Radar Cross Section Prediction and Reduction for Naval Ships

雷达生气的节(RCS ) 是一个目标的反射力量的测量。减少一艘海军的轮船的 RCS 启用它的迟了的察觉，它为利用吃惊和行动的元素是有用的。因此，一艘海军的轮船的 RCS 为完成吃惊，行动，和 survivability 成为了一个很重要的设计因素。因而，精确 RCS 决心和 RCS 减小具有为一艘海军的轮船的极端重要性。这份报纸的目的是提供理论背景和工程途径的理解为海军的轮船处理 RCS 预言和减小。RCS，雷达基础， RCS 基础， RCS 预言方法，和为海军的轮船的 RCS 减小方法的重要性也被讨论。

Wideband radar cross section reduction based on absorptive coding metasurface with compound stealth mechanism

A scheme of combing wave absorption and phase cancellation mechanisms for widening radar cross section(RCS)reduction band is proposed.An absorptive coding metasurface implementing this scheme is derived from traditional circuit analog absorber(CAA)composed of resistive ring elements which characterize dual resonances behavior.It is constructed by replacing some of the CAA elements by another kind of resistive ring elements which is singly resonant in between the original two resonant bands and has reflection phase opposite to that of the original elements at resonance.Hence the developed metasurface achieves an improved low-RCS band over which the lower and higher sub-bands are mainly contributed by wave absorption mainly while the middle sub-band is formed by joint effect of wave absorption and antiphase cancellation mechanisms.The polarization-independent wideband RCS reduction property of the metasurface is validated by full-wave simulation results of a preliminary and an advanced design examples which employ the same element configuration but different element layout schemes as partitioned distribution and random coding.The advanced design also exhibits broadband bistatic low-RCS property and keeps a stable specular RCS reduction performance with regard to incident elevation angle up to 35◦.The advanced design is fabricated and the experimental results of the sample agrees qualitatively well with their simulated counterparts.The measured figure of merit(i.e.,low-RCS bandwidth ratio versus electrical thickness)of the sample is 40.572,which is superior to or comparable with those for most of other existing metasurface with compound RCS reduction mechanism.The proposed compound metasurface technique also features simple structure,light weight,low cost and easy fabrication compared with other techniques.This makes it promising in applications such as radar stealth and electromagnetic compatibility.

Wideband radar cross-section reduction using plasma-based checkerboard metasurface

For stealth technology,in order to overcome the limitations of thin-layer plasma for electromagnetic waves attenuation and further broaden the radar cross-section(RCS)reduction(RCSR)band of the metasurface,the plasma-based checkerboard metasurface composed of plasma and checkerboard metasurface is investigated to achieve better RCSR.We designed a checkerboard metasurface which can achieve abnormal reflection to reduce RCS and whose-10d B RCSR bandwidth is from 8.1 to 14.5 GHz,the RCSR principle of it lies in the backscattering cancellation,which depends on the phase difference of artificial magnetic conductor(AMC)units.The designed plasma-based checkerboard metasurface is a thin composite structure,including a checkerboard metasurface,a plasma layer,and an air gap which is between them.Full wave simulations confirm that the plasma-based checkerboard metasurface’s–10 dB RCS reduction bandwidth and RCS reduction amplitude,are both increased under different polarized waves compared with the only single plasma or the only metasurface.We also introduced the reason and mechanism of the interaction between plasma and the checkerboard metasurface to improve the RCSR effect in detail.As plasma-based checkerboard metasurface does not need the plasma to be too thick for plasma stealth,its application in practical scenarios is easier to implement.

吸波材料覆盖直升机强散射源RCS缩减分析

针对武装直升机的宽带隐身问题,提出利用射线追踪和逆合成孔径雷达(Inverse synthetic aperture radar,ISAR)成像确定直升机强散射源位置的方法,形成电磁超构材料和磁性材料一体化设计直升机部分强散射源的隐身设计构想,并计算分析了两款隐身材料加载后对整机隐身效果的影响。首先,分析等效媒质理论、射线追踪与ISAR成像原理。然后,通过射线追踪以及ISAR成像的计算,精确且直观地捕获强散射源部位。最后,给出了两款材料的反射系数并分析加载直升机后单站雷达散射截面(Radar cross section,RCS)变化。计算结果表明,两种不同类型隐身材料覆盖直升机强散射源部位后可以达到局部角域范围内RCS缩减的目的,为隐身材料和直升机蒙皮及旋翼的融合设计提供了参考。

