Metal–Organic Gel Leading to Customized Magnetic‑Coupling Engineering in Carbon Aerogels for Excellent Radar Stealth and Thermal Insulation Performances

Metal–organic gel(MOG)derived composites are promising multi-functional materials due to their alterable composition,identifiable chemical homogeneity,tunable shape,and porous structure.Herein,stable metal–organic hydrogels are prepared by regulating the complexation effect,solution polarity and curing speed.Meanwhile,collagen peptide is used to facilitate the fabrication of a porous aerogel with excellent physical properties as well as the homogeneous dispersion of magnetic particles during calcination.Subsequently,two kinds of heterometallic magnetic coupling systems are obtained through the application of Kirkendall effect.FeCo/nitrogen-doped carbon(NC)aerogel demonstrates an ultra-strong microwave absorption of−85 dB at an ultra-low loading of 5%.After reducing the time taken by atom shifting,a FeCo/Fe3O4/NC aerogel containing virus-shaped particles is obtained,which achieves an ultra-broad absorption of 7.44 GHz at an ultra-thin thickness of 1.59 mm due to the coupling effect offered by dual-soft-magnetic particles.Furthermore,both aerogels show excellent thermal insulation property,and their outstanding radar stealth performances in J-20 aircraft are confirmed by computer simulation technology.The formation mechanism of MOG is also discussed along with the thermal insulation and electromagnetic wave absorption mechanism of the aerogels,which will enable the development and application of novel and lightweight stealth coatings.

A new radar stealth design excited by ^(210)Po and ^(242)Cm

Open plasma stealth technology excited by radionuclides is known to have several problems:(1)owing to disturbance from airflow,the plasma distribution is unstable.(2)The plasma is highly dependent on the atmosphere;therefore,it is difficult to modulate in target stealth.(3)Concerns regarding radiation harassment prevent the application of this method.To avoid these problems,an enclosed plasma stealth method is introduced.Via simulation on an infinite conducting plate,this method was found to effectively solve the above concerns,which may offer a new approach for the practical application of plasma stealth technology excited by radionuclides,especially for small-satellite stealth because of its lightweight and selfprovided plasma.

Investigation into wideband electromagnetic stealth device based on plasma array and radar-absorbing materials

Manipulation of electromagnetic waves is essential to various microwave applications,and absorbing devices composed of low-pressure gas discharge tubes and radar-absorbing materials(RAM)can bring new solutions to broadband electromagnetic stealth.The microwave transmission method is used to measure the physical parameters of the plasma unit.The designed structure exhibits superior absorption performance and radar cross-section(RCS)reduction capability in the 2–18 GHz band,with unique absorption advantage in the S and C frequency bands.It is found that the combination of the plasma and the RAM can significantly broaden the absorption frequency band and improve the absorption performance with excellent synergistic stealth capability.Experimental and simulation results present that broadband,wide-angle,tunable electromagnetic wave absorption and RCS reduction can be achieved by adjusting the spatial layout of the combined plasma layer and the type of RAMs,which creates opportunities for microwave transmission and selective stealth of equipment.Therefore,the wave manipulation by combined plasma array and RAM provides a valuable reference for developing numerous applications,including radar antenna stealth,spatial filter,and high power microwave shielding.

Security information factor based airborne radar RF stealth

Radar radio frequency （RF） stealth is very important in electronic war （EW）, and waveform design and selection. Existing evaluation rules of radar RF stealth include too many parameters of radar and interceptors, such as Schleher interception factor, which makes it difficult to evaluate radar RF stealth technologies if interceptor parameters are unknown. In communication, security capacity has been presented to describe the possible ability to communicate in complete security. Since the essential of the secu- rity capacity is to have the interceptor get none valued information from the emitter, this paper is proposed to study security infor- mation factors taking advantage of mutual information to evaluate radar RF stealth under some conditions. Through analyzing mutual information obtained by the radar and the interceptor, this paper defines the security information factor with and without cooperative jamming. Furthermore, this paper deduces the ratio of the match filter to the match incoherent filter and discuss mutual information received by the interceptor. Numerical simulations illustrate radar RF stealth effects based on the security information factor concept under different conditions.

