The contribution of attached Ulva prolifera on Pyropia aquaculture rafts to green tides in the Yellow Sea

Green tides caused by the unusual accumulation of high floating Ulva prolifera have occurred regularly in the Yellow Sea since 2007.The primary source of the Yellow Sea green tides is the attached algae on the Pyropia aquaculture rafts in the Subei Shoal.Ulva prolifera and Blidingia(Italic)sp.are the main species observed on Pyropia aquaculture rafts in the Subei Shoal.We found that U.prolifera has strong buoyancy and a rapid growth rate,which may explain why it is the dominant species of green tides that occur in the China's sea area of the Yellow Sea.The growth rate of floating U.prolifera was about 20%–31%d–1,which was much higher than Blidingia(Italic)sp.There were about 1.7×104 t of attached algae on the Pyropia aquaculture rafts in May 2012.We found that 39%of attached algae could float when the tide rose in the Subei Shoal,and U.prolifera accounted for 63%of the floating algae.Our analysis estimated that about 4000 t of attached U.prolifera floated into the surrounding waters of the Subei Shoal during the recycling period of aquaculture rafts.These results suggest that the initial floating biomass of large-scale green tides in the Yellow Sea is determined by the U.prolifera biomass attached to Pyropia aquaculture rafts,further impacting the scale of the green tide。

The Stability of Lipid Rafts-Like Micro-Domains Is Dependent on the Available Amount of Cholesterol

Lipid rafts are sterol and sphingolipid rich membrane domains that possibly may play roles in multiple cellular processes. These domains are still the matter of debate and it is still unknown by which mechanism if any and organisms promote their formation. This study centers on the ease of in vitro formation of lipid rafts-like structures as it relates to the relative availability of sphingolipids, phospholipids, cholesterol, and membrane proteins. Following a 12 h incubation period, isolation and extraction of the lipid rafts-like assemblies, the composition of the structures was evaluated using HPLC. Cholesterol and sphingomyelin were detected at 206 nm and phosphatidylcholine was detected at 254 nm. Identification of lactose permease, a typical membrane protein, was done using FTIR. The thermal stability of the produced structures was also determined. Results show that the addition of cholesterol significantly increased both the amount of insoluble lipid rafts-like structures and their stability, and that the availability of a minimum amount of sphingolipid was necessary to produce larger amounts of more stable structures. However, the addition of phospholipids hindered the formation of lipid rafts-like assemblies and those formed were generally less stable.

Emodin suppresses LPS-induced proinflammatory responses and nuclear factor-B activation by disruption of lipid rafts and TLR-4 recruitment in endothelial cells

Emodin [1,3,8-Trihydroxy-6-methylanthraquinone] has been reported to exhibit vascular anti-inflammatory properties.However,the relevant anti-inflammatory mechanisms are not well understood.The present study was design to explore the molecular target(s) of emodin

Energy Absorption by the Membrane Rafts in the Modulated Electro-Hyperthermia (mEHT)

Aim: Heating by nanoparticles, which are located in the tissue to be treated, is a well-recognized method in hyperthermic oncology. Our objective is to investigate selective, nanoscopic heating without concentrating extra artificial nanoparticles. We have in silico calculation to study the heating of the transmembrane protein clusters (rafts) on cell-membrane. The transmembrane protein domains have significantly higher dielectric constant than their lipid neighborhood in the membrane. This difference causes a local gradient in the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), which could be a factor of heating of the membranes locally, as well as exciting the receptors for various signal transduction in the cells. We suppose that this process determines the observed cellular effects of modulated electro-hyperthermia (mEHT, trade-name: oncothermia). Materials and Methods: In silico models with highly specialized software (Computer Simulation Technology (CST), Darmstadt, Germany) were performed visualizing the selectivity for the membrane domains. Local raft models were created to simulate the electromagnetic (EM) effect of a 13.56 MHz excitation between two perfect electrical conductor plates, simulating the equipotential conditions of the sides of the membrane in the vicinity of the raft. The simulations were performed with near-field (EQS) solver of CST. The electric field, current density, and electric loss density were monitored by the simulations. The applied material properties and parameters refer to the recent literature. Results: In silico models show ten times higher energy-absorption of the transmembrane domains than that of its lipid-membrane surrounding, and intra- and extracellular neighborhood. Depending on the size, orientation, and location of the membrane rafts, the value of SAR varies, but we use only two simplified models to see the absorption properties. Taking into account the characteristics of the EM field effects we showed that the selective energy-absorption increased further by the cell-cell interactions. The model-calculation could confirm the opportunity of the local membrane heating. Conclusion: Our results indicate the heating in nanoscopic range with energy-absorption by the transmembrane proteins. The heated protein-clusters (membrane rafts) are used the same way as the artificial nanoparticles, while these absorbers are natural parts of the biological system.

Deep Foundation Pit Excavations Adjacent to Disconnected Piled Rafts: A Review on Risk Control Practice

Foundation pit excavation engineering is an old subject full of decision making. Yet, it still deserves further research due to the associated high failure cost and the complexity of the geological conditions and/or the surrounding existing infrastructure around it. This article overviews the risk control practice of foundation pit excavation projects in close proximity to existing disconnected piled raft. More focus is given to geotechnical aspects. The review begins with achievements to ensure excavation performance requirements, and follows to discuss the complex soil structure interaction involved among the fundamental components: the retaining wall, mat, piles, cushion, and the soil. After bringing consensus points to practicing engineers and decision makers, it then suggests possible future research directions.

