The Problem of Natural Radioactive Elements

The article presents two opposing views on the origin of natural radioactive elements. According to a view based on the Big Bang Theory, the elements found on Earth were formed by the process of primary nucleosyntase 13.8 billion years ago, with the exception of uranium and other heavy elements that were formed billions of years later under stellar conditions. It follows from this view that throughout the existence of the earth, the global amount of uranium and other primary radionuclides is reduced as a result of natural decay. The reasoning of the proponents of the BB theory is as follows: if the global radioactivity decreases, the problem of the threat decreases and one only needs to get used to the newly discovered natural phenomenon. There are even official regulations that exclude ionizing radiation from radon in the calculation of the limit dose. The Primary Forces of Nature theory presents a completely different view. Considering the analogous influence of gravity on the formation of the globs of the solar system, the logical explanation of the phenomena of geological activity are thermonuclear processes, such as on the sun. Hence the conclusion that the elements chemical are now created in the core of the Earth in the process of thermonuclear synthesis. The problem is serious because there is an accelerated growth of new igneous matter containing the created elements, and the ionizing radiation of natural radionuclides is the main factor responsible for the radioactivity level of the human environment.

THE BACKGROUND VALUES OF RARE EARTH AND RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS IN WATER SYSTEM OF SOURCE AREA OF THE CHANG JIANG RIVER

Using neutron activation analysis method we determined contents of rare-earth and radioactive elements (La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb, Lu, Cs, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sr, Ba, U, Th) in source water system of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River, which is mainly composed of the Tuotuo River, the Chumaer River, and the Buqu River. The contents of these elements in the unflltered water have a great variation and a close correlation with the water turbidity. The contents of these elements in filtered water only have a little variation and are lower than those in the unflltered water. The variations in contents of these elements in sediments are also very little. These elements in the unifiltered water are in geometric distribution, except Sc. Most of the elements in sediments are in arithmetic distribution, but Cs, Sb, Th, are in deviation distribution. The contents of most of these elements in the river source area correspond to the contents of fresh water of the earth. Most of these elements have a little variation in their

Interpretation of Water Samples by Correspondence Analysis for Radioactive Elements in the Northern Coast of Oman Sea

Oman Sea is connecting belt between the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf.Because it strategic and environmental aim,presence of natural radionuclide ^(226)Ra,^(232)Th,^(40)K and ^(137)Cs as man-made element is considered.Water samples were taken from 36 marine spots at the coastal strip from Hormoz canyon to Goatr seaport in the northern coast of Oman Sea.Correspondence analysis is used to identify variation and relationship between samples(Q-mood analysis)and variable(R-mood analysis)based on approximate χ^(2)distances.Radioactive elements(^(226)Ra,^(232)Th and^( 40)K),physical(temperature,pH,turbidity,conductivity,special density)and chemical(salinity,oxygen and chlorophyll)parameters of water for 36 samples handled by correspondence analysis,there are two outstanding result,(1)Radioactive elements show high correlation in factors by greater eigenvalue,and (2)some of the samples such as W13,W24 and rather W02,W05 and W12 show highest activity from Radioactive elements and also temperature and conductivity show nearest relation with them in many factors.

Mineralogy of a Radioactive-Rare Earth Elements Occurrence in the Paleozoic Batholith, South-Central Chile

South-central Chile has some potential mineral resources including radioactive and rare earth elements (REE) minerals. This study reports some basic characteristics of the mineralogy of a radioactive-rare earth elements occurrence, related to a pegmatitic outcrop “Vertientes Pegmatite” hosted on Paleozoic granitic rocks of the South Coastal Batholith and discusses potential areas for REE deposits, particularly beach placers along the coastline of the BioBío region. In this pegmatite, X-ray diffraction analysis shows uranium-bearing minerals such as coffinite and metaschoepite, along with microcline, anorthoclase, albite, quartz and illite. Through optical microscopy and electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA), rare earth minerals (monazite and xenotime) and radioactive minerals (thorite and thorium silicate ± uranium) were identified. Additionally, granitic rocks of the South Coastal Batholith around this pegmatite show rare earth minerals (monazite and allanite).

