Iran-Turkmenistan Relations:Cross-Border Ethnic Groups and Comprehensive Governance Strategies

This study delves into the bilateral relations between Iran and Turkmenistan,focusing on the multidimensional impacts of cross-border ethnic groups,cultural diplomacy,and energy cooperation.The research reveals that despite challenges in security cooperation,such as regional political ideological differences and uneven power distribution,Iran has adopted diverse strategies to enhance cultural identity,social cohesion,and promote economic cooperation.Iran actively seeks to repair relations with Turkmenistan by emphasizing shared historical and cultural backgrounds,particularly the presence of cross-border Turkmen ethnic groups.Specific measures include developing cultural tourism,organizing cultural weeks,and establishing commemorative days.In the economic sphere,the two countries have signed significant natural gas supply agreements,strengthening energy cooperation.Iranian leaders often emphasize“blood ties”and deep cultural connections in diplomatic statements,combining cultural diplomacy with practical economic cooperation.The study’s findings indicate that Iran’s initiatives have led to the reorganization of national space and social reconstruction in border regions,promoting changes in public policy.By integrating cultural identity,historical connections,and economic interests,Iran has adopted a sophisticated diplomatic approach,laying the foundation for more stable and enduring bilateral relations while contributing to regional stability and sustainable development.

Correlation of N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 expression with clinical outcomes of colorectal cancer patients of different race/ethnicity

AIM： To evaluate the role of N-myc downstream- regulated gene 1 （NDRG1） expression in prognosis and survival of colorectal cancer patients with different ethnic backgrounds. METHODS： Because NDRG1 is a downstream target of p53 and hypoxia inducible factor-1α （HIF-1α）, we examined NDRG1 expression together with p53 and HIF-1α by irnmunohistochernistry. A total of 157 colorectal cancer specimens including 80 from Japanese patients and 77 from US patients were examined. The correlation between protein expression with clinicopathological features and survival after surgery was analyzed. RESULTS： NDRG1 protein was significantly increased in colorectal tumor compared with normal epithelium in both Japanese and US patient groups. Expression of NDRG1 protein was significantly correlated with lymphatic invasion, venous invasion, depth of invasion, histopathological type, and Dukes＇ stage in Japanese colorectal cancer patients. NDRG1 expression was correlated to histopathological type, Dukes＇ stage and HIF-1α expression in US-Caucasian patients but not in US-African American patients. Interestingly, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated that NDRG1 expression correlated significantly with poorer survival in US-African American patients but not in other patient groups. However, in p53-positive US cases, NDRG1 positivity correlated significantly with better survival. In addition, NDRG1 expression also correlated significantly with improved survival in US patients with stages Ⅲ and IV tumors without chemotherapy. In Japanese patients with stages Ⅱ and Ⅲ tumors, strong NDRG1 staining in p53- positive tumors correlated significantly with improved survival but negatively in patients without chemotherapy. CONCLUSION： NDRG1 expression was correlated with various clinicopathological features and clinical outcomes in colorectal cancer depending on the race/ethnicity of the patients. NDRG1 may serve as a biological basis for the disparity of clinical outcomes of colorectal cancer patients with different ethnic backgrounds.

About a Method of Recognition of Race and Ethnicity of Individuals Based on Portrait Photographs

This article is devoted to developing a recognition method of race and ethnicity of individual based on portrait photographs. The reference image is formed based on selected geometric points of the face and a special algorithm for calculating the characteristic parameters of the images available in the database. Next, the original image is compared with the reference images of ethnic groups, and thus, the affiliation of the original image to a specific ethnic group is determined.

