The Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Percutaneous Transhepatic Metal Versus Plastic Biliary Stent Implantation for Treating Malignant Biliary Obstruction (Multiple Center Investigation)

Objective: To compare metal versus plastic biliary stent implantation for treatment of malignant biliary obstruction in cost-effectiveness ratio (CER). Methods: Percutaneous transhepatic self-expandable metal stent (MS, n=61) or 10F plastic stent (PS, n=34) implantation was performed in 95 patients with malignant biliary obstruction in three hospitals of Guangdong province. All patients were followed up until death or at least one year after the procedure. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to compare the survival and stent patency rates of the patients in the two groups. CERs of two groups were calculated. The main indexes were CERsurvival period (total cost/median survival period), CERpatency period (total cost/median patency period). Results: The total costs of treatment were 53177±3139 yuan (RMB) in MS group and 42564±4950 yuan (RMB) in PS group respectively (P>0.05). CER in MS group was superior to that in PS group (CERsurvival period was 237.4 yuan /d vs 452.6 yuan /d, respectively; CERpatency period was 231.2 yuan /d vs 472.9 yuan /d, respectively). Conclusion: The metal stent implantation is superior to the plastic stent in the CER for treatment of malignant biliary obstruction.

Percutaneous transhepatic metal versus plastic biliary stent in treating malignant biliary obstruction: a multiple center investigation

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of metal versus plastic biliary stent implantation in the treatment of malignant biliary obstruction. METHODS: Percutaneous transhepatic self-expandable metal stent (MS, n=61) and 10F plastic stent (PS, n=34) were placed in 95 patients with malignant biliary obstruction in three hospitals of Guangdong province. All patients were followed up until death or at least one year after the procedure. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to compare the survival of the patients and the rates of stent patency. RESULTS: The 30-day mortality rate was lower in the MS group (6/61, 9.8%) than in the PS group (9/34, 26.5%, P<0.05). The 30-day reobstruction rate and the complication rate were 15.0%, 16.4% in the MS group and 32. 4%, 29. 4% in the PS group, respectively (P<0. 01). The median patency period of stents and median survival period of the patients were 230 days, 224 days in the MS group and 90 days, 94 days in the PS group, respectively (P<0. 01). CONCLUSION: Metal stent is clinically superior to plastic stent in the treatment of malignant biliary obstruction.

Evaluation of endoscopic biliary stenting for obstructive jaundice caused by hepatocellular carcinoma

AIM: To review the usefulness of endoscopic biliary stenting for obstructive jaundice caused by hepatocellular carcinoma and identify problems that may need to be addressed.

Endoscopic stenting for inoperable malignant biliary obstruction: A systematic review and meta-analysis

AIM: To analyze through meta-analyses the benefits of two types of stents in the inoperable malignant biliary obstruction.METHODS: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials(RCT) was conducted, with the last update on March 2015, using EMBASE, CINAHL(EBSCO), MEDLINE, LILACS/CENTRAL(BVS), SCOPUS, CAPES(Brazil), and gray literature. Information of the selected studies was extracted in sight of six outcomes: primarily regarding dysfunction, complication and reintervention rates; and secondarily costs, survival, and patency time. The data about characteristics of trial participants, inclusion and exclusion criteria and types of stents were also extracted. The bias was mainly assessed through the JADAD scale. This meta-analysis was registered in the PROSPERO database by the number CRD42014015078. The analysis of the absolute risk of the outcomes was performed using the software Rev Man, by computing risk differences(RD) of dichotomous variables and mean differences(MD) of continuous variables. Data on RD and MD for each primary outcome were calculated using the MantelHaenszel test and inconsistency was qualified and reported in χ2 and the Higgins method(I2). Sensitivity analysis was performed when heterogeneity was higher than 50%, a subsequent assay was done and other findings were compiled. Student's t-test was used for the comparison of weighted arithmetic means regarding secondary outcomes.RESULTS: Initial searching identified 3660 studies; 3539 were excluded through title, repetition, and/or abstract, while 121 studies were fully assessed and were excluded mainly because they did not compare self-expanding metal stents(SEMS) and plastic stents(PS), leading to thirteen RCT selected, with 13 articles and 1133 subjects meta-analyzed. The mean age was 69.5 years old, that were affected mostly by bile duct(proximal) and pancreatic tumors(distal). The preferred SEMS diameter used was the 10 mm(30 Fr) and the preferred PS diameter used was 10 Fr. In the metaanalysis, SEMS had lower overall stent dysfunction compared to PS(21.6% vs 46.8%, P < 0.00001) and fewer re-interventions(21.6% vs 56.6%, P < 0.00001), with no difference in complications(13.7% vs 15.9%, P = 0.16). In the secondary analysis, the mean survival rate was higher in the SEMS group(182 d vs 150 d, P < 0.0001), with a higher patency period(250 d vs 124 d, P < 0.0001) and a lower cost per patient(4193.98 vs 4728.65 Euros, P < 0.0985).CONCLUSION: SEMS are associated with lower stent dysfunction, lower re-intervention rates, better survival, and higher patency time. Complications and costs showed no difference.

