Winding Function Model-based Performance Evaluation of a PM Transverse Flux Generator for Applications in Direct-drive Systems

The magnetic flux in a permanent magnet transverse flux generator(PMTFG) is three-dimensional(3D), therefore, its efficacy is evaluated using 3D magnetic field analysis. Although the 3D finite-element method(FEM) is highly accurate and reliable for machine simulation, it requires a long computation time, which is crucial when it is to be used in an iterative optimization process. Therefore, an alternative to 3DFEM is required as a rapid and accurate analytical technique. This paper presents an analytical model for PMTFG analysis using winding function method. To obtain the air gap MMF distribution, the excitation magneto-motive force(MMF) and the turn function are determined based on certain assumptions. The magnetizing inductance, flux density, and back-electro-magnetomotive force of the winding are then determined. To assess the accuracy of the proposed method, the analytically calculated parameters of the generator are compared to those obtained by a 3D-FEM. The presented method requires significantly shorter computation time than the 3D-FEM with comparable accuracy.

Development and Analysis of the Magnetic Circuit on Double-Radial Permanent Magnet and Salient-Pole Electromagnetic Hybrid Excitation Generator for Vehicles

With the improvement of vehicles electrical equipment, the existing silicon rectification generator and permanent magnet generator cannot meet the requirement of the electric power consumption of the modern vehicles electrical equipment. It is di cult to adjust the air gap magnetic field of the permanent magnet generator. Consequently, the output voltage is not stable. The silicon rectifying generator has the problems of low e ciency and high failure rate.In order to solve these problems, a new type of hybrid excitation generator is developed in this paper. The developed hybrid excitation generator has a double-radial permanent magnet, a salient-pole electromagnetic combined rotor,and a fractional slot winding stator, where each rotor pole corresponds to 4.5 stator teeth. The equivalent magnetic circuit diagram of permanent magnet rotor and magnetic rotor is established. Magnetic field finite element analysis(FEA) software is used to conduct the modeling and simulation analysis on double-radial permanent magnet magnetic field, salient-pole electro-magnetic magnetic field and hybrid magnetic field. The magnetic flux density mold value diagram and vector diagram are obtained. The diagrams are used to verify the feasibility of this design. The designed electromagnetic coupling regulator controller can ensure the stable voltage export by changing the magnitude and direction of the excitation current to adjust the size of the air gap magnetic field. Therefore, the problem of output voltage instability in the wide speed range and wide load range of the hybrid excitation generator is solved.

An Improved Stator Flux Observation Method of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor

The stator flux and electromagnetic torque observation is the basis of direct torque controlled permanent magnet synchronous motor( PMSM) drive system. However,the traditional stator flux observer based on voltage model is affected by integral initial values and integral drift,that based on current model is affected by the parameters of PMSM,so a new stator flux observation method is proposed based on an improved secondorder generalized integrator( SOGI). Compared to the stator flux observation method based on the conventional SOGI,the proposed method can not only overcome the influence of integral initial values and integral drift,but also completely eliminate the DC offset's influence. Therefore,the observation accuracy of stator flux is further improved. The simulation and experimental results both show that the proposed method has a higher stator flux and electromagnetic torque observation precision.

Design Optimization of Axial Flux Permanent Magnet (AFPM) Synchronous Machine Using 3D FEM Analysis

This paper deals with the investigation of the behavior of a low speed, dual rotor-single coreless stator, axial flux permanent magnet synchronous machine for small power applications. Firstly, with the use of nonlinear 3D FEM electromagnetic analysis, four models with different magnet topologies are designed, simulated and compared. With criteria such as output power, power factor and torque ripple, the best performing model is selected and a further investigation, regarding the effect of the disk rotor material on the behavior of the machine, is conducted. The simulation results show how the different types of commercially available steel types affect the magnetic field and the performance of the machine.

基于径向气隙磁密和定子电流的永磁同步电机均匀退磁故障诊断研究

该文提出一种基于径向气隙磁密和定子电流的永磁同步电机均匀退磁故障诊断方法。首先,建立电机的d轴等效磁路模型,分析均匀退磁故障后径向气隙磁密的变化规律;然后,获取电机的径向气隙磁密和定子电流信号,对各极下径向气隙磁密幅值进行归一化处理,并绘制雷达图,根据雷达图和比较相同定子电流幅值下健康电机和故障电机的各极下径向气隙磁密幅值的平均值,来诊断均匀退磁故障;利用空载各极下径向气隙磁密幅值的平均值计算故障程度。最后,仿真和实验结果均验证所提均匀退磁故障诊断方法的有效性。