A thin radar-infrared stealth-compatible structure:Design,fabrication,and characterization

A thin radar-infrared stealth-compatible structure with reflectivity below -10 dB in the whole radar X wave band and infrared emissivity less than 0.3 in the infrared region of 8μm-14 μm is reported. The designed stealth-compatible structure consists of metallic frequency selective surface （MFSS）, resistive frequency selective surface （RFSS）, and metal backing from the top down, and it is only 2. l-mm thick. The MFSS is made up of some divided low infrared emissivity metal copper films, and the RFSS consists of a capacitive array of square resistive patches. They are placed close together, working as an admittance sheet because of a mutual influence between them, and the equivalent admittance sheet greatly reduces the thickness of the whole structure. The proposed stealth-compatible structure is verified both by simulations and by experimental results. These results indicate that our proposed stealth-compatible structure has potential applications in stealth fields.

Design of synthetic aperture radar low-intercept radio frequency stealth

Not confined to a certain point,such as waveform,this paper systematically studies the low-intercept radio frequency(RF)stealth design of synthetic aperture radar(SAR)from the system level.The study is carried out from two levels.In the first level,the maximum low-intercept range equation of the conventional SAR system is deduced firstly,and then the maximum low-intercept range equation of the multiple-input multiple-output SAR system is deduced.In the second level,the waveform design and imaging method of the low-intercept RF SAR system are given and verified by simulation.Finally,the main technical characteristics of the lowintercept RF stealth SAR system are given to guide the design of low-intercept RF stealth SAR system.

A Study on Multivariable Interactions Concerning Radar Cross Section Reduction through Geometric Attributes

This resolution 5 (25−1 factorial) study aimed to ascertain an understanding of the interactions between different geometries on the resulting Radar Cross Section (RCS) of a target. The results of the study are in line with the general understanding of the impact different geometries have on RCS but show that geometries can also influence the variance of measured RCS, and typical attributes that reduce RCS increase the variance of the measured RCS. Notably, an increased angle between the front face of a plate and the direction of the radar signal decreased RCS but increased the variance of the RCS measured.

Recognition of the major scattering sources on complex targets based on the high frequency radar cross section integrated calculation technique

Based on the high frequency （HF） integrated radar cross section （RCS） calculation approach, a technique of detecting major scattering source is developed by using an appropriate arithmetic for scattering distribution and scattering source detection. For the perfect adaptability to targets and the HF of the HF integrated RCS calculation platform, this technique is suitable to solve large complex targets and has lower requirement to the target modeling. A comparison with the result of 2-D radar imaging confirms the accuracy and reliability of this technique in recognition of the major scattering source on complex targets. This technique provides the foundation for rapid integrated evaluation of the scattering performance and 3-D scattering model reconstruction of large complex targets.

Bayesian-MCMC-based parameter estimation of stealth aircraft RCS models

When modeling a stealth aircraft with low RCS（Radar Cross Section）, conventional parameter estimation methods may cause a deviation from the actual distribution, owing to the fact that the characteristic parameters are estimated via directly calculating the statistics of RCS. The Bayesian–Markov Chain Monte Carlo（Bayesian-MCMC） method is introduced herein to estimate the parameters so as to improve the fitting accuracies of fluctuation models. The parameter estimations of the lognormal and the Legendre polynomial models are reformulated in the Bayesian framework. The MCMC algorithm is then adopted to calculate the parameter estimates. Numerical results show that the distribution curves obtained by the proposed method exhibit improved consistence with the actual ones, compared with those fitted by the conventional method. The fitting accuracy could be improved by no less than 25% for both fluctuation models, which implies that the Bayesian-MCMC method might be a good candidate among the optimal parameter estimation methods for stealth aircraft RCS models.

