Development and Utilization of the World＇s and China＇s Bulk Mineral Resources and their Supply and Demand Situation in the Next Twenty Years

Bulk mineral resources of iron ores, copper ores, bauxite, lead ores, zinc ores and potassium salt play a pivotal role on the world＇s and China＇s economic development. This study analyzed and predicted their resources base and potential, development and utilization and their world＇s and China＇s supply and demand situation in the future 20 years. The supply and demand of these six bulk mineral products are generally balanced, with a slight surplus, which will guarantee the stability of the international mineral commodity market supply. The six mineral resources （especially iron ores and copper ores） are abundant and have a great potential, and their development and utilization scale will gradually increase. Till the end of 2014, the reserve- production ratio of iron, copper, bauxite, lead, zinc ores and potassium salt was 95 years, 42 years, 100 years, 17 years, 37 years and 170 years, respectively. Except lead ores, the other five types all have reserve-production ratio exceeding 20 years, indicative of a high resources guarantee degree. If the utilization of recycled metals is counted in, the supply of the world＇s six mineral products will exceed the demand in the future twenty years. In 2015-2035, the supply of iron ores, refined copper, primary aluminum, refined lead, zinc and potassium salt will exceed their demand by 0.4-0.7 billion tons （Gt）, 5.0-6.0 million tons （Mt）, 1.1-8.9 Mt, 1.0-2.0 Mt, 1.2-2.0 Mt and 4.8-5.6 Mt, respectively. It is predicted that there is no problem with the supply side of bulk mineral products such as iron ores, but local or structural shortage may occur because of geopolitics, monopoly control, resources nationalism and trade friction. Affected by China＇s compressed industrialized development model, the demand of iron ores （crude steel）, potassium salt, refined lead, refined copper, bauxite （primary aluminum） and zinc will gradually reach their peak in advance. The demand peak of iron ores （crude steel） will reach around 2015, 2016 for potassium salt, 2020 for refined lead, 2021 for bauxite （primary aluminum）, 2022 for refined copper and 2023 for zinc. China＇s demand for iron ores （crude steel）, bauxite （primary aluminum） and zinc in the future 20 years will decline among the world＇s demand, while that for refined copper, refined lead and potassium salt will slightly increase. The demand for bulk mineral products still remains high. In 2015-2035, China＇s accumulative demand for iron ores （crude steel） will be 20.313 Gt （13.429 Gt）, 0.304 Gt for refined copper, 2.466 Gt （0.616 Gt） of bauxite （primary aluminum）, 0.102 Gt of refined lead, 0.138 Gt of zinc and 0.157 Gt of potassium salt, and they account for the world＇s YOY （YOY） accumulative demand of 35.17%, 51.09%, 48.47%, 46.62%, 43.95% and 21.84%, respectively. This proportion is 49.40%, 102.52%, 87.44%, 105.65%, 93.62% and 106.49% of that in 2014, respectively. From the supply side of China＇s bulk mineral resources, it is forecasted that the accumulative supply of primary （mine） mineral products in 2015-2035 is 4.046 Gt of iron ores, 0.591 Gt of copper, 1.129 Gt of bauxite, 63.661 Mt of （mine） lead, 0.109 Gt of （mine） zinc and 0.128 Gt of potassium salt, which accounts for 8.82%, 13.92%, 26.67%, 47.09%, 33.04% and 15.56% of the world＇s predicted YOY production, respectively. With the rapid increase in the smelting capacity of iron and steel and alumina, the rate of capacity utilization for crude steel, refined copper, alumina, primary aluminum and refined lead in 2014 was 72.13%, 83.63%, 74.45%, 70.76% and 72.22%, respectively. During 2000-2014, the rate of capacity utilization for China＇s crude steel and refined copper showed a generally fluctuating decrease, which leads to an insufficient supply of primary mineral products. It is forecasted that the supply insufficiency of iron ores in 2015-2035 is 17.44 Gt, 0.245 Gt of copper in copper concentrates, 1.337 Gt of bauxite, 38.44 Mt of lead in lead concentrates and 29.19 Mt of zinc in zinc concentrates. China has gradually raised the utilization of recycled metals, which has mitigated the insufficient supply of primary metal products to some extent. It is forecasted that in 2015-2035 the accumulative utilization amount of steel scrap （iron ores） is 3.27 Gt （5.08 Gt）, 70.312 Mt of recycled copper, 0.2 Gt of recycled aluminum, 48 Mt of recycled lead and 7.7 Mt of recycled zinc. The analysis on the supply and demand situation of China＇s bulk mineral resources in 2015-2035 suggests that the supply-demand contradiction for these six types of mineral products will decrease, indicative of a generally declining external dependency. If the use of recycled metal amount is counted in, the external dependency of China＇s iron, copper, bauxite, lead, zinc and potassium salt will be 79%, 65%, 26%, 8%, 16% and 18% in 2014, respectively. It is predicted that this external dependency will decrease to 62%, 64%, 20%, -0.93%, 16% and 14% in 2020, respectively, showing an overall decreasing trend. We propose the following suggestions correspondingly. （1） The demand peak of China＇s crude steel and potassium salt will reach during 2015-2023 in succession. Mining transformation should be planned and deployed in advance to deal with the arrival of this demand peak. （2） The supply-demand contradiction of China＇s bulk mineral resources will mitigate in the future 20 years, and the external dependency will decrease accordingly. It is suggested to adjust the mineral resources management policies according to different minerals and regions, and regulate the exploration and development activities. （3） China should further establish and improve the forced mechanism of resolving the smelting overcapacity of steel, refined copper, primary aluminum, lead and zinc to really achieve the goal of ＂reducing excess production capacity＂. （4） In accordance with the national strategic deployment of ＂One Belt One Road＂, China should encourage the excess capacity of steel, copper, alumina and primary aluminum enterprises to transfer to those countries or areas with abundant resources, high energy matching degree and relatively excellent infrastructure. Based on the national conditions, mining condition and geopolitics of the resources countries, we will gradually build steel, copper, aluminum and lead-zinc smelting bases, and potash processing and production bases, which will promote the excess capacity to transfer to the overseas orderly. （5） It is proposed to strengthen the planning and management of renewable resources recycling and to construct industrial base of renewable metal recycling. （6） China should promote the comprehensive development and utilization of paragenetic and associated mineral species to further improve the comprehensive utilization of bulk mineral resources.

THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND COUNTERMEASURES OF MINERAL RESOURCES UTILIZATION IN CHINA

ＴＨＥ ＥＮＶＩＲＯＮＭＥＮＴＡＬ ＰＲＯＢＬＥＭＳ ＡＮＤ ＣＯＵＮＴＥＲＭＥＡＳＵＲＥＳ ＯＦ ＭＩＮＥＲＡＬ ＲＥＳＯＵＲＣＥＳ ＵＴＩＬＩＺＡＴＩＯＮ ＩＮ ＣＨＩＮＡＸｕＱｉａｎｇ（徐强）（ＨｅｂｅｉＣｏｌｌｅｇｅｏｆＧｅｏｌｏｇｙ，Ｓｈｉ...

Priority-sequence of mineral resources' development and utilization based on grey relational analysis method

Generally, the sequence decision of the development and utilization of Chinese mineral resources is based on national and provincial overall plan of the mineral resources. Such plan usually cannot reflect the relative size of the suitability of the development and utilization of mineral resources. To solve the problem, the paper has selected the gift condition, the market condition, the technological condition,socio-economic condition and environmental condition as the starting-points to analyze the influential factors of the priority-sequence of mineral resources' development and utilization. The above 5 conditions are further specified into 9 evaluative indicators to establish an evaluation indicator system. At last,we propose a decision model of the priority sequence based on grey relational analysis method, and figure out the observation objects by the suitability index of development. Finally, the mineral resources of a certain province in China were analyzed as an example. The calculation results indicate that silver(2.0057), coal(1.9955), zinc(1.9442), cement limestone(1.9077), solvent limestone(1.5624) and other minerals in the province are suitable for development and utilization.