轴径向静态偏心故障下外转子永磁发电机电磁转矩特性分析

对外转子永磁发电机轴径向静态偏心故障下的电磁转矩特性进行了理论解析、仿真计算和实验验证。首先,在考虑齿槽效应影响条件下,引入磁导修正系数ε(θ),推导出轴径向静态偏心前后气隙磁密表达式,并考虑绕组分布情况,构建一种新型的永磁发电机轴径向静态偏心故障下相电流数学模型,在此基础上得到轴径向偏心下电磁转矩解析表达式。其次,通过有限元仿真计算得到外转子永磁发电机轴径向静态偏心下的电磁转矩波动特性。最后,在一台外转子永磁发电机上通过故障模拟实验实例印证了解析分析和仿真计算结果。结果表明:相较于正常情况,径向偏心时,电磁转矩以直流、二倍频、四倍频成分为主,随着偏心程度的加剧,电磁转矩的直流、二倍频、四倍频成分幅值将随着增大;轴向偏心时,电磁转矩谐波成分不变,随着偏心程度的加剧,各谐波成分幅值将随着减小。对外转子永磁发电机气隙偏心故障分析的一个重要补充,对此类问题的现场检测和鉴定具有参考价值。

横向磁通永磁直线电机电磁振动特性分析

横向磁通永磁直线电机的电负荷与磁负荷相互解耦,且各相之间相互解耦,易于实现模块化和多相化,因此在石油开采领域有着良好的应用前景。首先,该文基于磁场调制原理,对横向磁通永磁直线电机的径向电磁力波进行了推导计算,得出对径向电磁力波影响最大的因素为轴向气隙磁通密度分量与径向气隙磁通密度分量,在此基础上对径向电磁力波的时空特性与频谱特性进行仿真计算,得出电枢磁通密度对电机径向电磁力波的频谱特性的影响;然后,考虑到电机实际运行中可能出现的次级偏心问题,揭示偏心度的大小对径向电磁力波幅值的影响,并对比不同偏心度下的电机径向磁拉力与轴向磁拉力,定量分析偏心度对不平衡磁拉力的影响;最后,为避免共振,利用有限元软件对电机的初级进行了模态分析与谐响应分析,结果表明低速状态下横向磁通永磁直线电机的额定运行频率较低,不会引起初级的共振,适合用作往复式潜油电泵的驱动电机。

新型三段Halbach永磁阵列无铁芯AFPMG设计与分析

为解决传统Halbach永磁阵列无铁芯轴向磁通永磁发电机(AFPMG)由于磁极永磁体用量增加而导致功率密度降低的问题,提出了一种变辅助磁极参数(极角和充磁夹角)的新型三段Halbach永磁阵列无铁芯AFPMG.采用三维有限元法,对新型三段Halbach永磁阵列辅助磁极极角和充磁夹角进行了多目标优化设计,从而确定了最佳辅助磁极参数.最后对比了无铁芯AFPMG中采用不同磁极结构对发电机电压波形质量和功率密度的影响.结果表明:新型永磁发电机可以使发电机电压正弦波畸变率由2.40%下降为0.44%;相较传统两段Halbach和传统三段Halbach永磁阵列的无铁芯AFPMG,新型永磁发电机功率密度得到显著提高;新型永磁发电机的永磁体用量减少了16.68%,进而减轻了转子盘质量,使发电机更加适于低风速下稳定发电.

径轴向聚磁型永磁推进电机优化设计与分析

为了进一步实现永磁电机磁负荷和转矩密度的提升,提出了一种径轴向聚磁型永磁推进电机结构,转子永磁体在Halbach径向聚磁结构基础上进一步结合轴向延伸永磁体,实现了永磁磁场的径轴向聚磁。针对该种新型电机,本文详细研究了其结构特点,利用有限元分析了所提电机结构的电磁性能。首先对比分析了定转子等长结构、定转子不等长(overhang)结构输出性能,并对对称型overhang结构进行了参数化优化,有效提升了电机转矩密度。最后,利用三维有限元模型对比分析了径向overhang和径轴向overhang电机的电磁性能,结果发现径轴向overhang电机空载磁密提升了6%、输出转矩增大了1.3%、转矩脉动减少了0.4%,进一步验证了电机性能的优越性。

基于槽极比选择的切向永磁同步电机永磁体涡流损耗抑制措施

为抑制切向永磁同步电机的永磁体涡流损耗,基于麦克斯韦方程和本构方程,对永磁体形状进行近似假设,构建了永磁体涡流损耗的估算模型。使用一种基于卡特系数概念的磁导函数来估算由于定子开槽引起的槽下磁感应强度变化。基于五台槽极比分别为1.05、1.20、1.30、2.40和3.60的电机设计方案对理论分析结论进行了验证。在负载电流和两倍负载电流下,分析永磁体损耗,得到了每台电机的径向气隙磁密曲线及其谐波含量。考虑到增加槽极比对定子铁耗和永磁体涡流损耗的削弱效果,给出了电机槽极比选择策略。研究结果表明,增加槽极比能减弱定子槽下磁感应强度变化,从而抑制气隙磁场中低次谐波含量,减小永磁体涡流损耗,使电机运行更加可靠,但也会引入更多高次谐波,从而增加定子铁耗。

