CO_(2)flooding in shale oil reservoir with radial borehole fracturing for CO_(2)storage and enhanced oil recovery

This study introduces a novel method integrating CO_(2)flooding with radial borehole fracturing for enhanced oil recovery and CO_(2)underground storage,a solution to the limited vertical stimulation reservoir volume in horizontal well fracturing.A numerical model is established to investigate the production rate,reservoir pressure field,and CO_(2)saturation distribution corresponding to changing time of CO_(2)flooding with radial borehole fracturing.A sensitivity analysis on the influence of CO_(2)injection location,layer spacing,pressure difference,borehole number,and hydraulic fractures on oil production and CO_(2)storage is conducted.The CO_(2)flooding process is divided into four stages.Reductions in layer spacing will significantly improve oil production rate and gas storage capacity.However,serious gas channeling can occur when the spacing is lower than 20 m.Increasing the pressure difference between the producer and injector,the borehole number,the hydraulic fracture height,and the fracture width can also increase the oil production rate and gas storage rate.Sensitivity analysis shows that layer spacing and fracture height greatly influence gas storage and oil production.Research outcomes are expected to provide a theoretical basis for the efficient development of shale oil reservoirs in the vertical direction.

Open reduction and internal fixation for radial head fractures: A prospective observational study

Objective: To evaluate the effect of open reduction and internal fixation on radial head fracture and assess the post-operative function. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted from June 2016 to July 2017 at Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi. Altogether, 28 patients with radial head and neck fractures were enrolled in our study. These patients were admitted to the hospital and their fractures were fixed with open reduction and internal fixation. Baseline information of the patients was collected, and patient-rated elbow evaluation scores were calculated. Results: Out of the 28 patients, 21 were male and 7 were female. Besides, 16 fractures were on the right side and 12 were on the left side and 17 involving the dominant hands. In addition, 8 patients had Mason type Ⅱ fracture and 20 had Mason type Ⅲ fracture. The mean age of patients was (31.0 ± 8.0) years, and the mean follow-up is (1.2 ± 0.5) years. The mean average patient-rated elbow evaluation scores were (27.64 ± 1.60) at 1-year follow-up. Conclusions:The majority of the patients who had radial head fractures and treated by open reduction and internal fixation have attained an excellent range of motion postoperatively.

Radial Head Dislocation Associated with an Ipsilateral Open Type II Gustilo-Anderson Fracture of the Radial Shaft

Radial head dislocation associated with an ipsilateral radial shaft fracture is a rare lesion, even more so for open lesions. Few cases have been found in the literature. We report this case due to its exceptional nature and discuss the mechanism of onset. A twenty-five-year-old patient presented with a dislocation of the radial head associated with a GUSTILO ANDERSON type II open fracture of the radial shaft following an occupational accident. He was managed twenty-four hours after the trauma. The mechanism was a direct blow. The dislocation was reduced by external manoeuvre following open reduction of the radial shaft. The fracture was stabilized by two Kirschner wires following reduction. The result at 12 months was satisfactory from a clinical and radiological standpoint.

Radial explosion strain and its fracture effect from confined explosion with charge of cyclonite

Instrumented experiments were conducted in concrete models to study the explosion-induced radial strain and fracture effect of rock-like media under confined explosion with a charge of cyclonite. As a charge was exploded, two different radial strain waves were sequentially recorded by a strain gage at a distance of 80 mm from the center of charge. Through the attenuation formula of the maximum compressive strain(εrmax), the distribution of εrmax and its strain rate（ ） between the charge and gage were obtained. The effect of the two waves propagating outwards on the radial fracture of surrounding media was discussed. The results show that the two waves are pertinent to the loading of shock energy （Es） and bubble energy （Eb） against concrete surrounding charge, respectively. The former wave lasts for much shorter time than the latter. The peak values of εrmax and of the former are higher than those of the latter, respectively.

Productivity enhancement in multilayered coalbed methane reservoirs by radial borehole fracturing

Coalbed methane(CBM)is an important unconventional natural gas.Exploitation of multilayered CBM reservoir is still facing the challenge of low production rate.Radial borehole fracturing,which integrates radial jet drilling and hydraulic fracturing,is expected to create complex fracture networks in multilayers and enhance CBM recovery.The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the mechanisms and efficacy of radial borehole fracturing in increasing CBM production in multiple layers.First,a two-phase flow and multi-scale 3 D fracture network including radial laterals,hydraulic fractures and face/butt cleats model is established,and embedded discrete fracture model(EDFM)is applied to handle the complex fracture networks.Then,effects of natural-fracture nonuniform distribution are investigated to show the advantages of targeted stimulation for radial borehole fracturing.Finally,two field CBM wells located in eastern Yunnan-western Guizhou,China were presented to illuminate the stimulation efficiency by radial borehole fracturing.The results indicated that compared with vertical well fracturing,radial borehole fracturing can achieve higher gas/water daily production rate and cumulative gas/water production,approximately 2 times higher.Targeted communications to cleats and sweet spots and flexibility in designing radial borehole parameters in different layers so as to increase fracture-network complexity and connectivity are the major reasons for production enhancement of radial borehole fracturing.Furthermore,the integration of geology-engineering is vital for the decision of radial borehole fracturing designing scheme.The key findings of this paper could provide useful insights towards understanding the capability of radial borehole fracturing in developing CBM and coal-measure gas in multiple-thin layers.