CO_(2) mineralization by typical industrial solid wastes for preparing ultrafine CaCO_(3): A review

Mineral carbonation is a promising CO_(2) sequestration strategy that can utilize industrial wastes to convert CO_(2) into high-value CaCO_(3).This review summarizes the advancements in CO_(2) mineralization using typical industrial wastes to prepare ultrafine CaCO_(3).This work surveys the mechanisms of CO_(2) mineralization using these wastes and its capacities to synthesize CaCO_(3),evaluates the effects of carbonation pathways and operating parameters on the preparation of CaCO_(3),analyzes the current industrial application status and economics of this technology.Due to the large amount of impurities in solid wastes,the purity of CaCO_(3) prepared by indirect methods is greater than that prepared by direct methods.Crystalline CaCO_(3) includes three polymorphs.The polymorph of CaCO_(3) synthesized by carbonation process is determined the combined effects of various factors.These parameters essentially impact the nucleation and growth of CaCO_(3) by altering the CO_(2) supersaturation in the reaction system and the surface energy of CaCO_(3) grains.Increasing the initial pH of the solution and the CO_(2)flow rate favors the formation of vaterite,but calcite is formed under excessively high pH.Vaterite formation is favored at lower temperatures and residence time.With increased temperature and prolonged residence time,it passes through aragonite metastable phase and eventually transforms into calcite.Moreover,polymorph modifiers can decrease the surface energy of CaCO_(3) grains,facilitating the synthesis of vaterite.However,the large-scale application of this technology still faces many problems,including high costs,high energy consumption,low calcium leaching rate,low carbonation efficiency,and low product yield.Therefore,it is necessary to investigate ways to accelerate carbonation,optimize operating parameters,develop cost-effective agents,and understand the kinetics of CaCO_(3) nucleation and crystallization to obtain products with specific crystal forms.Furthermore,more studies on life cycle assessment(LCA)should be conducted to fully confirm the feasibility of the developed technologies.

月球资源开发利用的进展与展望

中国探月工程“绕、落、回”三步走圆满收官,后续将建立国际月球科研站,并进一步规划建立月球基地。月球探测任务由探测勘察进入到开发利用新阶段,月面资源的勘查、开发和利用是未来月球探测的重点任务。总结了月球资源开发利用方面的国内外重要进展,涉及月球资源勘探、水冰等挥发分分析、月球矿物冶炼与材料制备、月面建造与月壤3D打印等四个方面。同时,月球资源开发利用面临极端月面环境、独特月壤理化特性、全流程无人自主控制等重大挑战,为解决这些问题,提出了未来月球资源开发利用的重点任务和研究思路,可为后续科学研究和工程任务实施提供参考。

“Health Report” On The Development and Utilization of China's Important Mineral Resources Came Out

'Report on the development and utilization of important mineral resources'('Report'for short)was officially brought to the public.This Report was prepared,based on specific investigation,by Zhengzhou Research Institute of Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources of Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences that was assigned by Department

镍资源找矿突破与综合开发利用

镍资源是国民经济发展的重要战略资源,也是重要的关键矿产;我国是全球最大的镍金属消费国,也是镍金属原料稀缺国,镍矿产原料对外依存度居高不下,亟需实现镍资源找矿突破、推动镍资源综合开发利用、拓宽镍资源进口渠道,保障镍资源安全稳定供给。本文在综合分析镍产业最新数据的基础上,梳理了全球和我国镍资源禀赋、供需现状,总结了国内外镍矿床成因类型、时空分布规律和找矿前景,分析了我国镍资源产业发展和供应保障面临的问题,提出了镍矿勘查开发的关键技术及综合利用途径。为保障稳定供应和安全发展,从国际和国内两方面提出了我国镍资源保障路径及对策。在国际方面,稳定以印度尼西亚、菲律宾为代表的重要镍资源进口市场,加大投资镍资源海外矿业项目,增强中资企业的国际竞争能力;加强国际合作,实现镍资源进口渠道的多元化。在国内方面,加大镍资源勘查力度;加强镍资源综合利用,提高再生镍资源利用率;优化传统技术工艺,调整产业结构;强化镍资源储备基地建设,保障有效增储;重视海底铁锰结核等潜在镍矿资源的开采技术研究。