A New Stealth Technique for Vehicles Based on the Enhancement of Angular Glint

A general 2-D problem of electromagnetic scattering from a multiple cavity-backed longitudinally loaded slotted perfectly conducting cylinder with arbitrary cross section is formulated. The formulation is used to account for the scattered field from the scale models, for which, a series of experiments has been conducted in an anechoic chamber. Quite good agreement between theory and experiment is obtained. The analysis of the experimental results near resonant frequency shows that the reduction of backscattering radar cross section over wide aspect angles, and the dominant enhancement of target angular glint (linear deviation) can be achieved by impedance loading such as multiple cavity-backed slots, which realizes a new stealth technique for vehicles.

A STEALTHY ANTENNA WITH FREQUENCY SELECTIVE REFLECTOR

A Cassegrainian antenna with frequency selective reflector is introduced, and the measured radiation properties and radar cross-section (RCS) of the antenna are given and discussed. In comparison with ordinary metallic reflector, this antenna can obtain similar radiation pattern and about 15dB of RCS reduction.

Stealth Considerations for Aerodynamic Configurations Design of Missiles

The aerodynamic design of a strategic weapon is of interest, especially when the radar signatures are included in the conceptual design phase. The basics of stealth configurations and stealth mechanisms for missiles are reviewed. The Radar Cross Sections （RCS） of some generic missiles are predicted and compared to analyze the trade-offs involved between low RCS and aerodynamic performance. The consideration of RCS prediction in the conceptual design phase gives a quick insight into the stealth performance prior to detailed design.

隐身直升机红外辐射与雷达散射特征分析

为实现直升机红外/雷达综合隐身,将一体化红外抑制器融入隐身直升机的设计中,通过数值计算得到悬停状态下直升机的温度场、红外辐射特性以及雷达散射特性。结果表明:在一体化红外抑制器引射气流和旋翼下洗气流的作用下,直升机排气混合管和后机身都可以得到很好的冷却;尾桨通流作用下的高温排气对左侧机身的局部加热效应更显著;排气系统与后机身一体化设计方案使得机身可以有效地遮挡高温混合管,所以3~5μm波段总红外辐射主要来源于气体和机身蒙皮;而在8~14μm波段,气体红外辐射可以忽略不计;在3 GHz、6 GHz、10 GHz和15 GHz频率下,隐身直升机周向RCS均值都控制在4 dBsm以下,表明一体化设计方案在降低红外辐射的同时也具备较好的雷达隐身能力。

机载有源相控阵火控雷达技术发展

机载火控雷达是战斗机平台获取信息的主要传感器,经历了测距机、脉冲雷达、脉冲多普勒雷达、相控阵雷达的发展历程。文中通过对现有战斗机火控雷达现状分析,结合未来战斗机平台作战需求分析等多个角度分析对机载火控雷达的需求和技术牵引,结合射频一体化、分布式探测、智能蒙皮、隐身探测和芯片化等新兴技术,展望未来机载火控雷达发展趋势,为后续机载火控雷达设计与研究提供参考借鉴。

超材料在军用隐身中的应用研究

随着探测手段的发展,智能化与高精化的军用隐身探测技术对隐身材料的性能提出了更高的要求,传统材料受限于本身的性能很难实现轻量、宽频、强吸收等隐身要求,而超材料由于其可以按人的意志设计、调整结构并获得相关性能,在隐身领域具有极强的发展潜力,因此超材料在军用隐身领域中的相关研究受到了极大关注。本文综述了超材料的发展、特殊性能及应用,着重讨论了雷达隐身超材料、红外隐身超材料、雷达/红外兼容隐身超材料以及激光/红外兼容隐身超材料的研究与发展,指出目前超材料在军用隐身方面的研究多数停留在实验阶段,难以适应复杂多变的实际环境,今后应将研究集中在低成本制备与应用、宽频多波段兼容以及高耐温、高耐蚀性与高户外稳定性等方面。

飞机动态RCS计算方法的修正与改进

飞机动态雷达散射截面(RCS)的分析能够为飞机隐身设计和测试评估提供重要理论支撑。针对现有动态RCS计算方法只能适用于有限角域的不足,对飞机本体系中雷达方位角的定义进行了修正,扩大了现有方法的适用范围。提出了一种新型的动态RCS计算方法,解决了现有方法中雷达视线角与飞机RCS值无法建立一一映射关系的问题,使用飞机本体坐标系与雷达照射坐标系的欧拉旋转角表征飞机的动态RCS值,相比传统方法具有更高的准确性。最后,仿真验证了当飞机处于机动状态时,新型的动态RCS计算方法得出的结果与现有方法相比有显著差异,其有效提高了动态RCS计算的准确性。