Radar Cross Section Analysis Using Physical Optics and Its Applications to Marine Targets

Radar Cross Section (RCS) is one of the most considerable parameters for ship stealth design. As modern ships are larger than their predecessors, RCS must be managed at each design stage for its reduction. For predicting RCS of ship, Radar Cross Section Analysis Program (RACSAN) based on Kirchhoff approximation in high frequency range has been developed. This program can present RCS including multi-bounce effect in exterior and interior structure by combination of geometric optics (GO) and physical optics (PO) methods, coating effect by using Fresnel reflection coefficient, and response time pattern for detected target. In this paper, RCS calculations of ship model with above effects are simulated by using this developed program and RCS results are discussed.

Ultra-wideband low radar cross-section metasurface and its application on waveguide slot antenna array

A novel approach devoted to achieving ultra-wideband radar cross section reduction(RCSR) of a waveguide slot antenna array(WGSAA) while maintaining its radiation performance is proposed. Three kinds of artificial magnetic conductors(AMCs) tiles consisting of three types of basic units resonant at different frequencies are designed and arranged in a novel quadruple-triangle-type configuration to create a composite planar metasurface. The proposed metasurface is characterized by low radar feature over an ultra-wideband based on the principle of phase cancellation. Both simulated and measured results demonstrate that after the composite metasurface is used to cover part of the antenna array, an ultrawideband RCSR involving in-band and out-of-band is achieved for co-and cross-polarized incident waves based on energy cancellation, while the radiation performance is well retained. The proposed method is simple, low-cost, and easy-tofabricate, providing a new method for ultra-wideband RCSR of an antenna array. Moreover, the method proposed in this paper can easily be applied to other antenna architectures.

Solution for polarimetric radar cross section measurement and calibration

The exact radar cross-section(RCS) measurement is difficult when the scattering of targets is low. Full polarimetric calibration is one technique that offers the potential for improving the accuracy of RCS measurements. There are numerous polarimetric calibration algorithms. Some complex expressions in these algorithms cannot be easily used in an engineering practice. A radar polarimetric coefficients matrix(RPCM) with a simpler expression is presented for the monostatic radar polarization scattering matrix(PSM) measurement. Using a rhombic dihedral corner reflector and a metallic sphere, the RPCM can be obtained by solving a set of equations, which can be used to find the true PSM for any target. An example for the PSM of a metallic dish shows that the proposed method obviously improves the accuracy of crosspolarized RCS measurements.

Recognition of the major scattering sources on complex targets based on the high frequency radar cross section integrated calculation technique

Based on the high frequency(HF) integrated radar cross section(RCS) calculation approach,a technique of detecting major scattering source is developed by using an appropriate arithmetic for scattering distribution and scattering source detection.For the perfect adaptability to targets and the HF of the HF integrated RCS calculation platform,this technique is suitable to solve large complex targets and has lower requirement to the target modeling.A comparison with the result of 2-D radar imaging confirms the accuracy and reliability of this technique in recognition of the major scattering source on complex targets.This technique provides the foundation for rapid integrated evaluation of the scattering performance and 3-D scattering model reconstruction of large complex targets.

Radar cross section of arbitrary polished spheres at terahertz frequencies

We develop an efficient method for polished metallic sphere's scattering prediction in terahertz band when its frequency dispersion property is considered. By deducing scattering solution of the lossy metallic sphere, the radar cross section(RCS)of different metallic spheres is given at terahertz frequencies. The investigation of the RCS of polished metallic spheres shows the normalized RCS is always same to the metals' normal incidence reflectivity when the sphere becomes electrically large. The metals which have high reflectivity(such as Al, Cu, Ag and Au) show that the corresponding RCS of the spheres is almost πa2 in terahertz band. The sphere's RCS of the transition metal such as Fe begins to decrease obviously since the far infrared.