On-table reconstruction and fixation of Mason type III radial head fractures

Purpose： To evaluate the functional and radiological outcome of comminuted radial head fractures, which were not amenable for classical open reduction with internal fixation, treated by on-table reconstruction and fixation using low profile plates. Methods： We reviewed 6 patients of Mason type Ill radial head fractures treated by on-table recon- struction technique between 2011 and 2013. There were 5 men and 1 woman with a mean age of 35 years （range 25-46 years）. All surgeries were carried out at our tertiary care level 1 trauma centre within a mean of 3 days （range 1-8 days） from date of injury using on-table reconstruction technique. The functional outcome was measured using elbow functional rating index described by Broberg and Morrey and the patient-based Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand （DASH） outcome measure. Results： The mean follow-up period was 25 months, The average elbow flexion was 135~ （range 125~ -140~） and the average flexion contracture was 5~ （range 0-10~）. The average supination and pronation was 75~ （range ？0o-80~） and 70~ （range 65^-82~） respectively. According to Broberg and Morrey scoring system, the average score was 90 points （range 75-100）. The mean DASH score was 2.49 points, Conclusion： On-table reconstruction and fixation of comminuted radial head fractures using low profile plates is a reasonable option. The reconstructed radial head acts as spacer and provides reasonably good results and no surgical intervention is required for asymptomatic nonunion of these fractures regardless of the radiological findings.

Intramedullary devices in the management of Judet III and IV paediatric radial neck fractures

Purpose： The aim of this study is to discuss the results of different intramedullary devices used in the management of paediatric radial neck fractures and to suggest methods to avoid the pitfalls of the technique. Methods： Thirty patients with isolated Judet III and IV fractures were included in this prospective study. Judet I and II fractures and radial neck fractures associated with other injuries were excluded. The final results were graded using the Metaizeau functional scoring system and Oxford Elbow Score. Results： The functional result was good to excellent in 24 of 30 cases （80%）. The mean Oxford Elbow Score was 44.32. The mean follow-up was 40.11 months. The complications seen were radiocapitellar joint penetration - 6 cases at mean 4.87 weeks, redisplacement - 6, radial epiphyseal sclerosis - 5, and heterotopic ossification 1 case. Conclusion： lntramedullary K wires may result in radiocapitellar joint penetration. Titanium Elastic Nail System should not be used as purely fixation devices as they may not prevent redisplacement. Regular follow-up until at least 6 weeks is essential. Patients who have a Judet IV fracture and need open reduction should be given a guarded prognosis. The paper highlights the pitfalls of the technique and makes recommendations regarding the type of implant, follow-up and patient counselling in Judet IV fractures.

Monteggia type-Ⅰequivalent fracture in a fourteen-month-old child:A case report

BACKGROUND Monteggia and equivalent lesions are relatively rare but result in severe injuries in childhood,typically affecting children between 4 and 10 years old.The diagnosis and treatment of an equivalent Monteggia lesion is more complicated than those of a typical Monteggia fracture.This type of lesion may be challenging and may lead to serious complications if not treated properly.Pediatric Monteggia equivalent type I lesions have been reported in a few reports,all of which the patients were all over 4 years old.CASE SUMMARY A 14-mo-old boy was referred to our clinic after falling from his bed 10 d prior.With regard to the clinical examination,an obvious swollen and angular deformity was noted on his right forearm.Plain radiographs and reconstructed computed tomography scans showed a Monteggia type I fracture and dislocation.Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)confirmed a type I Monteggia equivalent lesion consisting of ulnar fracture and Salter-Harris type I injury in the proximal radius.The radial head was still in the joint,and only the radial metaphysis was displaced anteriorly.Open reduction and pinning of both displaced radial and ulnar fractures achieved an excellent result with full function.CONCLUSION We recommend MRI examination or arthrography during reduction,especially if the secondary ossification center has not appeared.

Comminuted fractures of ipsilateral radial head and distal radius： A rare injury pattern

A new injury pattern of comminuted fractures of ipsilateral radial head and distal radius of forearm in an adult was described. To the best of our knowledge, this type of injury pattern had not been previously reported in the English literature. The possible mechanisms of injury were that the rebound forces were volar to the distal radius as the fracture was dorsally angulated, with a continuation of the radial head fracture due to the longitudinal impaction of the radius against the capitellum. Open reduction and internal fixation can obtain excellent results within 7 12 days after injury. We hope that our experience will increase the awareness of the occurrence of a double injury of the forearm.

Neglected bilateral radial head fracture with a rare presentation： A case report

Isolated radial head fractures are rare and comprise about 2% of all fractures around the elbow. Bilateral radial head fractures are even rarer and few cases have been reported. We present a case of bilateral elbow effusion in a 28-year-old male patient. An initial diagnosis of inflammatory arthritis was made but on investigation it turned out to be a case of bilateral radial head fracture. The patient was managed conservatively with 10 days of immobilisation in above elbow slab followed by active elbow range of movement exercises. On follow-up at 6 months, the patient had near normal range of movements without pain or elbow instability.

Biomechanical Experimental Study on Effective Fraction of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae on Healing of Bone Fracture

Objective: To assess the effect of Danshen 9403 (DS 9403), an effective fraction of Radix Salviae miltiorrhizae (RSM) on healing of bone fracture. Methods: Standardized radial fracture was performed in 120 Wistar rats. The model rats were randomized into four groups: Group A was fed with DS 9403, group B injected with Staphylococcus aureus , group C with normal saline administration, and group D with RSM injection. The treatment began at the first day of fracture. The rats were sacrificed on the day 25, 39 and 50 separately in batches and their intact radii were removed by dissection for detecting load and stress of three point bending test with autograph universal material testing machine (Shimazu, Japan). Results: The parameters of load in DS 9403 treated group on the 39th day and that of stress at 25th, 39th and 50th day were (6.20±1.32)N, (5.71±3.58)N/mm 2, (8.27±2.42)N/mm 2 and (66.25±26.21)N/mm 2 respectively, which were significantly higher than those in other groups, P <0.05. Conclusion: DS 9403 has the action of increasing the strength of fracture broken end.