国外干扰弹投放系统雷达隐身设计发展研究

干扰弹投放系统通常安装在飞机表面,对隐身飞机而言,在主散射源得到有效抑制后,干扰弹投放系统等弱散射部位的某些极化和姿态角下的散射效果会非常明显,需对这些部位开展雷达散射截面积减缩设计。介绍了雷达隐身技术和国外飞机干扰弹投放系统隐身设计发展情况,为相关技术研究提供参考。

电磁超表面在隐身技术中的应用研究进展

电磁超表面能够利用散射调控和电磁波吸收2种主要机理进行隐身是隐身技术中一种极具潜力的新型技术途径。对电磁超表面在隐身技术中的应用与研究进展进行综述,首先介绍了超表面散射调控机理进行隐身设计的基本原理与实现方法,介绍了相位梯度超表面、编码超表面和超表面隐身套的发展历程和研究成果;其次介绍了基于吸波机理的超表面隐身技术研究进展,包括完美吸波结构、多频带吸波结构、宽频带吸波结构、宽角域吸波结构;再次介绍了超表面雷达隐身与其他功能的复合设计研究,包括超表面隐身强度复合设计、超表面吸波透波散射一体化、雷达红外兼容隐身等内容;最后总结了一些超表面在隐身技术应用中存在的问题和未来的研究方向。

耐海洋环境雷达隐身涂料的研究进展及应用

目的针对传统隐身涂料在舰船雷达高湿热、高盐雾等服役环境下耐腐蚀性能差等问题,本文以某型雷达天线为对象,验证4种涂料的施工工艺、力学性能、耐环境性等,结合雷达散射截面积(Radar Cross Section,RCS)仿真计算开展隐身涂料适用性研究,探索商用隐身涂料的实施效果。方法本文综述近年来隐身涂料的研究进展,重点论述隐身涂料的组分设计及耐腐蚀机理,同时以某舰船雷达天线的隐身需求为例,综合分析4种隐身涂料耐环境性及吸波性能。结论根据结果显示,4种隐身涂料中只有W-1.0在牺牲施工工艺性及厚度前提下才能达到吸波性能要求,但耐湿热等尚不能满足工程化应用需求,需进一步在轻薄化设计及耐环境适应性方面做出改进。

用于红外和雷达波隐身的水泥基复合材料

红外和雷达波隐身主要是通过降低目标的红外辐射信号和雷达回波信号来提高目标的隐蔽性。将相变材料与炭黑封装为相变单元,并将其与膨胀珍珠岩-磁粉/水泥复合材料结合,研制出一种兼具红外和雷达波隐身的双功能水泥基复合材料,对其吸波性能和热性能进行试验与仿真研究。结果表明:炭黑对相变材料相变温度的影响较小,潜热仅降低了约1.9%;500次冷热循环后,相变材料的潜热留存率为78.3%,循环稳定性较好。相变单元和膨胀珍珠岩均可以提高水泥基复合材料的吸波能力,且反射损耗在-5~-15 dB可调。相变单元通过吸收大量热量来降低目标外表面温度,削弱红外辐射。相变材料的加入会增加水泥基复合材料的热导率,但相变材料高储热密度和珍珠岩低热导率的共同作用使得水泥基复合材料的隔热效应更加显著,从而降低目标的红外辐射信号。仿真结果表明:磁损耗仅出现在水泥基体中,相变单元通过电阻损耗来影响水泥基复合材料的吸波性能。热量传递在相变单元处受阻,传导热通量在相变单元边缘处的传输过程出现弯曲。当相变材料相变完成后,热量趋于均匀分布。因此,水泥基复合材料可通过损耗电磁波来降低雷达回波信号,通过相变材料吸收目标的热量来降低红外辐射,从而实现不同复杂环境下建筑材料的红外和雷达波等多波段隐身。