Biliary stent combined with iodine-125 seed strand implantation in malignant obstructive jaundice

BACKGROUND Malignant obstructive jaundice is mainly caused by cholangiocarcinoma.Only a few patients are indicated for surgical resection,and the 3-year survival rate is<50%.For patients who are not eligible for surgery,biliary stent placement can relieve biliary obstruction and improve liver function and quality of life.However,restenosis after biliary stents has a poor prognosis and is a clinical challenge.Biliary stent combined with iodine-125(125I)seed implantation can prolong stent patency and improve survival.AIM To evaluate the safety and efficacy of biliary stent combined with 125I seed strand implantation in malignant obstructive jaundice.METHODS We enrolled 67 patients between January 2016 and June 2018 with malignant obstructive jaundice and randomized them into a biliary stent combined with 125I seed strand treatment(combined)group(n=32)and biliary stent(control)group(n=35).All patients underwent enhanced computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging and were tested for biochemical and cancer markers.Twelve patients underwent pathological examination before surgery.All patients were followed up by telephone or clinical visit.Postoperative liver function improvement,postoperative complications,stent patency time,and survival time were compared between the two groups.Prognostic risk factors were evaluated.RESULTS Technical success was achieved in all patients in both groups.Postoperative liver function improved significantly in all patients(total bilirubin,direct bilirubin,alanine aminotransferase,and aspartate aminotransferase decreased significantly in all patients,the P values were less than 0.05).There was no significant difference in preoperative or postoperative indexes between the two groups for changes in total bilirubin(P=0.147),direct bilirubin(P=0.448),alanine aminotransferase(P=0.120),and aspartate aminotransferase(P=0.387)between the two groups.The median stent patency time of the combined group was 9.0±1.4 mo[95%confidence interval(CI):6.3-11.8 mo],which was significantly longer than the that of the control group(6.0±0.3 mo,95%CI:5.5-6.5 mo,P=0.000).The median survival time of the combined group was 11.0±1.4 mo(95%CI:8.2-13.7 mo),which was significantly longer than that of the control group(7.0±0.3 mo,95%CI:6.4-7.6 mo,P=0.000).Location of obstruction and number of stents were independent risk factors affecting prognosis.CONCLUSION Biliary stent combined with 125I seed strand implantation is safe and effective in malignant obstructive jaundice and improves stent patency time and median survival time.

Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Biliary Drainage with a Fully Covered Self-Expandable Metal Stent for Malignant Obstructive Jaundice

Objective: To study the therapeutic effect of Endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage (EUS-BD) with a nitinol fully covered self-expandable metal stent in patients with malignant obstructive jaundice when endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) fails. Methods: From January 2016 January 2018, all patients with malignant obstructive jaundice during hospitalization underwent EUS-guided biliary drainage with a nitinol fully covered self-expandable metal stent, and the operation success rate, the clinical success rate, complications, length of hospital stay and survival time were observed. Results: Of 36 patients, 34 cases had successful operation;the operation success rate was 94.44% (34/36). The clinical success rate was 88.89% (32/36). Hemobilia occurred in 1, acute cholangitis in 1, and bile peritonitis in 1;improved after conservative treatment, the complication rate is 8.33% (3/36). Hospital stay and survival time was 21.54 ± 4.73 days and 220.54 ± 54.76 days, respectively. Conclusion: EUS-BD with a nitinol fully covered self-expandable metal stent may be a feasible and effective treatment option in patients with malignant biliary obstruction when ERCP fails.

