Three-dimensional(3-D)Monte Carlo-based radiative transfer(MCRT)models are usually used for benchmarking in intercomparisons of the canopy radiative transfer(RT)simulations.However,the 3-D MCRT models are rarely appli...Three-dimensional(3-D)Monte Carlo-based radiative transfer(MCRT)models are usually used for benchmarking in intercomparisons of the canopy radiative transfer(RT)simulations.However,the 3-D MCRT models are rarely applied to develop remote sensing algorithms to estimate essential climate variables of forests,due mainly to the difficulties in obtaining realistic stand structures for different forest biomes over regional to global scales.Fortunately,some of important tree structure parameters such as canopy height and tree density distribution have been available globally.This enables to run the intermediate complexities of the 3-D MCRT models.We consequently developed a statistical approach to generate forest structures with intermediate complexities depending on the inputs of canopy height and tree density.It aims at facilitating applications of the 3-D MCRT models to develop remote sensing retrieval algorithms.The proposed approach was evaluated using field measurements of two boreal forest stands at Estonia and USA,respectively.Results demonstrated that the simulations of bidirectional reflectance factor(BRF)based on the measured forest structures agreed well with the BRF based on the generated structures from the proposed approach with the root mean square error(RMSE)and relative RMSE(rRMSE)ranging from 0.002 to 0.006 and from 0.7%to 19.8%,respectively.Comparison of the computed BRF with corresponding MODIS reflectance data yielded RMSE and rRMSE lower than 0.03 and 20%,respectively.Although the results from the current study are limited in two boreal forest stands,our approach has the potential to generate stand structures for different forest biomes.展开更多
The reflection of ocean surface is often assumed azimuthally symmetric in the previous vector discrete ordinate radiative transfer(VDISORT)and many other radiative transfer solvers.This assumption can lead to obvious ...The reflection of ocean surface is often assumed azimuthally symmetric in the previous vector discrete ordinate radiative transfer(VDISORT)and many other radiative transfer solvers.This assumption can lead to obvious errors in the simulated radiances.In this study,the vector radiative transfer equation is solved with a polarized bidirectional reflection distribution function(pBRDF)for computing the surface-leaving radiation from the lower boundary.An azimuthally asymmetric pBRDF model at visible and infrared bands over oceans is fully coupled with the updated VDISORT model.The radiance at the ocean surface is combined with the contributions of atmospheric scattering and surface properties.It is shown that the radiance at the ocean surface also exhibits a strong angular dependence in the Stokes vector and the magnitudes of I.Q.and V increase for a larger azimuthal dependence of pBRDF.In addition,the solar position affects the peaks of sun glitter pattern,thus modulating the signal magnitudes and the angular distributions.As ocean wind increases,the reflection weakens with reduced magnitudes of Stokes parameters and lessvarying angular distributions.展开更多
双向反射分布函数(BRDF,Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function)反演作为定量遥感的重要研究方向,其定量化地描述了地表反射的各向异性特点.传统的积雪BRDF反演主要采用ROSS+LI核,采用贝叶斯概率统计的方法或者采用最小二乘...双向反射分布函数(BRDF,Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function)反演作为定量遥感的重要研究方向,其定量化地描述了地表反射的各向异性特点.传统的积雪BRDF反演主要采用ROSS+LI核,采用贝叶斯概率统计的方法或者采用最小二乘的方法进行求解系数,方法简单可行,但是这些模型对积雪的物理特性定量描述不是太全面.积雪是一个复杂的体系,众多因素对BRDF影响较大,如雪粒径与雪污化物,传统的ROSS+LI核不能定量地描述这些因素对积雪的BRDF的影响.渐进辐射传输算法,以其计算简单,运算速度快而不降低辐射传输的精度,被广泛地运用到定量遥感之中.利用此理论进行积雪BRDF反演及验证,首先进行积雪的雪粒径反演,采用了渐进辐射传输模型建立光谱库;其后确定中心波长1.03μm作为最佳雪粒径反演波段,同时采用此理论反演了雪污染量;最后利用已有的雪粒径与反演的相对污化物含量进行BRDF重构.实验表明:基于渐进辐射传输的积雪BRDF具有可行性,精度能够满足生产之用,同时产生的中间产品,如雪粒径、雪污染等,可以广泛地运用于生产实践之中.通过此方法能够有效地将积雪遥感的雪粒径、雪污染、BRDF串联起来,方便积雪快速定量化描述.展开更多