中国铼资源特征及其勘查开发利用现状

铼(Re)是重要的战略性新兴产业矿产,在现代国防和工业及新兴领域具有广泛的用途。本文在《中国矿产地质志·稀散金属矿卷》研编的基础上,对中国铼矿资源特征和勘查开发利用情况进行进一步总结,认为我国铼矿资源分布比较集中,具有较大的成矿潜力和找矿空间。近年来,铼的矿产勘查取得了重要成果,据不完全统计,截至2021年底,共获得铼查明资源储量787.41 t。从世界上看,铼的规模生产开始于1930年。与世界相比,中国铼工业发展并未形成规模,仍处于初级阶段,且其开发利用严重依赖寄主矿床的开发利用。借鉴国外铼资源的开发利用史,铼的应用从添加剂到催化剂到航空发动机再到量子计算,每一次技术革新都带来对铼资源需求的增长。预测未来10~20 a国内铼的应用将更加多元化,需求也将达到高峰期,铼资源保障程度有待于进一步提高。建议开展全国铼矿资源潜力评价,查明铼的可用资源量和潜力,加强铼资源综合利用和回收产业化,建立铼的战略储备机制。

蒙古国矿业开发现状研究

蒙古国位于“中蒙俄经济走廊”的中间地带,大地构造位置处于中亚造山带的中心部位,成矿条件好,铜、煤、金、铀、萤石等矿产资源丰富。截至2016年,蒙古国1∶5万地质填图仅覆盖全境33.7%,地质工作进展缓慢,矿产开发程度较低。中蒙关系稳定,经贸合作基础扎实,开展矿业开发合作潜力巨大。受资源储量及开发技术条件限制,蒙古国矿业开发主要集中于煤、铜、金、铁、石油、铅锌、萤石等矿种,且矿业开发中受到基础设施薄弱、生产技术条件落后、政策法规缺乏稳定性等制约。建议中资企业应认真研究该国政策法律法规,发挥资金、技术等优势参与开发和利用矿产资源,并关注矿产品深加工领域和锂矿资源开发领域的合作等。

“双碳”目标下提高有色金属矿产资源综合利用水平的探讨

有色金属矿产资源是人类社会发展的重要物质基础。在当前双碳目标的引领下,为满足国内经济和社会发展的需要,实现有色金属矿产资源的综合利用尤为重要。介绍了有色金属矿产资源综合利用的意义,提出了提高有色金属矿产资源综合利用的具体途径,最后给出宏观层面优化管理方案,以促进有色金属矿产资源综合利用。

锰资源现状及开发利用技术进展

全球锰资源呈不均衡的分布,我国虽然锰资源储量丰富,但品质普遍偏低,具有贫、细、杂的特点;通过总结现阶段锰矿选矿的主要方法及应用现状,梳理了各种方法的优点及劣势,明确了锰矿不同选矿方法的适用情况;在现有基础上对锰矿的开发利用技术进行了展望,认为未来应向清洁、环保、经济的方向发展,在保障资源有效利用的同时,减少对环境的影响,实现经济可持续发展。

西北地区矿物药资源调查结果分析

目的:调查、分析并总结西北地区(陕西省、甘肃省、宁夏回族自治区、青海省、新疆维吾尔自治区)的矿物类中药(以下简称矿物药)资源种类、分布及民族用药现状,为西北地区矿物药资源的可持续性利用提供参考。方法:采用文献调研和实地调研相结合的方式对西北地区矿物药资源进行研究,并对所得数据进行总结分析。结果:本次普查通过文献调研了矿物药92种、实地调研了矿物药44种,经合并去重共调查到矿物药103种;分析总结了西北地区矿物药资源变迁情况,其中33种常见矿物药在西北地区有应用历史且在当地有分布;矿物药在不同民族使用过程中存在单用和共用现象,其中中药与蒙古族药、藏族药、维吾尔族药共同使用的品种有24种。结论:基本查清了西北地区矿物药资源的种类与分布,掌握了西北地区矿物药资源变迁原因和矿物药在不同民族间的应用概况,提出了合理化建议。