Malignant biliary obstruction: treatment with interventional radiology

Objective To evaluate the method of palliative drainage by means of metallic indwelling stents or plastic tubes for patients with malignant biliary obstruction.Methods From January 1995 to Febuary 2001, 243 consecutive patients (161 men and 82 women; aged 26-91 years, mean of 61.3 years) with malignant biliary obstruction were treated with transhepatic placement of metallic stents and/or plastic tubes. Among them, 47 patients had pancreatic carcinoma, 98 cholangiocarcinoma, 28 metastatic carcinoma and 60 hepatic carcinoma. 169 stents of nine types were used in this series. After stenting, 47 patients were treated for local tumors. Procedure- and device-related complications were recorded. Patient survival and stent patency rates were calculated with Kaplan-Meier survival analysis.Results One hundred and three patients underwent successfully stent placement for the first time. Others had their stents installed 1 - 2 weeks after catheterization. Stents were used in 132 patients. Ninety-five patients were treated with a single stent. Seventeen patients had two stents installed for bilateral drainage, 20 patients had two stents installed from top to bottom to create stenting of adequate length, and 12 patients had stents placed across the ampulla. The 2-month mortality rate was 8. 64% (21/243). Major complications occurred in two patients (0.8%, 2/243). Minor complications included self-limited bleeding into the drainage tubes and fever. The average patency of the initial stent was 7. 5 months and average survival was 9 months. Thirteen patients received brachytherapy in their stents, 15 extra radiation therapy, and 19 intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy. The 47 patients treated for local tumors had an average survival of 11. 3 months (log rank 32.8, P < 0.001) with an average patency of 9. 7 months(log rank 4. 7, P<0. 05).Conclusion Percutaneous transhepatic bile drainage as a palliative procedure is well tolerated by patients. After stenting, treatment for local tumor may prolong the duration of stent patency and the survival of patients.

Redefining endoluminal biliary drainage:Challenges and innovations in endosonography-guided techniques

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is considered the gold standard for treating benign and malignant biliary obstructions.However,its use in complex biliary obstructions is limited.Over the past decades,therapeutic endosonography(EUS)and emerging technologies such as lumen-apposing metal stents have enabled endoscopic treatment of conditions previously requiring nonendoscopic or surgical approaches.Studies show that EUS-guided choledochoduodenostomy is a reliable alternative to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the treatment of distal malignant biliary obstructions and can be considered a primary drainage modality in centers with adequate expertise.For malignant hilar biliary obstructions,draining at least 50%of viable liver tissue often requires combining different modalities.The treatment strategy in these patients should be individualized,depending on the Bismuth classification,patient physical status,and intended systemic therapy.Due to the lack of evidence,general recommendations cannot be made for EUS-guided hepaticoduodenostomy or combined procedures with transhepatic bridging stents.These novel techniques should be limited to selected palliative cases where conventional methods have failed and conducted within clinical trials to generate evidence before broader application.

Endoscopic management of occluded metal biliary stents:Metal versus 10F plastic stents

AIM:To compare the efficacy of self-expandable metal stents(SEMSs) with 10F plastic stents(PSs) in the endoscopic management of occluded SEMSs.METHODS:We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 56 patients who underwent SEMS insertion for palliation of unresectable malignant biliary obstruction between 2000 and 2007 and subsequent endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage(ERBD) with SEMS or PS for initial SEMS occlusion between 2000 and 2008.RESULTS:Subsequent ERBD with SEMS was performed in 29 patients and with PS in 27.The median time to stent occlusion after subsequent ERBD was 186 d in the SEMS group and 101 d in the PS group(P= 0.118).Overall median stent patency was 79 d for the SEMS group and 66 d for the PS group(P = 0.379).The mean number of additional biliary drainage procedures after subsequent ERBD in patients that died(n = 50) during the study period was 2.54 ± 4.12 for the SEMS group and 1.85 ± 1.95 for the PS group(P = 0.457).The mean total cost of additional biliary drainage procedures after the occlusion of subsequent SEMS or PS was $410.04 ± 692.60 for the SEMS group and $630.16 ± 671.63 for the PS group(P = 0.260).Tumor ingrowth as the cause of initial SEMS occlusion was the only factor associated with a shorter time to subsequent stent occlusion(101 d for patients with tumor ingrowth vs 268 d for patients without tumor ingrowth,P = 0.008).CONCLUSION:Subsequent ERBD with PSs offered similar patency and number of additional biliary drainage procedures compared to SEMSs in the management of occluded SEMS.