典型角反射器单/双基地RCS特性对比分析

角反射器在舰船目标防御中发挥重要作用,如何有效对抗角反射器干扰是当前的研究难题。以典型八面体角反射器为研究对象,通过电磁计算和暗室测量对比分析了单个角反射器、角反射器阵列单/双基地RCS(radar cross section)空域、极化域分布特性以及统计特性,揭示了双基地雷达与角反射器之间的几何关系对角反射器RCS的影响规律,结果表明在大范围双基地角条件下,八面体角反射器双基地RCS远小于单基地RCS,均值相差约30 dB。适当部署双基地雷达可有效降低角反射器干扰影响,对双基地雷达抗角反射器干扰有参考意义。

海面背景下弱目标RCS估计及特性分析

雷达截面积(radar cross section,RCS)可以为武器装备设计提供支撑。因此,许多国家都建立了标准测试场,可以满足大多数目标RCS测量的需要。对于海面背景下的非合作弱目标而言,只能依赖实际测试来获取目标RCS,但有时会面临多径干扰和信号弱的问题。针对该问题,在海上外定标和目标信杂比改善基础上,提出了一种目标RCS估计方法。设计并开展了海上目标RCS测量试验,并对测试数据进行了分析,验证了新方法的有效性,同时给出了弱目标RCS起伏特性的定性描述。

基于对消超表面的角反射器宽带RCS减缩设计

角反射器结构对入射电磁波有很强的反射能力,装备平台上一些不可避免的角结构会导致较大的雷达散射截面(radar cross section,RCS),不利于装备隐身和生存.为实现角反射器结构的隐身设计,本文提出一种基于相位对消超表面的二面角反射器(dihedral corner reflector,DCR)的单站RCS减缩方法.论文首先分析了采用相位对消超表面实现DCR RCS减缩的基本原理,然后设计了两种超表面单元,反射相位差180°±37°的相位对消频带为7.6~17.6 GHz.两种超表面单元交错排布组成棋盘结构的相位对消超表面,能够减小宽带范围内平面结构的镜像方向双站RCS.用相位对消超表面替换DCR其中的一个侧面,在不改变反射器外形条件下,在整个X和Ku波段单站RCS实现了减缩,最大RCS减缩达到29.5 dB.仿真分析和测试结果均验证了采用相位对消超表面实现对DCR宽带RCS减缩的有效性.

运动状态下舰船本体X波段RCS统计特征分析

[目的]为明确舰船运动对实船雷达散射截面(RCS)测量统计结果干扰的情况,开展各种运动状态下舰船本体X波段RCS的统计特征分析。[方法]构建低海况运动状态下舰船本体动态RCS仿真方法,以DTMB 5415水面舰船标准模型为基础,构建水动力仿真和电磁散射统一模型,获取在水平入射方向上X波段雷达波探测的舰船动态RCS数据,分析统计时间、海况、航速和浪向角对RCS统计特征的影响边界及影响规律。[结果]舰船本体动态RCS统计特征与静止状态下的存在差别;在低海况下,舰船总的RCS特征值受海况、航速及浪向角的影响范围在0.9 dB以内;舰船特征方向上的RCS对浪向角变化的较为敏感,并随着海况的增加逐渐降低。[结论]研究成果有助于掌握舰船运动对实船RCS测量统计特性的干扰情况,可为实船RCS测量工况的选择提供支撑。

First order sea clutter cross section for bistatic shipborne HFSWR

This paper studies the development on the first order sea clutter cross section for bistatic high frequency surface wave radar(HFSWR). Based on the received first order electric field expression, a closed-form of cross sections is derived to account for the case of receiving antenna array being mounted on the shipborne platform. The uniform linear motion and sway motion components are assumed to be responsible for the observed differences in comparison with the bistatic fixed antenna case. Correspondingly, simulations are conducted to study the sea clutter spectral characteristics for these two cases versus different system parameters and sea state conditions. It is shown numerically that the forward motion component will spread the Bragg lines severely and the influence triggered by the sway motion can be explained as the Bessel function modulation of the ordinary sea clutter spectra. The obtained results have important implications in the application of shipborne HFSWR technology to ocean remote sensing and target detection.

Design of Tapered Novel AMC Chessboard Reflector for Broadband RCS Reduction

An artificial magnetic conductor(AMC)chessboard reflector is designed which shows low backscattered radar cross sections(RCS)in a broad frequency band in this paper.Designed by the phase cancellation principle,a conventional chessboard low RCS metasurface can be formed by polarization-dependent mushroom-shaped AMCs.Two new features are added to this design based on the conventional chessboard metasurface.Firstly,the long edge of the metallic patch on the AMC element is concave to obtain a broader bandwidth.Then,the width of the patch in each AMC block is tapered in one direction to further extend the operating bandwidth for RCS reduction.The backscattered RCS of the tapered AMC reflector is numerically investigated and compared with a non-tapered one.It is found that by introducing the above features,an RCS reduction greater than 10.dB can be obtained by the reflectors with relative bandwidth of 46%in the X-band.

