Pinus radiata was introduced to the summer rainfall environments of Sichuan Province, China in the 1990s as a part of an afforestation pmgram for soil and water conservation in the arid and semi-arid river valley area...Pinus radiata was introduced to the summer rainfall environments of Sichuan Province, China in the 1990s as a part of an afforestation pmgram for soil and water conservation in the arid and semi-arid river valley area of Aba Prefecture. Within this region a total area of 26 000 ha have been identified through climate matching as suitable and a further 63 000 ha potentially suitable for environmental plantings of P. radiata. The plantations are being established in widely separated small patches on steep and degraded slopes along the dry river valley The newly introduced P. radiata are exposed to two kinds of forest health risks： they may be attacked by （a） indigenous pathogens and pests against which they may not possess any resistance or （b） by inadvertently introduced foreign pests or pathogens. This paper presents a survey of the potential damaging pests and a preliminary assessment of forest health risks facing the P. radiata plantations over a much longer timeframe than the initial phase of introduction and early plantation establishment. An empirical appmach was adopted to evaluate forest health risks by a combination of literature review, examination of historical records of pest and disease outbreaks in the surrounding conifemus forests, field surveys and inspections, specimen collection and identification, and most importantly, expert analysis of the likelihood of attack by specific pests and pathogens and the subsequent impact of such attacks. The assessment identified some specific forest health risks to the long-term success of P. radiata introduction in this area. These risks are closely associated with the indigenous pests and pathogens of the two native pine species, P. tabulaeformis and P. armondii since these pests and pathogens are considered more likely to establish on P. radiata over time. Exotic pests and pathogens are of a quarantine concern at present. Based on the results of assessment, recommendations are pmvided to improve forest vigour and to reduce the forest health risks posed by indigenous as well as exotic pests and pathogens to the introduced P. radiata. Ways to increase the ability to manage the forest health risks once a particular pest infestation and disease eventuates are also recommended. Although detrimental to the survival and growth of the introduced P. radiata, the impact of identified forest health risks are not considered to be fatal to the long term success ofP. radiata in this area.展开更多
Differential regeneration potentiality of two cotyledons (Cot and Cot E) of Vigna radiata seed during in vitro shoot differentiation is now well established. In the present study, endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) level ...Differential regeneration potentiality of two cotyledons (Cot and Cot E) of Vigna radiata seed during in vitro shoot differentiation is now well established. In the present study, endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) level (both bound and free form) was estimated using high performance liquid chromatography technique from these two explant types prior to the induction of in vitro differentiation. Both free and conjugated forms of endogenous ABA were higher in Cot than Cot E. However, the bound form of ABA was higher than free or active form in both the explants. Effects of an ABA catabolic inhibitor, diniconazole on the endogenous ABA production potential were determined. Diniconazole inhibits ABA 8’-hydroxylase, the catabolizing enzyme, resulting in accumulation of free ABA in the cell. It was noted that diniconazole inhibited bound form of ABA formation in a concentration dependant manner with a concomitant increase in the free form and decrease in shoot differentiation from Cot E explants. Likewise, exogenously applied ABA in in vitro culture also resulted in decrease in shoot regeneration frequency from the cotyledonary explants ascertaining the differential level of endogenous ABA is one of the determinants of differential regeneration response of Cot and Cot E under in vitro cultural condition. Cytokinin antagonized inhibitory effect of ABA mediated by cytokinin responsive proteins, such proteins are up regulated differentially in Cot E has recently shown us through proteomic study confirming further the role of ABA.展开更多
In many second-rotation Pinus radiata forest planta-tions, there has been a steady trend towards wider tree spacing and an increased rate of application of P fertiliser. Under these regimes, the potential for understo...In many second-rotation Pinus radiata forest planta-tions, there has been a steady trend towards wider tree spacing and an increased rate of application of P fertiliser. Under these regimes, the potential for understory growth is expected to in-crease through increased light and greater nutrient resources. Therefore, understory vegetation could become a more signifi-cant component of P cycling in P. radiata forests than under closely-spaced stands. Studies have shown that growth rates and survival of trees is reduced in the presence of understory vegeta-tion due to the competition of understory vegetation with trees. Other studies have suggested that understory vegetation might have beneficial effects on nutrient cycling and conservation within forest stands. This review discusses the significance of understory vegetation in radiata pine forest stands, especially their role in enhancing or reducing P availability to forest trees.展开更多