Radiological interventions in malignant biliary obstruction

Malignant biliary obstruction is commonly caused by gall bladder carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma and metastatic nodes. Percutaneous interventions play an important role in managing these patients. Biliary drainage, which forms the major bulk of radiological interventions, can be pal iative in inoperable patients or pre-operative to improve liver function prior to surgery. Other interventions include cholecystostomy and radiofrequency ablation. We present here the indications, contraindications, technique and complications of the radiological interventions performed in patients with malignant biliary obstruction.

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage after failed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: The road is open for almighty biliopancreatic endoscopists!

Commentary on the article written and published by Peng et al,investigating the role of endoscopic ultrasound(EUS)-guided biliary drainage for palliation of malignant biliary obstruction after failed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopan-creatography(ERCP).For 40 years endoscopic biliary drainage was synonymous with ERCP,and EUS was used mainly for diagnostic purposes.The advent of therapeutic EUS has revolutionized the field,especially with the development of a novel device such as electrocautery-enhanced lumen-apposing metal stents.Complete biliopancreatic endoscopists with both skills in ERCP and in interven-tional EUS,would be ideally suited to ensure patients the best drainage technique according to each individual situation.

Endoscopic biliary drainage for patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer with obstructive jaundice who are to undergo gemcitabine chemotherapy

AIM: To assess optimum endoscopic biliary drainage (EBD) in cases with unresectable pancreatic cancer in the era of gemcitabine (GEM). METHODS: Thirty patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer, who presented with jaundice and underwent chemotherapy using GEM after EBD were included in this study (GEM group). Fifteen cases with the same clinical manifestation and stage of pancreatic cancer treated with EBD alone were also included as controls. A covered metallic stent (CMS) or a plastic stent (PS) was used for EBD. The mean survival time (MST) in each group, risk factors of survival time, type of stent used and associated survival time, occlusion rate of stent, patency period of stent, and risk factors of stent occlusion were evaluated. RESULTS: MST in the GEM group was longer than that in the control (9.9 mo vs 6.2 mo). In the GEM group, the survival time was not different between those who underwent metallic stenting and those who underwent plastic stenting. Stent occlusion occurred in 60% of the PS group and 7% of the CMS group. The median stent patency in the PS-GEM group and the CMS-GEM group was 5 mo and 7.5 mo, respectively. Use of a PS was the only risk factor of stent occlusion. CONCLUSION: A CMS is recommended in cases presenting with jaundice due to unresectable pancreatic cancer, since the use of a CMS makes it possible to continue chemotherapy using GEM without repetition of stent replacement.

Successful stent-in-stent dilatation of the common bile duct through a duodenal prosthesis,a novel technique for malignant obstruction:A case report and review of literature

For patients suffering from both biliary and duodenal obstruction,endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) with stent placement is the treatment of choice.ERCP through an already existing duodenal prosthesis is an uncommon procedure and furthermore no studies have reported installing a covered metal stent onto an already existing bare metal stent in the common bile duct(CBD).We describe a rare case of a stent-in-stent dilatation of the CBD through an already existing self-expanding metal stent in the second part of duodenum for the patient presenting with jaundice in setting of biliary and duodenal obstruction from pancreatic adenocarcinoma.The biliary obstruction was relieved with a decrease in bilirubin levels post-stenting.