Racial and Ethnic Differences in Orthorexia Nervosa Symptomatology and Other Disordered Eating

While some research has explored racial and ethnic differences in disordered eating, this study may be the first to examine these differences in orthorexia nervosa, involving obsessive-compulsive thoughts and behaviors concerning healthy eating, which negatively impact one’s life. Adult participants, recruited from college courses and social media, completed an online survey with the Orthorexia Nervosa Inventory (ONI) and the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26). Regarding racial and ethnic background, 743 were White, 249 were Hispanic, 87 were Black, 61 were Asian or Pacific Islander, and 110 were biracial/multiracial. A MANCOVA revealed that the racial and ethnic groups did not differ on the ONI subscales assessing orthorexic behaviors, impairments, and emotions, after accounting for gender, BMI, and EAT-26 total scores that were covariates. In contrast, a second MANCOVA did reveal group differences on the EAT-26 subscales, after accounting for gender, BMI, and ONI total scores that were covariates. Black participants scored significantly lower than the other racial and ethnic groups on the subscale assessing dieting behaviors characteristic of anorexia nervosa, and the subscale assessing binge-eating and purging behaviors characteristic of bulimia nervosa. Further, Hispanic participants scored significantly lower than White participants on the latter subscale. These findings suggest that while orthorexic symptomatology does not differ based on race and ethnicity, a Black race and Hispanic ethnicity may be protective factors against disordered eating, perhaps related either to cultural norms concerning body image or to the resiliency and social support among the Black and Hispanic communities.

cDNA文库与RACE方法结合克隆一个马铃薯病程相关蛋白基因cDNA(英文)

为克隆马铃薯晚疫病抗性相关基因 ,深入研究马铃薯晚疫病抗性机制 ,应用SMARTLD PCR技术 ,以晚疫病菌混合小种诱导 4 8h的水平抗性马铃薯 (SolanumtuberosumL .) (R gene free)叶片为材料 ,构建了一个富集晚疫病抗性相关基因的cDNA文库。为提高克隆全长cDNA的效率 ,将cDNA文库与RACE技术结合 ,依据本实验室得到的病原诱导表达片段测序结果 ,在其内部设计两个特异引物 ,与文库载体臂上的通用引物配对 ,以文库噬菌体DNA为模板 ,用高保真PCR分别扩增出cDNA 5′端与 3′端 ,从而简便、快捷地得到全长cDNA序列。采用此方法 ,在马铃薯中克隆了一个受晚疫病菌诱导表达的cDNA ,该cDNA长 90 4bp ,5′端有 2 9bp的非翻译区 ,3′端具有完整的polyA尾 ,包含一个 6 78bp的完整开放阅读框架 ,编码 2 2 6个氨基酸 (GenBank登录号 :AY 1 85 2 0 7)。BLAST检索发现其氨基酸序列与烟草一个新的病程相关蛋白基因NtPRp2 7具有 90 %的同源性 ,在马铃薯中尚未发现与之同源的已知基因。Northern杂交结果表明 ,水杨酸 (SA)、茉莉酸 (JA)、茉莉酸甲酯 (MeJA)、机械伤害和渗透胁迫都能诱导该基因表达。

Racial and ethnic disparities in gastric cancer outcomes: More important than surgical technique?

Racial and ethnic disparities in cancer care are major public health concerns and their identification is necessary to develop interventions to eliminate these disparities. We and others have previously observed marked disparities in gastric cancer outcomes between Eastern and Western patients. These disparities have long been attributed to surgical technique and extent of lymphadenectomy. However, more recent evidence suggests that other factors such as tumor biology, environmental factors such as Helicobacter pylori infection and stage migration may also significantly contribute to these observed disparities. We review the literature surrounding disparities in gastric cancer and provide data pertaining to potential contributing factors.

The full length <i>PtSRP</i>(<i>Pisolithus tinctorius</i>symbiosis related protein) fungal mRNA encodes a potential marker of ectomycorrhiza formation

The Pisolithus tinctorius symbiosis related protein expressed sequence tag (EST PtSRP) was previously identified in the first hours of the interaction between the fungus Pisolithus tinctorius and sweet chestnut Castanea sativa, and partially characterized as a fungal marker gene of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis formation. We used the 5’ rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) to obtain the PtSRP mRNA 5’ region, and together with our previously reported 3’ mRNA region, the full mRNA sequence was assembled by use of bioinformatics tools and deposited to GenBank (Accession: GU733439). The full-length mRNA sequence (636 bp) revealed the locations of the 5’ and 3’ untranslated regions (UTRs) and contained the Kozak sequence (ccc aag ATG A) in the 5’ UTR. The in silico translated PtSRP open reading frame (ORF) codes for a 127 amino acid protein and contained four putative post-translational modification sites (two N-glycosylation and two phosphorylation). The protein secondary structure is postulated to be composed of one N-terminal hydrophobic transmembrane alpha helix and at least six hydrophilic beta-strands spread across the protein. Sub-cellular localization prediction suggests that the protein is involved in cellular secretory pathway, supported by the presence of a cleavage site motif close to the membrane anchor. The data presented herein indicate the role of PtSRP as a fungal membrane secreted protein involved in early stages of ectomycorrhizal formation, with application as a possible marker for nascent ectomy-corrhiza fungal development.