Bruchid beetle(Callosobruchus chinensis) poses a serious threat to the production and storage of mung bean(Vigna radiata). Mapping bruchid resistance(Br) will provide an important basis for cloning the responsible gen...Bruchid beetle(Callosobruchus chinensis) poses a serious threat to the production and storage of mung bean(Vigna radiata). Mapping bruchid resistance(Br) will provide an important basis for cloning the responsible gene(s) and elucidating its functional mechanism, and will also facilitate marker-assisted selection in mung bean breeding. Here, we report the construction of the genetic linkage groups of mung bean and mapping of the Br1 locus using an RIL population derived from a cross between Berken, a bruchid-susceptible line, and ACC41, a bruchid-resistant line. A total of 560 markers were mapped onto 11 linkage groups,with 38.0% of the markers showing distorted segregation. The lengths of the linkage groups ranged from 45.2 to 117.0 c M with a total coverage of 732.9 c M and an average interval of1.3 c M between loci. Br1 was located on LG9 between BM202(0.7 c M) and Vr2-627(1.7 c M).Based on 270 shared SSR markers, most of the linkage groups were assigned to specific chromosomes. These results should further accelerate the genetic study of this crop.展开更多
Studies were conducted under pot conditions to determine the comparative efficacy ofcarbofuran at 1 mg a.i./kg soil, bavistin at 1 mg a.i./kg soil, neem （Azadirachta indica） seed powder at 50 mg/kg soil, green mould...Studies were conducted under pot conditions to determine the comparative efficacy ofcarbofuran at 1 mg a.i./kg soil, bavistin at 1 mg a.i./kg soil, neem （Azadirachta indica） seed powder at 50 mg/kg soil, green mould （Trichoderma harzianum） at 50.0 ml/kg soil, rhizobacteria （Pseudomonas fluorescens） at 50.0 ml/kg soil against root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita-wilt fungus, Fusarium oxysporum disease complex on green gram, Vigna radiata cv ML-1108. All the treatments significantly improved the growth of the plants as compared carbofuran and A. indica seed powder increased plant growth to untreated inoculated plants. Analysis of data showed that and yield significantly more in comparison to bavistin and P. fluorescens. Carbofuran was highly effective against nematode, bavistin against fungus, A. indica seed powder against both the pathogens and both the bioagents were moderately effective against both the pathogens.展开更多
Soil salinity is one of the most important environmental factors limiting plant growth and productivity in many regions in the world. Salt stress directly affects plant photosynthesis, which is an important physiologi...Soil salinity is one of the most important environmental factors limiting plant growth and productivity in many regions in the world. Salt stress directly affects plant photosynthesis, which is an important physiological process to limit plant growth and crop yield. But the effects of salt stress on the mechanism of the photosynthesis is still not clear. In this experiment, the salt tolerant plant Alhagi pseudalhagi was selected as the experiment material, and the salt sensitive plant Vigna radiata as the control, to explore the effects of salt stress on photosynthetic parameters of A. pseudalhagi. Plants were grown in a greenhouse,cultured with 1/2 Hoagland nutrient solution, treated by 0(control), 50, 100 or 200 s of mmol/L of NaCl solution for 12 d. Then,the chlorophyll contents, gas exchange parameters and chlorophyll a fluorescence in each treatment were measured. The results showed that under the salt stress simulated by 50 mmol/L NaCl, the net photosynthetic rate(Pn) and stomatal conductance(gs)of A. pseudalhagi were significantly increased compared with the control, while intercellular CO_2 concentration(Ci) was significantly decreased, Fv'/Fm', Fv/Fm and Fv/Fo were increased over time, but had no significant differences with the control ФPSⅡ,ETR and qP were significantly increased, and NPQ was significantly decreased. Under the salt stress simulated by 100 and 200mmol/L NaCl, Fv'/Fm', Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo, ФPSⅡ and qP of A. pseudalhagi were gradually decreased over time. In contrary, under the salt stress simulated by 50 and 100 mmol/L NaCl, the Pn, gs, Ci, Fv'/Fm', Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo, ФPSII, qP and ETR were all significantly decreased, while NPQ was significantly increased.展开更多
Genetic resources from other countries or regions play an important role in broadening the genetic background of local breeding varieties. Here we describe observations on the adaptability of mung bean germplasm obtai...Genetic resources from other countries or regions play an important role in broadening the genetic background of local breeding varieties. Here we describe observations on the adaptability of mung bean germplasm obtained from the United States Department of Agriculture and their genetic diversity assessment using SSR markers. Several accessions were shown to be mixtures,based on their phenotypes for some characters. Most accessions were able to complete their lifecycles when grown in Beijing, China, making them ideal for crossbreeding without day length control. High diversity was revealed by the SSR markers, with an average of 4.2 alleles per locus and a PIC value of 0.650 per locus. STRUCTURE analysis divided the accessions into six groups.There was no obvious trend of accessions forming groups according to their geographical origin,owing mainly to germplasm exchange and an uneven distribution of accessions. The present results indicate that this germplasm would enrich the local gene pool, and provide information for the further use of germplasm in breeding programs.展开更多