Histological changes at an endosonography-guided biliary drainage site:A case report

Endosonography-guided biliary drainage (ESBD) is a new method enabling internal drainage of an obstructed bile duct. However,the histological conditions associated with fistula development via the duodenum to the bile duct have not been reported. We performed ESBD 14 d preoperatively in a patient with an ampullary carcinoma and histologically confirmed changes in and around the fistula. The female patient developed no complications relevant to ESBD. Levels of serum bilirubin and hepatobiliary enzymes declined quickly,and pancreatoduodenectomy was carried out uneventfully. The resected specimen was sliced and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Histological evaluation of the puncture site in the duodenum and bile-duct wall,and the sinus tract revealed no hematoma,bile leakage,or abscess in or around the sinus tract. Little sign of granulation,fibrosis,and inflammatory cell infiltration was observed. Although further large-scale confirmatory studies are needed,the findings here may encourage more active use of ESBD as a substitute for percutaneous transhepatic drainage in cases with failed/difficult endoscopic biliary stenting.

Percutaneous imaging-guided interventions for acute biliary disorders in high surgical risk patients

AIM:To evaluate the efficacy of percutaneous imagingguided biliary interventions in the management of acute biliary disorders in high surgical risk patients.METHODS:One hundred and twenty two patients underwent 139 percutaneous imaging-guided biliary interventions during the period between January 2007 to December 2009.The patients included 73 women and 49 men with a mean age of 61 years(range 35-90 years).Fifty nine patients had acute biliary obstruction,26 patients had acute biliary infection and 37 patients had abnormal collections.The procedures were performed under computed tomography(CT)-(73 patients),sonographic-(41 patients),and fluoroscopic-guidance(25 patients).Success rates and complications were determined.The χ2 test with Yates' correction for continuity was applied to compare between these procedures.A P value < 0.05 was considered significant.RESULTS:The success rates for draining acute biliary obstruction under CT-,fluoroscopy-or ultrasoundguidance were 93.3,62.5 and 46.1,respectively with significant P values(P = 0.026 and 0.002,respectively).In acute biliary infection,successful drainage was achieved in 22 patients(84.6).The success rates in patients drained under ultrasound-and CT-guidance were 46.1 and 88.8,respectively and drainage under CT-guidance was significantly higher(P = 0.0293).In 13 patients with bilomas,percutaneous drainage was successful in 11 patients(84.6).Ten out of 12 cases with hepatic abscesses were drained with a success rate of 83.3.In addition,the success rate of drainage in 12 cases with pancreatic pseudocysts was 83.3.The reported complications were two deaths,four major and seven minor complications.CONCLUSION:Percutaneous imaging-guided biliary interventions help to promptly diagnose and effectively treat acute biliary disorders.They either cure the disorders or relieve sepsis and jaundice before operations.

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影胆管支架置入术对老年恶性梗阻性黄疸患者免疫炎性反应及肝功能的影响

目的探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)胆管支架置入术治疗老年恶心梗阻性黄疸(MOJ)患者临床疗效及可能作用机制。方法收集2020年7月至2022年6月在我院接受胆管支架置入术治疗的老年MOJ患者102例临床资料,根据胆管支架置入方式分为ERCP组(54例)与PTCD组(48例),比较两组手术成功率与临床疗效、细胞免疫功能、炎性因子、肝功能、不良反应等指标。结果ERCP组低位梗阻患者手术成功率、临床疗效高于PTCD组(χ^(2)=4.193,4.877,P<0.05);CD3^(+)、CD4^(+)、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)高于PTCD组,CD8^(+)低于PTCD组(P<0.05);血清C-反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)低于PTCD组(P<0.05);血清谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、总胆红素(TBil)、直接胆红素(DBil)低于PTCD组(P<0.05);导管堵塞等并发症7.41%低于PTCD组22.92%(χ^(2)=4.873,P<0.05)。结论ERCP胆管支架置入能够提高手术治疗效果,减少并发症的发生,可能与调节细胞免疫功能、抑制炎症反应、改善肝功能等因素有关。