文摘Three-dimensional(3-D)Monte Carlo-based radiative transfer(MCRT)models are usually used for benchmarking in intercomparisons of the canopy radiative transfer(RT)simulations.However,the 3-D MCRT models are rarely applied to develop remote sensing algorithms to estimate essential climate variables of forests,due mainly to the difficulties in obtaining realistic stand structures for different forest biomes over regional to global scales.Fortunately,some of important tree structure parameters such as canopy height and tree density distribution have been available globally.This enables to run the intermediate complexities of the 3-D MCRT models.We consequently developed a statistical approach to generate forest structures with intermediate complexities depending on the inputs of canopy height and tree density.It aims at facilitating applications of the 3-D MCRT models to develop remote sensing retrieval algorithms.The proposed approach was evaluated using field measurements of two boreal forest stands at Estonia and USA,respectively.Results demonstrated that the simulations of bidirectional reflectance factor(BRF)based on the measured forest structures agreed well with the BRF based on the generated structures from the proposed approach with the root mean square error(RMSE)and relative RMSE(rRMSE)ranging from 0.002 to 0.006 and from 0.7%to 19.8%,respectively.Comparison of the computed BRF with corresponding MODIS reflectance data yielded RMSE and rRMSE lower than 0.03 and 20%,respectively.Although the results from the current study are limited in two boreal forest stands,our approach has the potential to generate stand structures for different forest biomes.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2142212 and U2242211),Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(2021JC0009)National Key Research and Development Program of China[2019QZKK(Qinghai Tibet KeKao)].
文摘The reflection of ocean surface is often assumed azimuthally symmetric in the previous vector discrete ordinate radiative transfer(VDISORT)and many other radiative transfer solvers.This assumption can lead to obvious errors in the simulated radiances.In this study,the vector radiative transfer equation is solved with a polarized bidirectional reflection distribution function(pBRDF)for computing the surface-leaving radiation from the lower boundary.An azimuthally asymmetric pBRDF model at visible and infrared bands over oceans is fully coupled with the updated VDISORT model.The radiance at the ocean surface is combined with the contributions of atmospheric scattering and surface properties.It is shown that the radiance at the ocean surface also exhibits a strong angular dependence in the Stokes vector and the magnitudes of I.Q.and V increase for a larger azimuthal dependence of pBRDF.In addition,the solar position affects the peaks of sun glitter pattern,thus modulating the signal magnitudes and the angular distributions.As ocean wind increases,the reflection weakens with reduced magnitudes of Stokes parameters and lessvarying angular distributions.
文摘双向反射分布函数(BRDF,Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function)反演作为定量遥感的重要研究方向,其定量化地描述了地表反射的各向异性特点.传统的积雪BRDF反演主要采用ROSS+LI核,采用贝叶斯概率统计的方法或者采用最小二乘的方法进行求解系数,方法简单可行,但是这些模型对积雪的物理特性定量描述不是太全面.积雪是一个复杂的体系,众多因素对BRDF影响较大,如雪粒径与雪污化物,传统的ROSS+LI核不能定量地描述这些因素对积雪的BRDF的影响.渐进辐射传输算法,以其计算简单,运算速度快而不降低辐射传输的精度,被广泛地运用到定量遥感之中.利用此理论进行积雪BRDF反演及验证,首先进行积雪的雪粒径反演,采用了渐进辐射传输模型建立光谱库;其后确定中心波长1.03μm作为最佳雪粒径反演波段,同时采用此理论反演了雪污染量;最后利用已有的雪粒径与反演的相对污化物含量进行BRDF重构.实验表明:基于渐进辐射传输的积雪BRDF具有可行性,精度能够满足生产之用,同时产生的中间产品,如雪粒径、雪污染等,可以广泛地运用于生产实践之中.通过此方法能够有效地将积雪遥感的雪粒径、雪污染、BRDF串联起来,方便积雪快速定量化描述.