Race, gender, and lifestyle discussions in geriatric primary care medical visits

Increasingly, healthcare providers are required to spend more time and effort aimed at prevention and lifestyle modification. Many argue that providers are in a unique position to provide information for effective lifestyle and behavior change. Yet, relatively little is known about how in- terpersonal provider and patient characteristics, such as race and gender, affect discussions of lifestyle choices about public health issues. To understand better how patient and physician characteristics influence discussions of lifestyle behaviors, we conducted a prospective, cohort study of interactions between primary care physicians and their geriatric patients. We videotaped 381 elderly patient visits with 35 primary care physicians. We coded the encounters to indicate whether the patient and physician discussed lifestyle issues around nutrition, physical activity, and smoking. The independent variables were patient and physician race, gender, and concordant status. Discussions about nutrition were the most common lifestyle topic (47.8%), followed by physical activity (40.3%) and smoking (14.2%). Multivariate analysis indicate white patients are significantly less likely to have discussions with their physicians about nutrition (OR = 0.32, p = 0.02) and same gender encounters are also less likely to discuss diet/nutrition (OR = 0.59, p = 0.04). There were no significant differences for discussions about physical activity or smoking. Previous research has shown that differences persist in the quality of care and certain outcomes. Our results suggest these differrences are not exclusively the result of differences in the prevalence of lifestyle discussions based on patient and physician race or gender.

The Impact of Ethnicity on the Incidence, Tumor Characteristics and Treatment of Ductal Carcinoma in Situ—An 11-Year Clinical Experience at a High Volume Teaching Hospital

Introduction: Screening mammography has led to a marked increase in detection of in situ breast tumors in the United States. The University of Southern California/Van Nuys Prognostic Index (USC/VNPI) predicts the recurrence rates of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS);however variations in tumor characteristics, USC/VNPI scores, receptor and human epithelial growth factor receptor (HER)-2/neu status across different ethnicities/races have not been well studied. This study aimed to evaluate the racial trends in incidence, patient demographics, tumor characteristics and treatment variations for patients with DCIS at a high volume teaching hospital. Methods: 395 women underwent surgical intervention for DCIS between 2000 and 2011. Their race/ethnicity was divided into five mutually exclusive categories and demographic and clinicopathological data was collected. Multivariate analysis was performed to evaluate variations in patient and tumor factors with respect to age, size and surgical management among different ethnicities and races. Results: 82.1% of Caucasian women underwent simple mastectomy with sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) while lumpectomy with SLNB was highest in Hispanics (40%, p = 0.005). Overall, there was no significant difference in the incidence of receptor or HER-2/neu positivity, multicentricity, necrosis or grade of DCIS in the various racial groups, but there was a significant racial difference in the USC/VNPI scores (p < 0.001). Conclusion: On a community level, screening detected DCIS accounted for the vast majority of DCIS diagnosed, which reflected national trends. Although no racial variation in DCIS with respect to patient or tumor characteristics was observed, a racial difference in USC/VNPI score was identified among the Hispanic population. Additional studies are required to validate the significance of these findings.