胆道支架联合经皮穿刺^(125)I粒子植入治疗胆管恶性梗阻性黄疸26例临床观察

目的探讨B超导向经皮经肝胆道引流(Percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage,PTCD)术后支架置入联合125Ⅰ粒子植入治疗胆管恶性梗阻的临床价值。方法 26例胆管恶性梗阻患者运用B超导向PTCD胆道支架植入后,运用超声导向经皮经肝按照治疗计划系统(Treatment Plan System,TPS)进行125Ⅰ粒子植入。结果 26例患者超声导向穿刺置管均一次性完成,引流通畅,无并发症发生;支架开通时间2～13个月;术后血清总胆红素(TBIL)和丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)均显著下降(P<0.01),18例显效,8例有效;4个月无局部进展生存率为73.1%,10个月无局部进展生存率为0;生存期2～26个月。结论胆道支架联合经皮经肝125Ⅰ粒子植入治疗胆管恶性梗阻是一种安全有效的治疗方法。

胆道支架联合125I粒子条植入治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸预后因素分析

目的 探讨影响恶性梗阻性黄疸(MOJ)患者胆道支架植入联合125I粒子条内放射治疗预后的因素。方法 回顾性分析2019年1月至2023年1月在江苏省肿瘤医院接受胆道支架植入联合125I粒子条内放射治疗的52例MOJ患者临床资料。记录手术前后淋巴免疫细胞数差值(ΔX)。采用X-tile软件计算ΔX最优截断值,并将其分为两组。采用单因素和多因素分析确定影响患者总生存期(OS)的危险因素。结果 52例患者生存时间为(201.0±32.1) d。单因素分析结果显示,术后TACE治疗、术前ALT、术前AST、Δ淋巴细胞、ΔCD3+T细胞、ΔCD8+T细胞、Δ自然杀伤细胞(NK)、Δ调节性T细胞(Treg)与OS显著相关,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。多因素分析结果显示,Δ淋巴细胞(P=0.007)、ΔTreg(P=0.038)是OS独立危险因素。结论 MOJ患者Δ淋巴细胞≥0.237或ΔTreg≥0.21接受胆道支架植入联合125I粒子条内放射治疗,可能获得更长OS。

两种方法联合胆道自膨式金属支架置入术治疗梗阻性黄疸的疗效对比

目的比较经皮肝穿刺胆道引流(PTCD)或内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)联合胆道自膨式金属支架(SEMS)置入术治疗梗阻性黄疸(OJ)的疗效。方法选取2022年1月-2023年7月该院收治的OJ患者125例,根据治疗方案不同分为对照组(62例采用PTCD联合胆道SEMS置入术)和研究组(63例采用ERCP联合胆道SEMS置入术)。比较黄疸缓解率、肝功能、细胞免疫功能和并发症发生情况。结果研究组的黄疸缓解率为90.48%(57/63),与对照组的87.10%(54/62)比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后,研究组的6项肝功能指标低于对照组,3项细胞免疫功能指标高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组并发症总发生率为9.52%(6/63),与对照组的12.90%(8/62)比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论ERCP联合胆道SEMS置入术,在改善肝功能和增强细胞免疫功能方面,均优于PTCD联合胆道SEMS置入术,黄疸缓解率和并发症发生率与PTCD联合胆道SEMS置入术并无差异。

经皮胆道引流术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸

目的 回顾性分析恶性梗阻性黄疸的介入性经皮胆道引流治疗方法及其疗效。方法 对4 7例患者采用经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸。先行PTC后探查通过阻塞段 ,如不能越过阻塞段 ,则直接进行外引流 ;如能越过阻塞段 ,则置入内外引流管作内外引流或置入金属支架或塑料内涵管作内引流。结果 内引流组 18例 ,15例置入金属支架 ,共 18枚 ,3例置入塑料内涵管 ,共 4根 ;内外引流组 15例 ,置入 18根内外引流管 ;外引流组 14例 ,置入 17根外引流管。术后 1周总胆红素从术前的 (5 14 .1± 2 0 4 .3) μmol/L降至 (2 38.4± 14 2 .8) μmol/L(P <0 .0 0 1) ,碱性磷酸酶与丙氨酸转氨酶均下降明显 (P均 <0 .0 0 1)。 4例于术后 1个月内死亡。跟踪随访 37例 ,平均随访 5 .3个月 ,8例仍存活。随访期内 18例 (48.6 % )总胆红素降至正常范围。结论 经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术是对恶性梗阻性黄疸的一种安全、有效的姑息性治疗方法 ,可明显缓解黄疸、减轻痛苦、提高生存质量 ,并可改善肝脏功能 ,有限地延长生存时间。