Research on the Effects of the Contents of Radioactive Elements on Granularity and Climate Change:An Example of SZK1 and SZK2 Drill Holes Strata in the Fuzhou Basin

Based on the content of radioactive elements (U, Th, K) of strata in two drill holes in the Fuzhou basin, and combined with the result of spore_pollen analysis, the relationship between radioactivity and lithology and deposit environments is discussed and the results show that the content of radioactive substances is related to the granularity and lithology in sediment, and it is higher in argillaceous sediment (e.g. silt and clay), lower in sand sediment and in the middle in gravels between the above two kinds of sediment. The content of radioactive substances is also related to paleoclimate. A warm and humid environment is propitious to the deposition of radioactive substances, while a cool and dry climate is just the reverse.

Radioactive Anomalies in 1:50000 Dehbakri Sheet, South of Kerman Province, Iran

Using airborne radiometric geophysical data, one can easily investigate a wide region in a short time and with little cost to finally find areas that are rich in radioactive elements. In this research, the uranium exploration data were first organized, filtered and classified and then the frequency distribution tables and histograms were drawn. After drawing the histograms, the statistical parameters for radioactive elements were calculated. The separation of anomaly populations was done on the basis of distribution around mean value, that is, the resulting mean, mean + 1SD, mean + 2SD, and mean + 3SD were assumed to equal to background, threshold value, the possible anomaly and the probable anomaly, respectively. In the end, representative maps of anomalies and separation of anomaly populations from the background were presented based on classical statistical calculations.

山东地区中生代岩浆岩中放射性元素富集规律及其对大地热流异常的指示意义

为进一步了解岩浆岩中放射性元素富集与大地热流异常的相关性,以山东地区中生代岩浆岩为研究对象,从岩石类型、元素含量、岩石形成年龄、放射性生热元素Th、U丰度、大地热流等方面进行分析。结果表明:区内正长岩Th、U丰度最高,酸性岩和碱性岩的Th、U含量相对较高;Th、U元素与Si、K元素含量存在正相关,与Fe、Mg等其他主量元素存在负相关,与Nb、Ta、Pb及稀土元素也存在较为明显的正相关;放射性元素丰度与大地热流存在一定的正相关,但还受到地壳厚度等多种因素的影响;研究进一步揭示放射性元素、岩浆岩及地热之间的关系,对山东地区地热资源的开发和利用具有一定借鉴意义。

碘-131药物生产场所气溶胶浓度异常的处理措施

由于碘-131药物生产的原料为液态,且具有挥发性,在生产过程中,生产场所容易出现气溶胶浓度异常的状况。文章以某企业碘-131药物生产车间气溶胶浓度异常的处理方法为例,对碘-131药物生产工作场所的气溶胶浓度异常情况进行分析,并提出了一些预防辐射的安全管理措施。

Low-radioactivity ultrasonic hydrophone used in positioning system for Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory

To satisfy the accurate positioning requirement of the calibration source in the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory, a Tonpilz-type hydrophone with low radioactivity and high electroacoustics is developed.The radioactivity of the proposed hydrophone is strictly controlled by selecting pure raw materials, especially active piezoelectric ceramics. The electroacoustic performance of the hydrophone is improved by making structural optimization. High sensitivity and aimed directivity are achieved using 33-mode piezoelectric ceramic rings arranged in series and improvement in the radiating head of the Tonpilz hydrophone, respectively. All electroacoustic performances are studied through finite element analyses.The simulations indicate that the electroacoustic performances of the hydrophones in linear alkylbenzene-based liquid scintillator can be approximately predicted according to the results in water because their differences caused by two types of acoustic media, water and liquid scintillator, are known. The tests show that the hydrophone prototype can achieve a maximum sensitivity of-209.3dB and a beamwidth of 132.2° at a frequency of 143 kHz.In addition, eight hydrophones only contributed to a background radioactivity level of 26 ± 4 mHz in the neutrino analysis.