Overview and Analysis of PM Starter/Generator for Aircraft Electrical Power Systems

More Electrical Aircraft(MEA)which replaces the hydraulic and pneumatic power by electrical power leads to reducing emissions and fuel consumption.The MEA concept has led to a growing use of the starter/generator(S/G)system.Permanent magnet(PM)machines have been gaining interests for aircraft S/G system application over the last few years.This is mainly due to the several advantages,including high power density,high efficiency and high speed ability.The shortcoming of the PM machines is the de-­excitation problem in case of a failure,which is a main issue for the aircraft application.However,by using a PM machine with high reactance or multiphase configuration,the fault-­tolerant ability can be improved.In terms of the aircraft S/G system,this paper is going to present a comprehensive analysis of PM machines.Firstly,the state-­of-­the-­art of PM starter/generator(PMS/G)is summarized and the basic structure of PMS/G system is analyzed.Next,key technologies of the PMS/G system are summarized and analyzed.Finally,a flux weakening fault protection strategy that is used to suppress the turn-­to-­turn short circuit(SC)current is studied,simulated and verified.With the breakthrough of key technologies based on the development of high temperature electromagnetic material and high temperature power electronics,the PMS/G will be a potential candidate for aircraft S/G system including the embedded power generation system.

Torque characteristics in a large permanent magnet synchronous generator with stator radial ventilating air ducts

In this study, we investigated the torque characteristics of large low-speed direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous generators with stator radial ventilating air ducts for offshore wind power applications. Magnet shape optimization was used first to improve the torque characteristics using two-dimensional finite element analysis（FEA） in a permanent magnet synchronous generator with a common stator. The rotor step skewing technique was then employed to suppress the impacts of mechanical tolerances and defects, which further improved the torque quality of the machine. Comprehensive three-dimensional FEA was used to evaluate accurately the overall effects of stator radial ventilating air ducts and rotor step skewing on torque features. The influences of the radial ventilating ducts in the stator on torque characteristics, such as torque pulsation and average torque in the machine with and without rotor step skewing techniques, were comprehensively investigated using three-dimensional FEA. The results showed that stator radial ventilating air ducts could not only reduce the average torque but also increase the torque ripple in the machine. Furthermore, the torque ripple of the machine under certain load conditions may even be increased by rotor step skewing despite a reduction in cogging torque.

基于转子磁链观测器的五相容错PMSM开路故障下的无位置传感器控制

五相容错永磁同步电机(PMSM)开路故障模型的不对称性,影响了其无位置运行性能。该文提出一种基于转子磁链观测器的无位置控制策略。首先,该策略在容错模型基础上,构建基于指数趋近律的滑模观测器(SMO)以获取反电动势信号;其次,为抑制所观测反电动势中直流偏置、低频和高频谐波对转子位置观测精度的影响,设计一种改进型二阶广义积分器(ISOGI),并将其和SMO级联构成转子磁链观测器;然后,采用锁相环技术从转子磁链中提取转子位置信息;最后,将该转子磁链观测器和容错控制策略相结合。实验结果表明,该策略提高了转子位置观测精度,实现了PMSM开路故障下的无位置高性能运行。

The Multi-Objective Optimization of AFPM Generators with Double-Sided Internal Stator Structures for Vertical Axis Wind Turbines

The axial flux permanent magnet(AFPM)generator with double-sided internal stator structure is highly suitable for vertical axis wind turbines due to its high power density.The performance of the AFPM generator with double-sided internal stator structure can be improved by the reasonable design of electromagnetic parameters.To further improve the overall performance of the AFPM generator with double-sided internal stator structure,multivariable(coil widthω_(c),permanent magnet thickness h,pole arc coefficient α_(p) and working air gap l_(g))and multi-objective(generator efficiencyη,total harmonic distortion of the voltage THD and induced electromotive force amplitude EMF)functional relationships are innovatively established.Orthogonal analysis,mean analysis and variance analysis are performed on the influence parameters by combining the Taguchi method and response surface methodology to study the influence degrees of each influence parameter on the optimization objectives to determine the most appropriate electromagnetic parameters.The optimization results are verified by 3D finite element analysis.The optimized APFM generator with double-sided internal stator structure exhibits superior economy,stronger magnetic density,higher efficiency and improved power quality.