文摘Pinus radiata was introduced to the summer rainfall environments of Sichuan Province, China in the 1990s as a part of an afforestation pmgram for soil and water conservation in the arid and semi-arid river valley area of Aba Prefecture. Within this region a total area of 26 000 ha have been identified through climate matching as suitable and a further 63 000 ha potentially suitable for environmental plantings of P. radiata. The plantations are being established in widely separated small patches on steep and degraded slopes along the dry river valley The newly introduced P. radiata are exposed to two kinds of forest health risks： they may be attacked by （a） indigenous pathogens and pests against which they may not possess any resistance or （b） by inadvertently introduced foreign pests or pathogens. This paper presents a survey of the potential damaging pests and a preliminary assessment of forest health risks facing the P. radiata plantations over a much longer timeframe than the initial phase of introduction and early plantation establishment. An empirical appmach was adopted to evaluate forest health risks by a combination of literature review, examination of historical records of pest and disease outbreaks in the surrounding conifemus forests, field surveys and inspections, specimen collection and identification, and most importantly, expert analysis of the likelihood of attack by specific pests and pathogens and the subsequent impact of such attacks. The assessment identified some specific forest health risks to the long-term success of P. radiata introduction in this area. These risks are closely associated with the indigenous pests and pathogens of the two native pine species, P. tabulaeformis and P. armondii since these pests and pathogens are considered more likely to establish on P. radiata over time. Exotic pests and pathogens are of a quarantine concern at present. Based on the results of assessment, recommendations are pmvided to improve forest vigour and to reduce the forest health risks posed by indigenous as well as exotic pests and pathogens to the introduced P. radiata. Ways to increase the ability to manage the forest health risks once a particular pest infestation and disease eventuates are also recommended. Although detrimental to the survival and growth of the introduced P. radiata, the impact of identified forest health risks are not considered to be fatal to the long term success ofP. radiata in this area.
文摘Differential regeneration potentiality of two cotyledons (Cot and Cot E) of Vigna radiata seed during in vitro shoot differentiation is now well established. In the present study, endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) level (both bound and free form) was estimated using high performance liquid chromatography technique from these two explant types prior to the induction of in vitro differentiation. Both free and conjugated forms of endogenous ABA were higher in Cot than Cot E. However, the bound form of ABA was higher than free or active form in both the explants. Effects of an ABA catabolic inhibitor, diniconazole on the endogenous ABA production potential were determined. Diniconazole inhibits ABA 8’-hydroxylase, the catabolizing enzyme, resulting in accumulation of free ABA in the cell. It was noted that diniconazole inhibited bound form of ABA formation in a concentration dependant manner with a concomitant increase in the free form and decrease in shoot differentiation from Cot E explants. Likewise, exogenously applied ABA in in vitro culture also resulted in decrease in shoot regeneration frequency from the cotyledonary explants ascertaining the differential level of endogenous ABA is one of the determinants of differential regeneration response of Cot and Cot E under in vitro cultural condition. Cytokinin antagonized inhibitory effect of ABA mediated by cytokinin responsive proteins, such proteins are up regulated differentially in Cot E has recently shown us through proteomic study confirming further the role of ABA.
文摘In many second-rotation Pinus radiata forest planta-tions, there has been a steady trend towards wider tree spacing and an increased rate of application of P fertiliser. Under these regimes, the potential for understory growth is expected to in-crease through increased light and greater nutrient resources. Therefore, understory vegetation could become a more signifi-cant component of P cycling in P. radiata forests than under closely-spaced stands. Studies have shown that growth rates and survival of trees is reduced in the presence of understory vegeta-tion due to the competition of understory vegetation with trees. Other studies have suggested that understory vegetation might have beneficial effects on nutrient cycling and conservation within forest stands. This review discusses the significance of understory vegetation in radiata pine forest stands, especially their role in enhancing or reducing P availability to forest trees.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 30871565, 31571737)the China Agriculture Research System (No. CARS-09)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program (ASTIP) of CAAS
文摘Bruchid beetle(Callosobruchus chinensis) poses a serious threat to the production and storage of mung bean(Vigna radiata). Mapping bruchid resistance(Br) will provide an important basis for cloning the responsible gene(s) and elucidating its functional mechanism, and will also facilitate marker-assisted selection in mung bean breeding. Here, we report the construction of the genetic linkage groups of mung bean and mapping of the Br1 locus using an RIL population derived from a cross between Berken, a bruchid-susceptible line, and ACC41, a bruchid-resistant line. A total of 560 markers were mapped onto 11 linkage groups,with 38.0% of the markers showing distorted segregation. The lengths of the linkage groups ranged from 45.2 to 117.0 c M with a total coverage of 732.9 c M and an average interval of1.3 c M between loci. Br1 was located on LG9 between BM202(0.7 c M) and Vr2-627(1.7 c M).Based on 270 shared SSR markers, most of the linkage groups were assigned to specific chromosomes. These results should further accelerate the genetic study of this crop.