Environmental Impact Assessment of Natural Radioactivity, Heavy and Major Metals in Primary Schools’ Drinking Water

Measurement of natural radioactivity levels of major and heavy metals concentration was carried out for water samples collected from primary schools in Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia. The estimations were done for two different age groups, children (students 7 - 12 y) and adults (teachers and workers > 17 y) at the schools. The chemical analysis was performed by an Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) and a high-resolution HPGe detector was used for the natural radionuclides measurement. The obtained results for the heavy metals (Fe, Cu, and Zn) and major and heavy elements (Na, K, Ca and Mg) concentrations in all water samples did not exceed the limits of WHO, EPA and TSE-266 guidelines for drinking water. Only Pb exceeded the safe limit. Generally, heavy metals and major elements’ concentrations in water samples were found decrease in sequence of Ca > Na > Mg > K > Zn > Pb > Cu > Fe. The radioactivity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in all studied samples were below the permissible safe limit value. The total average annual effective doses of (226Ra + 232Th + 40K) radionuclides were 0.259 mSv.y-1 for the children and 0.112 mSv.y-1 for adults, which are below the recommended annual dose level 1.0 mSv.y-1 as reported by WHO (2006). The present drinking waters are high quality waters and safe in terms of natural radioactivity and the results of the HQ values for the individual heavy metals showed that there was no health risk for humans due to consumption of these waters.

华夏地块花岗岩生热率特征及其对地温场的影响

中国华南地区的华夏地块位于欧亚大陆东南缘,是我国重要的矿产、地热资源区。经历了多期次的构造事件,使得区内广泛分布着不同构造期花岗岩。花岗岩类在地球及其热状态的动力学和演化中发挥着特殊的作用,其放射性衰变产生的热量是地球上的主要热源之一。我国高放射性产热型干热岩资源主要分布于华南地区,以放射性元素的衰变热为主要热源,岩性主要为花岗岩。本文通过对华南地区花岗岩数据统计,分析了华南不同地区、不同花岗岩类型的生热率情况,总结了研究区花岗岩放射性生热特征及其与大地热流之间的关系,对认识研究区地温场主控因素及地热资源分布的宏观背景具有参考价值。本文基于华南地区1933个花岗岩样品的地球化学分析得到如下认识:(1)花岗岩生热率范围0.40~17.45μW/m^(3),平均生热率为4.46±2.66μW/m^(3),同时根据大地热流与生热率分布情况,两者有着较好的对应关系;(2)放射性生热元素U、Th、K的生热贡献率分别为49.45%、40.16%和10.39%,同时,U、Th浓度和Th/U比值变化较大,与年龄无明显相关性;(3)三种类型花岗岩生热率存在差异,I型花岗岩平均生热率明显低于A型和S型花岗岩平均生热率,值为3.86±2.43μW/m^(3),A型和S型花岗岩平均生热率分别为5.55±2.91μW/m^(3)和5.00±2.58μW/m^(3);(4)利用蒙特卡罗方法计算得到华南燕山期花岗岩平均产热量为99.01×10^(5)GJ/a,折合成标准煤为3.38×10^(5)t/a,印支期花岗岩平均产热量为63.13×10^(5)GJ/a,折合成标准煤为2.15×10^(5)t/a;(5)两种地壳模型的计算表明,花岗岩在华南大地热流贡献中有着重要作用,沉积地层覆盖区域,地壳放射性生热对地表热流贡献为29.13 mW/m^(2),占总热流值的41.61%;侵入岩出露区域,地壳放射性生热对地表热流贡献为43.85 mW/m^(2),占总热流值的51.76%。

微纳米气泡去除高放射性废液中的金属离子研究

乏燃料后处理过程中会产生含有^(155)Eu、^(90)Sr、^(137)Cs、^(149)Sm等中长半衰期核素的高放废液。高放废液的处理是放射性废物最小化的关键步骤。以往使用的沉淀、吸附等方式均会产生较多的二次废物。针对该问题,创新性地提出了采用微纳米气泡离子浮选对废液中的金属离子进行去除的方法,采用有限元方法对微纳米气泡去除金属离子的过程进行了建模,探索了微纳米气泡在溶液中的产生、扩散及对金属离子的去除过程,分析了金属离子价态、吸附反应平衡常数、温度等对浮选过程的影响,并进一步研究了多种金属离子共存时的选择性浮选特性。结果表明,高平衡常数及高价态的金属离子更容易从溶液中浮选出,对于平衡常数大于10的金属离子,可以达到90%以上的去除率。控制微纳米气泡的浓度和表面活性剂的浓度,可以对平衡常数大于0.5的金属离子进行选择性浮选,从而达到富集和分离的效果。研究结果对高放废液中金属离子的去除具有重要指导意义。