RCS Reduction of Airborne Dispenser

The radar cross section (RCS) of dispenser and its components is computed by graphical electromagnetic computing (GRECO) method, which bases on physical optics (PO) method. A satisfied agreement is gotten between computed and measured results outdoor. The results show that the main scattering source of the dispenser is the mirror reflecting of the body; in the most crucial nose-on region, the nose mirror reflecting plays important role; the corner reflecting is important to the fins’ RCS. The corresponding measures to reduce dispenser’s RCS are proposed. It is indicated that to reduce RCS, shaping should be adopts first, while aerodynamic characteristics and stealth characteristics should be considered synthetically during the design of dispenser.

舰船目标RCS动态测量数据角度修正方法

RCS动态测量可以获得真实环境中目标的RCS,是目标与环境特性研究的重要手段之一。针对舰船目标RCS动态测量中因目标姿态和位置不断变化造成RCS测试数据与目标测试角度无法直接对应的问题,提出了角度内均值和数据角度求取两种测试数据角度修正方法。两种方法将组合导航数据通过坐标系转换和角度计算获得测试角度的时间序列,与RCS测试数据时间序列综合处理,得到测试数据与角度之间的对应关系,支撑舰船目标RCS缩减、特征模拟等研究。通过试验验证了提出方法的有效性和正确性。

表面缝隙对透波材料RCS的影响分析

将电磁场散射相干原理与矢量叠加原理相结合,从理论上分析了缝隙这类弱散射源对于透波材料雷达散射截面(RCS)的影响规律,并利用商业电磁软件FEKO进行数值仿真。研究结果表明:电磁波入射频率与极化方式的改变时,透波材料RCS受单缝隙的影响较小;存在多列平行缝隙时,透波载体的RCS受所有缝隙组合方式耦合效应的影响,且缝隙间距影响其波峰位置、缝隙长度影响其波峰幅值,等间距等长度的多列平行缝隙对目标载体RCS的影响最大。

Ship Appearance Optimal Design on RCS Reduction Using Response Surface Method and Genetic Algorithms

Radar cross section (RCS) reduction technologies are very important in survivability of the military naval vessels. Ship appearance shaping as an effective countermeasure of RCS reduction redirects the scattered energy from one angular region of interest in space to another region of little interest. To decrease the scattering electromagnetic signals from ship scientifically, optimization methods should be introduced in shaping design. Based on the assumption of the characteristic section design method, mathematical formulations for optimal shaping design were established. Because of the computation-intensive analysis and singularity in shaping optimization, the response surface method (RSM) combined genetic algorithm (GA) was proposed. The poly-nomial response surface method was adopted in model approximation. Then genetic algorithms were employed to solve the surrogate optimization problem. By comparison RCS of the conventional and the optimal design, the superiority and effectiveness of proposed design methodology were verified.

RCS测量中聚苯乙烯泡沫支架的电磁散射特性研究

聚苯乙烯泡沫(Expanded PolyStyrene,EPS)支架的电磁散射特性是雷达散射截面(Radar Cross Section,RCS)测量系统性能的关键,直接决定雷达隐身测试精度.针对6种常用EPS支架构型,本文通过建立EPS材料介电参数模型与支架三维模型,开展介质实体建模与电磁仿真研究,并利用RCS测试场进行实验验证,分别对EPS支架的单站/双站、点频/扫频、频域/时域等方面的电磁散射特性进行了深入细致的分析,提出了双菱形锥柱长轴共线与短轴共线相结合的方案,有效改进背景性能.仿真与实测表明,双菱形锥柱构型适用于典型空中目标支撑,尤其可在较大双站角范围内实现-55 dBsm以下的极低散射背景,能够保障隐身目标单/双站测试的背景需求;EPS支架单站RCS对极化特性不敏感,而其双站散射的水平极化明显低于垂直极化.此外,低频段扫频特性起伏振荡达30 dB以上,振荡峰值频率与支架尺寸、位置满足干涉规律.故通过支架设计可使特定频点处于振荡谷值,从而优化低散射背景.本文为RCS测量极低散射背景设计提供了思路及指导.