文摘Studies were conducted under pot conditions to determine the comparative efficacy ofcarbofuran at 1 mg a.i./kg soil, bavistin at 1 mg a.i./kg soil, neem （Azadirachta indica） seed powder at 50 mg/kg soil, green mould （Trichoderma harzianum） at 50.0 ml/kg soil, rhizobacteria （Pseudomonas fluorescens） at 50.0 ml/kg soil against root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita-wilt fungus, Fusarium oxysporum disease complex on green gram, Vigna radiata cv ML-1108. All the treatments significantly improved the growth of the plants as compared carbofuran and A. indica seed powder increased plant growth to untreated inoculated plants. Analysis of data showed that and yield significantly more in comparison to bavistin and P. fluorescens. Carbofuran was highly effective against nematode, bavistin against fungus, A. indica seed powder against both the pathogens and both the bioagents were moderately effective against both the pathogens.
基金Supported by China Agricultural University-Xinjiang Agricultural University Scientific Research Cooperation Fund Projects:Cloning and the Functional Analysis of Main Salinity and Water Stress Resistant Gene in Alhagi pseudoalhagiXinjiang Anjudan Biotechnology Co.,Ltd.(Anjudan Green Life 2016-001)
文摘Soil salinity is one of the most important environmental factors limiting plant growth and productivity in many regions in the world. Salt stress directly affects plant photosynthesis, which is an important physiological process to limit plant growth and crop yield. But the effects of salt stress on the mechanism of the photosynthesis is still not clear. In this experiment, the salt tolerant plant Alhagi pseudalhagi was selected as the experiment material, and the salt sensitive plant Vigna radiata as the control, to explore the effects of salt stress on photosynthetic parameters of A. pseudalhagi. Plants were grown in a greenhouse,cultured with 1/2 Hoagland nutrient solution, treated by 0(control), 50, 100 or 200 s of mmol/L of NaCl solution for 12 d. Then,the chlorophyll contents, gas exchange parameters and chlorophyll a fluorescence in each treatment were measured. The results showed that under the salt stress simulated by 50 mmol/L NaCl, the net photosynthetic rate(Pn) and stomatal conductance(gs)of A. pseudalhagi were significantly increased compared with the control, while intercellular CO_2 concentration(Ci) was significantly decreased, Fv'/Fm', Fv/Fm and Fv/Fo were increased over time, but had no significant differences with the control ФPSⅡ,ETR and qP were significantly increased, and NPQ was significantly decreased. Under the salt stress simulated by 100 and 200mmol/L NaCl, Fv'/Fm', Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo, ФPSⅡ and qP of A. pseudalhagi were gradually decreased over time. In contrary, under the salt stress simulated by 50 and 100 mmol/L NaCl, the Pn, gs, Ci, Fv'/Fm', Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo, ФPSII, qP and ETR were all significantly decreased, while NPQ was significantly increased.
基金supported by the China Agriculture Research System (CARS-09)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program (ASTIP) of CAASthe National Key Technology R&D Program of China (2013BAD01B03-18)
文摘Genetic resources from other countries or regions play an important role in broadening the genetic background of local breeding varieties. Here we describe observations on the adaptability of mung bean germplasm obtained from the United States Department of Agriculture and their genetic diversity assessment using SSR markers. Several accessions were shown to be mixtures,based on their phenotypes for some characters. Most accessions were able to complete their lifecycles when grown in Beijing, China, making them ideal for crossbreeding without day length control. High diversity was revealed by the SSR markers, with an average of 4.2 alleles per locus and a PIC value of 0.650 per locus. STRUCTURE analysis divided the accessions into six groups.There was no obvious trend of accessions forming groups according to their geographical origin,owing mainly to germplasm exchange and an uneven distribution of accessions. The present results indicate that this germplasm would enrich the local gene pool, and provide information for the further use of germplasm in breeding programs.
