa Pests, Natural Enemies and Yield under Field Conditions

Increasing production and reducing pests’ population while preserving the environment is an essential goal nowadays. New strategies are needed to achieve this goal, to bridge food gap and achieve food security. Quinoa is a promising crop and could partially substitute wheat in baked products and assist in overcoming wheat gap in Egypt. This study aimed to identify pests and their natural enemies in quinoa plantation, the population dynamics of both and the effect of compost and vermicompost fertilization on pests’ population and quinoa yield under field conditions. The study was carried out in El Giza Research Station of the Agricultural Research Centre—Egypt, from November till March, in two successive seasons, 2016/2017 and 2017/2018. The experiment was set up in a complete randomized block design. Variety Masr 1 was tested and yellow sticky traps were used to monitor insects’ numbers. Three main pests were detected: Aphis craccivora, Empoasca. decipiens and Bemisia tabaci. The most common pest was aphids followed by potato leafhoppers. Compost fertilized quinoa attracted fewer pests and resulted in less yield compared to vermicompost. Parasitoids appeared earlier than predators and their numbers were the highest throughout the two seasons. Pests’ and natural enemies’ peaks were determined to facilitate IPM interventions. It is recommended to use vermicompost in quinoa production rather than compost, as it increased yield, provided that an IPM strategy is implemented in which natural enemies are the main players. Further investigations are needed to understand the interaction between predators and parasitoids in quinoa field in order to maximize the benefit of their existence in IPM programs.

Characteristics of Cheuopodium quinoa and Development Recommendations

Cheuopodium quinoa is annual Chenopodiaceae Cheuopodium herbaceous dicotyledon. It originated in the Andes in South America and has a planting history of more than 5000 years. Due to its unique characteristics,Cheuopodium quinoa has received wide attention in recent years. This paper elaborated the biological characteristics,nutritional value,utilization approach and economic benefits of Cheuopodium quinoa,introduced main problems in the development of Cheuopodium quinoa industry,and finally came up with recommendations for the development Cheuopodium quinoa industry in China.

Present Situations and Suggestions for Large-scale Development of Chenopodium quinoa Willd.

In this paper,based on the study of Chenopodium quinoa Willd.planting,it is concluded that the current situations of large-scale development of C.quinoa Willd.include the following four aspects:first,the research on C.quinoa Willd.varieties needs to be strengthened;second,it is insufficient to master the training environment and cultivation techniques;third,the large-scale planting of C.quinoa Willd.is not enough;fourth,the degree of mechanization of C.quinoa Willd.planting is not enough.In view of the above situation,this paper puts forward the following effective suggestions to strengthen the large-scale development of C.quinoa Willd.:the first is to increase the investment in C.quinoa Willd.variety research;the second is to strengthen the analysis of introduction and screening of C.quinoa Willd.varieties;the third is to study the best planting environment and cultivation techniques of C.quinoa Willd.;the fourth is to increase the scale of mechanized production of C.quinoa Willd.;the fifth is to increase the research and development of C.quinoa Willd.related products and their deep processing technology.

The Adaptive Planting and the Prospect of Industrial Development of Quinoa in China

Quinoa is the only single plant meeting the basic nutritional needs of the human body. It is the whole nutritious food with nutritional balance, wide adaptability, strong resistance and other characteristics. In this paper, the botanical characteristics and nutritional value of quinoa were systematically introduced, and the development of quinoa in China was reviewed. The problems of domestic quinoa industry, the shortage of germplasm resources, the lack of innovation and high-yielding cultivation techniques were analyzed. To provide theoretical references for quinoa planting and industrial development in China, the countermeasures to improve the investment of quinoa industry and promote the development of multi-form industry were put forward.

Development and Quality Evaluation of Choco Quinoa Nutri Bar during Storage

Choco quinoa nutri bar was developed using quinoa as one of the ingredients to explore its nutritional benefits. Bars were packed in polypropylene (PP, 75 μ) and metallised polyester (12 μ) low density—high density (MP, 100 μ) (with/without vacuum) films, stored under ambient and 37°C temperature conditions for shelf life evaluation. Bar contained 14.43% protein, 14.93% fat with a calorific value of 426.75 k cal/100g. Chemical changes were observed significantly (p < 0.05) more in the samples stored at 37°C than the ones stored at ambient conditions (15°C - 34°C). Bars showed maximum stability at 0.33 aw with less chemical changes. Oleic acid (36.06%) was found to be the major fatty acids in the bar followed by palmitic (29.35%), stearic (17.12%) and linoleic (12.05%) acids. Hardness of the bar enhanced significantly during storage, and was observed significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the samples packed in MP films (with/without vacuum) as compared to bars packed in PP films thus restricting the shelf life of the bar to 6 months in MP films (with/without vacuum) and 9 months in PP films at both the temperature conditions.

Research on Extraction and Purification Technology of Flavonoids from Quinoa (Cheuopodium quinoa) Leaves

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the extraction process of quiona(Cheuopodium quinoa)leaves.[Methods]Firstly,single factor experiments were carried out with the volume fraction of ethanol,extraction time,extraction temperature and liquid-to-material ratio as factors.Based on the single factor experiments,a response surface test was designed by the central composite design method of Design-Expert software to establish a mathematical model.[Results]The optimal extraction conditions of quinoa flavonoids were obtained as follows:the ethanol volume fraction of 70%,the liquid-to-material ratio at 30∶1,the extraction time of 100 min and the extraction temperature at 60℃.[Conclusions]The results of the study are stable with small deviation,and can provide reference for related processes.