铁尾矿特性分析及其利用技术现状和展望

铁尾矿是我国矿山固废体量最大的组成部分,目前仍面临着综合利用率低、产品附加值不高等问题。由于不同类型矿山尾矿的特性差异较大,且不同应用领域对原料的要求也不相同,因此,有必要对铁尾矿的原料特性及利用技术进行概括,并对该领域的发展前景进行评估,为铁尾矿和其他大宗固废的合理化利用提供借鉴。本文首先分析了我国不同地区、不同矿种以及不同选矿工艺排放尾矿的特性差异,包括元素组成、有价组分以及粒度等。其次从大宗利用和高值化应用两个方面对铁尾矿利用技术现状进行了概括。铁尾矿的大宗利用技术包括尾矿再选和制备建筑材料等,其中尾矿再选以提取铁精矿、有价金属元素以及高品质非金属矿为主。铁尾矿作为建材原料时,其应用方向可以概括为胶结型材料、烧结型建材以及熔制型材料,高值化应用以制备功能性非金属矿物材料为主。选矿工艺、设备以及人工智能等新技术的发展,对提高尾矿品质具有重要作用。在上游提高铁尾矿品质的同时,通过产业链上下游协同攻关,根据不同分选工艺排放铁尾矿的特性差异,进行针对性的应用研究,将有望真正解决铁尾矿高附加值利用不高的问题。

国家级绿色矿山建设评价指标解析

国务院印发的《美丽中国建设的实施意见》明确提出要全面推进绿色矿山建设。近日,自然资源部、生态环境部等七部门为持续推动矿业领域生态文明建设,立足新阶段、聚焦新要求,进一步加强绿色矿山建设,联合印发了《关于进一步加强绿色矿山建设的通知》,同步发布实施了《国家级绿色矿山建设评价指标》。首先,梳理了绿色矿山建设评价指标的制定背景、发展历程及实践经验;其次,对《国家级绿色矿山建设评价指标》中的先决条件及矿区环境、资源开采、资源综合利用、绿色低碳、生态修复与环境治理、科技创新与规范管理等6项一级指标、23项二级指标进行了说明;最后,从适用范围、部门职责划分、整体结构和具体内容等方面与2020年版《绿色矿山建设评价指标》进行对比分析,由100项1000分缩减至49项100分,突出了重点指标,更有利于落实党中央国务院关于矿业领域生态文明建设和绿色低碳发展的要求,更符合《中华人民共和国矿产资源法》修订过程中明确的保护资源、绿色发展和节约集约、综合利用的有关原则及要求;同时,切实提高了指标的适用性和可操作性,便于规范指导地方更好开展绿色矿山建设管理工作。

我国铜尾矿规模化消纳的研究进展

当前,我国铜尾矿排放量超3亿t/a,加之往年累计堆存,体量巨大,安全、环保、经济、土地等压力持续攀升。为了更系统、更全面地了解我国铜尾矿规模化消纳的研究进展,首先简要介绍了我国铜尾矿资源禀赋和赋存特点,以江西德兴市、安徽铜陵市、内蒙古赤峰市和湖北大冶市等选铜区块为主要产出地,硅酸盐矿物、SiO_(2)、A1_(2)O_(3)以及Fe_(2)O_(3)、CaO、Na_(2)O和K_(2)O等为铜尾矿的主要成分;其次,着重并详细地评述了利用铜尾矿资源制造新材料和新产品、建筑材料、用于充填、合成硅肥、土壤改良和土地复垦等方面的规模化消纳研究进展,其中新材料和新产品主要包括玻璃、陶瓷和透水材料,而建筑材料方面主要论述了砖瓦、水泥、混凝土、路基、免烧墙体、陶瓷墙板和铸石等;最后,对当前研究存在的现象和未来研究规划提出了合理建议,如制作建筑材料时,要保证产品对重金属元素有一定的固化作用,防止重金属元素随水溶出外溢,污染周边环境。以期对提高铜尾矿资源综合利用,以及改善矿山生态环境起到一定的借鉴作用。

我国矿产资源综合利用现状评估与发展路径

我国各类矿产资源储量规模和结构不均衡,大型单一富矿不足,共伴生、低品位矿多,这种资源禀赋特点决定了必须走综合利用的发展路线和模式。经过多年努力,我国已形成全球最完整的矿产资源勘查、采选、冶炼、加工和应用产业体系,综合开发利用水平显著提升,油气采收率高位平稳,煤炭平均开采回采率达到70%,铁矿开采回采率和选矿回收率保持在80%左右,有色金属矿种采选指标稳中有升,尾矿废石综合利用步伐加快,缓解了生态环境压力。我国矿产资源供应能力基本保持稳定,为经济社会发展和平稳运行发挥了重要保障作用。近年来,矿产资源供需矛盾依然十分突出,部分矿产增储上产乏力或有下降趋势,产业链上游压力增大,大力提升矿产资源综合利用水平是保障我国资源安全供给的必然选择,也是推进矿业领域生态文明建设和高质量发展的必由之路,更是培育发展矿业新质生产力的重要载体和抓手。本文较为客观地评价了我国矿产资源综合利用基本现状,分析了存在的问题与挑战,认为我国矿产资源综合利用潜力大、前景好,并提出了全面构建矿产资源综合利用五大支撑体系的发展路径。