“两对关系”论:费孝通对中国式现代化道路的学术探索

中国式现代化是中国几代人的梦想和夙愿。综观费孝通的学术历程,他终其一生都在探究如何让中国这样一个具有特色的大国走向现代化的问题。正是秉持这种学术理念,费孝通以实地研究为基本方法,从解决好城乡关系和民族关系切入,为推进中国式现代化作出了极富洞见的探索。这种探索对于当前立足中国国情,破除西方式现代化的迷思具有重要的贡献。

中国近代以来的民族构建及其影响

对当代中国民族现象和民族关系的认知务必注意,不论是中华民族、国内各民族还是民族间关系,均在历史演变基础上经过了近代以来的民族构建过程。其间,历史形态的中华民族,一方面经由人口国民化和国民整体化而形成了国民共同体,另一方面又经由自我构建的各个民族的凝聚而成为一个更大的多族聚合体,实现了现代构建。同时,历史上众多的民族群体,则经过民族构建而成为国内的56个民族。在此过程中,国家因素、国族因素和各族互动三个方面相结合,造就了当代中国的民族关系。经历了这样的民族构建,中华民族、国内56个民族以及民族关系有了今天的形态、面貌和性质。因此,要对当代中国的民族现象和民族关系形成准确的把握,就必须对近代以来的民族构建进行认真的梳理。

从“华夷之辨”到“五族共和”——清末民初政治变局中各方势力民族国家建构思想之转变

在清末的政治变局中,清政府、立宪派、革命党和边疆民族上层等不同势力拥有着不同的“华夷”观念。立宪派对“五族共和”进行了理论构建,并提出了“中华民族”的概念。革命派出于现实的民族疆域问题的考量,放弃了反满的革命主张,转向“五族共和”。武昌起义爆发后,清政府延续自雍正以来的“华夷一家”理念,放弃分裂国家的割据可能,通过和平逊位的方式对“五族共和”进行了明确表达。而作为拥有政治话语权的蒙、藏、回各族上层,接受了清帝逊位的现实,积极拥护中华民国的统治,参与“五族共和”国家的建构。最终,各方势力殊途同归于“五族共和”,为统一多民族国家的未来奠定了思想基调。

美国加州K-12族裔研究课程探绎

近年来,美国加州政府开展了一项极具话题性和挑战性的基础教育课程改革,即在K-12阶段推行族裔研究课程。K-12族裔研究课程以批判性种族理论为理论基础,主张通过“反叙事”打破白人对主流课程的叙事控制、文化独裁和知识霸权;超越教育机会与过程平等,力主教育结果平等;揭露、反对教育中的“色盲”现象。为保障K-12族裔研究课程的实施,加州教育厅研制了《族裔研究示范课程》,从目标、原则等方面对课程进行了规范与指导。在加州政府的支持下,K-12族裔研究课程在合法化、制度化的进程中取得了初步成果,但仍面临多方面争议,其发展前景尚不明朗,实际成效仍有待考察。围绕K-12族裔研究课程展开的“大辩论”是美国无休止“文化战争”扩大化的缩影,它折射出当前美国社会的紧张和分裂。

差异性与共同性:藏彝走廊南部“弟兄祖先”传说范式的探讨

以广泛流传于藏彝走廊南部民族中的“弟兄祖先”传说不同版本之突出情节变量——婚姻为视角,可将其分为一次天女婚型、一次兄妹婚型和多次两种婚交替型。再按照传说在藏彝走廊南部从西北至东南的流传路径,传说的不同范式就大致呈现出西北、东南相反序列对称的地域性规律变化。通过比较四个典型的多次两种婚交替型版本,发现不管天女婚还是兄妹婚都以人或物在上下、高低空间的重复流动,尝试把两种对立的事物结合起来。所以,传说不同范式的地域性变化就是通过对人群间差异性与共同性的生产、维持和转换,解决社会性别、血缘、空间等二元结构的矛盾。基于传说版本中人群间共同性与差异性的演变关系,可为研究中国民族关系、铸牢中华民族共同体意识等提供一个可供进一步分析的案例。

易地安置社区困境儿童抗逆力研究——基于凉山D社区的实证分析

2020年底,我国全面消除了绝对贫困问题。其中,960多万贫困人口通过易地扶贫搬迁实现了脱贫摘帽。在相对贫困视角下,随迁儿童在易地安置社区面临一系列社会适应问题,部分困境儿童的问题更为严重。文章通过实地调研和问卷调查,研究凉山彝族易地扶贫安置社区困境儿童抗逆力的现状及影响因素,发现不同年龄、不同性别、不同类型困境儿童的抗逆力存在显著差异;家庭危机发生时,个体年龄、自我概念和内在抗逆力对困境儿童的抗逆力形成产生重要影响;社会支持、个体与环境互动对困境儿童抗逆力具有积极作用。文章建议采用整合式的社会工作方法,积极培育个体内在抗逆力特质,强化社会环境的支持功能,正向引导个体和环境的互动,促进困境儿童社会适应。