基于试验验证的永磁同步电机电磁噪声优化方法探究

为解决电动汽车永磁同步电机电磁噪声问题,基于其电磁噪声产生机理,提出通过试验验证手段降低电磁径向力的方法来优化其电磁噪声,分别从结构硬件和控制策略两方面提出了从转子分段斜极优化、结构刚度优化耦合共振改善、电流谐波注入和气隙磁通密度改善等验证对比方式进行优化改善,并针对每种优化方式结合实际开发案例进行说明。结果表明,每种方式均有至少3 dB(A)的电磁噪声改善,进一步论证了通过试验手段优化电磁径向力来改善电磁噪声的效果与优势。

航空永磁同步发电机系统改进型电压反馈弱磁控制策略研究

针对航空永磁同步发电机系统,提出一种改进型电压反馈弱磁控制策略。首先,分析基于电压反馈弱磁控制的回路设计方法以及稳定性问题。其次,提出改进型电压反馈弱磁控制方法,并进行系统稳定性分析。在该方法中,转矩电流的动态限幅值是基于弱磁区域所需的发电功率,而不是电流极限圆。同时,根据转矩电流限幅值的获取方式,将改进型电压反馈弱磁控制分为查表法和解析法。当定子铁心不饱和时,永磁发电机电磁转矩和转矩电流之间是线性关系,这两种形式的控制效果相同,但解析法具有计算简单、程序移植性强的优点。当定子铁心饱和时,永磁发电机电磁转矩和转矩电流之间的关系是非线性的,此时查找表法能够提升直流母线电压的稳态控制精度。最后,通过实验结果验证了所提弱磁控制方法的有效性。

高频电流注入单绕组无轴承磁通切换电机悬停及启动过程的无径向位移传感器控制

无轴承电机在悬停及启动过程始终需要保持稳定悬浮,准确获取转子径向位移信息是控制转子稳定悬浮的关键,传感器的使用易受环境影响,降低系统可靠性,并且增加系统成本。针对电机悬停及启动过程,提出一种基于高频电流注入的无径向位移传感器控制方法。首先,基于电机电感数学模型,建立当转矩平面注入高频旋转电流信号后,空间对称绕组中有效高频偏差电势幅值与转子径向位移的关系;接着,利用线性正弦跟踪器提取有效高频偏差电势幅值;然后,基于上述电势幅值与转子径向位移关系,构建转子径向位移观测器;最后,将观测位移与自抗扰控制策略相结合,构建高性能的无径向位移传感器控制策略。理论分析与实验结果验证所提方法的有效性。

分数槽集中绕组永磁同步发电机电磁振动噪声分析

采用分数槽集中绕组的设计给永磁同步发电机带来更高效率、更小体积的同时也会使得电机的振动噪声问题更加突出。为确定永磁同步发电机电磁振动噪声的主要产生源,文章从永磁同步发电机的二维气隙磁场出发,依据Maxwell张量法得到径向及切向电磁力的表达式,分析了电磁力波的谐波来源与谐波特征。建立永磁同步发电机的电磁-结构-声场多物理域有限元仿真模型,提出通过单独加载径向力与切向力,对比分析了径向力与切向力引起振动噪声的贡献度,通过模态试验与振动噪声试验验证了解析模型建立的正确性与仿真模型建立的准确性,研究结果为永磁同步电机电磁振动噪声问题的分析与优化提供参考。

磁致伸缩引起的非晶合金永磁电机振动解析计算

磁致伸缩是引起非晶合金永磁电机振动的主要原因之一。基于压磁方程建立了磁致伸缩引起的非晶合金定子铁心振动解析模型。解析模型求解区域分为定子铁心轭部和齿部子域。以振动位移为求解变量,在轭部和齿部分别建立振动微分方程,采用分离变量法求解偏微分方程,并利用边界条件得到待定系数。在解析模型的基础上,推导出电机振动特性解析计算公式。解析模型适用于计算磁致伸缩引起的径向磁通非晶合金永磁电机振动,可计算电机定子铁心振动位移、速度、加速度和应力。利用有限元法对解析法进行验证,表明了该解析方法的有效性。

稀土永磁电机正进入大发展的新时期

稀土永磁电机作为节能减排、绿色能源及信息化等领域的发展焦点已成为众人研究的对象.针对永磁风力发电机、超高效永磁同步电动机、交流永磁伺服电动机和特种永磁电机等已研究电机进行介绍和分析,列出各自的特点及适用场合,给出其与传统电机的性能对比结果.由于用户对电机性能的要求日益增高,电机结构日益新颖多样,因此,增加了设计及研究的复杂性.通过多耦合系统、多学科知识的整合,永磁电机的性能得到了进一步的优化,并且将会得到更大的发展.