“城市矿产”资源化利用产业链闭环管理

针对“城市矿产”资源化利用产业链闭环形成,建立“城市矿产”产业链闭环多主体利益协同超网络模型,设定经济参数,分析参与主体行为及均衡条件,探究系统均衡实现条件,运用算例仿真,研究关键因素变化对闭环系统影响。研究发现:(1)回收资源利用率的提高能增加生产企业和销售企业的收益,通过资源增加比例的对比,进一步发现其还能提升生产企业购买“城市矿产”资源的意愿;(2)消费端产品回收率的提升不一定能促进收益增加,在一定程度上会受制于技术能力等制约因素的阻碍;(3)政府采取补贴政策时应优先考虑回收企业主体;(4)要慎重考虑“城市矿产”资源数量规制措施的选择,把握好规制的度。

铁尾矿砂的研究与应用进展

伴随着我国矿产工业的快速发展,铁尾矿砂的排放量激增,目前对铁尾矿砂主要的处理方式仍以消极堆存、填埋为主,这不仅占据了大量土地资源,还造成了严重的环境污染,因此,铁尾矿砂的大规模消纳迫在眉睫。铁尾矿砂是在特定条件下,将铁矿石通过磨细、浮选或磁选等工艺选取“有用部分”后所排放的废弃物。与天然细集料相比,其颗粒较细,棱角分明且更加坚固,可广泛应用于建筑工程,其中,铁尾矿砂的地域差异、原矿组成、品位、粒度及开采选矿提炼工艺等都会对其理化性质产生较大的影响。铁尾矿砂的活性较低,需采用不同活化方法提高其活性,其中,复合活化是最有效的技术。本文针对国内外铁尾矿砂的建材资源化利用及在其他领域的应用展开了综述,归纳了利用铁尾矿砂制备混凝土对力学性能、耐久性等的影响,讨论了其应用于道路功能材料的关键性能,梳理了铁尾矿砂基砖的应用现状,评估了利用其制备地聚合物的可行性,论述了其在制备介孔分子筛及改良膨胀土方面的优势。

硫酸铵强化石膏溶解矿化制备高纯CaCO_(3)

近年来,利用固废石膏矿化CO_(2)联产CaCO_(3)及硫酸铵工艺技术受到广泛关注,然而由于固废石膏成分复杂,分离纯化困难,成本与矿化产品品质难以兼顾导致其无法大规模工业化利用。为此,以硫酸钙及磷石膏为原料,提出以石膏矿化液相产物硫酸铵溶液强化硫酸钙溶解浸出,液固分离后再进行矿化的间接矿化工艺。试验研究了溶解强化过程中硫酸铵浓度及溶解浸出时间对硫酸钙溶解特性的影响,以及矿化过程中氨水浓度、温度、矿化反应时间等因素对矿化过程和矿化产物的影响。确定了优化的溶解与矿化工艺条件,基于此,进一步研究磷石膏的间接矿化过程,结果表明,与直接矿化相比,间接矿化可使CaCO_(3)产品纯度由82.2%提高至98.6%,且产品粒度D_(50)由22.00μm降至10.98μm。间接矿化工艺可有效强化石膏溶解浸出过程,避免引入外加介质,并制备高纯度轻质CaCO_(3),相关研究可为固废石膏矿化CO_(2)技术的经济应用提供基础支持。

地质矿产资源可持续利用策略与实践案例分析

地质矿产资源是人类社会发展的重要支撑,其可持续利用对于保障资源供给、促进经济发展、维护生态环境具有重要意义。文章通过对地质矿产资源可持续利用策略与实践案例进行深入分析,总结了在资源勘探开发、利用技术创新、政策法规制定等方面的有效经验。同时,从加强环境监测管理、推动绿色矿产开发、促进资源循环利用等方面提出了进一步完善可持续利用机制的建议,以期为地质矿产资源的合理开发与利用提供理论支持和实践指导。