“月也”作媒:三江侗族自治县晒江村民族交往交流交融研究——民族交往交流交融的实践研究系列之一

“月也”是在春节期间侗族村寨之间开展的社交习俗。从“月也”的历史与现状来看,它是一项集结盟、社交、婚姻与娱乐为一体的民俗活动,在长期历史发展中成为晒江村侗族与苗族的共享习俗,并承载了他们的集体记忆。晒江村的实践证明,“月也”是促进族际互动、增强文化认同的重要媒介。其民族交往交流交融的有效机制可概括为:互嵌式居住格局是推动民族交往的物质基础,社交习俗是促进民族交流的纽带,文化认同是增进民族交融的心理基础。鉴于此,应该充分挖掘、发挥集体性习俗的有利因素,让其成为促进民族交往交流交融的有益媒介。

转型时代的“胞波情谊”与中缅关系

进入21世纪,中缅两国社会均面临较大的转型。两国在区域格局中的角色、地位及相互关系日趋动态复杂,并成为影响区域和平与可持续发展的重要因素。在此背景下,本研究以嘉庚精神为关照,聚焦于国家话语与日常实践中的“胞波情谊”和中缅关系,以人类学田野调查为基础,结合历史文献,阐述中缅两国人民“胞波情谊”的形成与发展;通过对国家建设、历史书写、公共记忆、身份政治、族群互动、文化交流以及缅族、缅甸华人与中国民众相互关系的分析,阐明“胞波情谊”的时代变化与文化意涵;并将之置于地缘政治、区域格局等更为广泛的领域,探讨中缅关系发展的多重面向与现实意义,应对全球时代的机遇和挑战。

族裔关系的镜鉴——美国异族通婚研究理论、现状与展望

异族通婚现象在美国社会普遍存在,折射出其种族问题的复杂性和族裔关系的多元性。在理论方面,异族通婚研究主要从社会学和经济学两个视角展开,聚焦群体关系、资源交换、影响因素、同化指标、社会成本、人力资本等六个维度。在实证方面,相关研究在地域范围、研究对象、研究角度等层面不断拓展深化,呈现多元化发展态势。本文系统梳理异族通婚研究的理论脉络和现状,并据此提出未来研究应关注异族通婚的新形式和新趋势,重视不同族裔群体的特征差异,从跨国、跨文化的视角深入探讨该现象对美国社会的深远影响,以期全面把握美国异族通婚的本质与规律,对美国社会种族问题有更为深刻的理解。

辽对回鹘佛教的影响

辽朝尊崇佛教,尤以密宗、华严宗为盛。辽与回鹘关系密切,辽朝境内有不少回鹘人存在,对契丹社会存在一定影响;从吐鲁番出土的汉文、回鹘文残卷看,《契丹藏》在高昌回中有所传播,回鹘人中存在诵读汉文佛典的传统,汉文佛典的流行,对回鹘语言造成了一定的影响;辽僧所撰述的最新佛教经典和教义,如辽朝诠明和尚的佛经注疏、辽朝高僧希麟编纂的《续一切经音义》和《龙手鉴》等也流传到了敦煌和吐鲁番,对回鹘佛教产生的深远影响。

怀柔与威服:论西晋对匈奴的羁縻政策

西晋是中国古代民族关系发展的一个特殊历史时期。伴随着内迁浪潮,许多民族开始在中国北方的广大地区活跃起来。其中,匈奴展现出更强大的民族凝聚力,在北方众多民族中具有重要地位。为了巩固统治,新兴的西晋政权通过改变匈奴社会体制、调整匈奴部落聚居方式、封赏匈奴贵族,以及征调、贩卖匈奴人口的方式,不断加强对匈奴的控制。这推动了民族融合的进程,也引发了匈奴的反抗情绪,对这一时期的民族关系和历史发展产生了深远的影响。