抽水蓄能电站工程放射性及有害气体测试研究

地下厂房及平硐的安全开挖和高效施工,是抽水蓄能电站工程可研阶段的重要工程阶段。本文结合某抽水蓄能电站地下硐室开展的放射性元素及有害气体测试,详细说明各种工程阶段中常见的有害气体和放射性元素的检测、标准及评价,为该工程的顺利开展发挥了至关重要作用。

基于GeoProbe平台的能谱网格数据三元色成像技术研究及实现

在开展航空伽马能谱测量过程中,获取的参数量包括钾、钍、铀等放射性元素,在以往数据处理过程中,仅分别对钾、钍、铀网格进行单可视化,没有进行联合成像显示。为了丰富数据可视化手段,提高数据解释精度,本文针对三元放射性元素成像技术及应用展开研究,利用插件技术,通过多个网格组合成像、区域数据可视化不失真等技术.

水流速度对锶迁移影响的实验研究

分别采用不饱水和饱水黄土土柱对稳定元素锶的迁移进行了示踪实验,结果发现,锶在两类未扰动土柱中的延迟系数可以很好地衔接。对锶的延迟系数进行研究的结果表明:无论在不饱水土柱还是饱水土柱,锶在黄土中的延迟系数Rd不是常数,而随水流速度的增加而增大;无论按峰位还是按质心位置计算,单位喷淋强度下锶的迁移速度随水的喷淋强度的增加而减小。这表明,为了描述锶在黄土中的迁移,使用平衡吸附模式是不合适的。

全国铀矿资源潜力评价航放数据处理与研究

全国铀矿资源潜力评价航放数据处理与研究通过对各铀成矿区带航空放射性特征分析研究,提取了与铀矿化密切相关的航放铀含量异常及高场和航放多元信息异常,总结了花岗岩型、火山岩型、碳硅泥岩型和砂岩型等4大类型铀矿的航空放射性特征及预测要素组合模式。该组合模式在铀资源潜力评价中应用效果十分显著。航放异常信息的合理组合,能有效地加强和突出与铀矿化相关的放射性异常信息及成矿环境信息,对全国铀矿资源潜力评价和铀矿普查找矿具有重要意义。

放射性物质运输货包力学试验评价技术

放射性物质运输容器是放射性物质安全运输的唯一物理屏障,运输容器需能抵抗可能的碰撞事故,GB 11806和IAEA的SSR-6针对碰撞事故情景规定了相应的力学试验项目。本文结合GB 11806和SSR-6规定的试验要求,介绍了中国辐射防护研究院自由下落冲击力学试验装置和应力、加速度、形变、影像测量系统。针对3m3六氟化铀运输容器、XAYT-Ⅰ型医用伽马刀治疗头及密封放射源运输容器、ZHQY-QG-001型退役辐照源运输容器,采用试验和有限元仿真计算相结合的方法,分别研究了容器关键部件的形变、应力、加速度数据在容器安全性能评价中的应用。结果表明,综合应用有限元仿真计算与试验技术,采集和分析影像、应力、加速度、形变等数据,可分析货包结构失效模式和评价货包安全性能。

对中国大陆壳体的放射性生热元素丰度的大地热流检验

本文作者据《中国大陆壳体的区域元素丰度》一文给出的壳体放射性生热元素铀、钍、钾的丰度，计算出中国大陆三个主要壳体的平均热流值，将其与实测大地热流平均值进行对比。结果表明计算值不满足实测大地热流值的约束，这意味着该文给出的铀、钍、钾的丰度值偏高。我们认为，根据区域地震剖面地震波速推断岩性，再利用出露地表的相应岩石的成分估计地壳或地幔放射性生热元素丰度的方法，缺乏十分可靠的理论或实验基础。同时该文给出的中国大陆壳体的其他强不相容元素的丰度值是否可靠也值得商榷。