基于Raft的多主节点拜占庭容错共识机制

为了解决联盟链中实用拜占庭容错(PBFT)共识机制在区块链网络中节点数量增多的情况下,通信复杂度高、共识效率低下等问题,本文提出一种基于Raft的多主节点拜占庭容错共识机制IMRBFT。IMRBFT通过Maglev一致性哈希算法对区块链网络节点均匀分组,将这个共识流程分成组外共识和组内共识2部分。组内先选出领导者节点,通过信用机制将节点分为3个等级:可信节点、普通节点和不可信节点。与投票机制共同降低恶意节点成为领导者节点的概率,并与其他组的领导者节点组成委员会,委员会再经过组外信用值机制选出信用值最高的多个主节点进行组外PBFT共识。组内共识在Raft共识的基础上引入监管节点与中继节点,进一步提升安全性与共识效率,减少恶意节点的作恶行为。实验结果表明:IMRBFT的通信开销为线性增长,通信量为PBFT的41.6%,吞吐量为PBFT的4.2倍,共识延时降低76.4%。随着节点增多,优化更加明显,完全满足大型区块链网络的通信复杂度小、吞吐量高、共识延时短、安全性与共识效率高的要求。

基于改进Raft共识算法和PBFT共识算法的双层共识算法

针对目前应用于联盟链中的实用拜占庭(PBFT)共识算法可扩展性不足、通信开销增长过大、难以适用于大规模网络节点环境等问题,提出了一种基于改进Raft共识算法和PBFT共识算法的双层共识算法(DL_RBFT)。首先将区块链中的节点分成若干小组,组成下层共识网络,然后小组的组长再构成上层共识网络,形成一个双层共识网络结构;在下层共识网络的小组内部引入监督机制和声誉机制来改进Raft共识算法,在初始组长的选举流程引入了蚁群算法,使选举效率始终维持在较高水平;在上层共识网络中,使用PBFT共识算法进行共识。改进后的Raft共识算法具备了抗拜占庭节点攻击的能力,提升了算法的安全性。实验结果分析表明,相较于传统的PBFT共识算法,在100个节点的情况下,DL_RBFT将共识时延降低了两个数量级,吞吐量也提升了一个数量级,与其余改进算法相比也有着明显优势。因此DL_RBFT共识算法拥有良好的可扩展性,可以广泛应用于联盟链的各种场景中。

有机硅基RAFT试剂制备聚醚改性有机硅消泡剂

以八甲基环四硅氧烷和巯丙基甲基二甲氧基硅烷为原料,合成了巯基硅油;再以巯基硅油、CS_(2)和2-溴代异丁酸甲酯为原料,合成了有机硅基可逆加成-断裂链转移(RAFT)试剂(RAFT-SSO);RAFT-SSO与甲基封端的烯丙基聚氧乙烯醚(EO)、甲基封端的烯丙基聚氧丙烯醚(PO)采用RAFT聚合反应合成了聚醚改性有机硅消泡剂(RS-EOPO)。采用FTIR、1HNMR,GPC对RS-EOPO进行了结构表征,对其消泡、抑泡、相容性进行了测试,并将RS-EOPO与进口消泡剂性能进行对比。RS-EOPO最佳合成工艺条件为RAFT-SSO相对分子质量为2000、m(EO)∶m(PO)=1∶4、m(RAFT-SSO)∶m〔醚(EO和PO)〕=1∶1.15、反应温度75℃、反应时间8 h、引发剂用量为EO(3.45 g)和PO总质量的2%。在上述条件下,RS-EOPO收率为91.8%。

基于RAFT的高速公路夜间交通事件检测

高速公路夜间交通事件检测对于提高救援效率、避免二次事故的发生至关重要。我国大部分高速公路都建成了完整的高速公路视频监控系统,但在夜间,高速公路交通事件检测仍采用人工检测,效率较低。通过分析高速公路夜间交通事件检测策略,文章基于RAFT深层网络,以夜间车辆光流形成的密集光流为检测对象,提出了夜间高速公路车辆检测深度学习网络,采用DeepSort算法对检测目标进行速度跟踪测量。利用实测数据对YOLOv5和研究提出的方法进行了比较,结果表明所提方法具有检测精度高、检测速度快等优点。

基于内聚力单元法的船舶与重叠冰碰撞数值模拟研究

The gradual increase in shipping and drilling activities in the Arctic regions has resulted in the increased importance of studying the structural safety of polar ships in various ice conditions.Rafted ice refers to a type of accumulated and overlapped sea ice;it is driven by external forces,such as wind and waves,and may exert high loads on ships and threaten their structural safety.Therefore,the properties of rafted ice and the construction of numerical models should be studied before exploring the interaction and collision between ships and rafted ice.Based on the nonlinear finite-element method,this paper introduces the cohesive element model for the simulation of rafted ice.The interaction between ships and rafted ice is studied,and the ice force of the hull is obtained.Numerical simulation results are compared with model test findings,and the effectiveness of the cohesive element method in the construction of the model of rafted ice materials is verified.On this basis,a multilayer rafted ice model is constructed,and its interaction with the ship is studied.The research unveils that rafted ice parts impede crack generation and slow down crack propagation to a certain extent.

谈谈RAFTS英语写作教学法

1985年4月美国全国英语教师联合会西北地区英语教学法讨论会上,蒙大拿大学英语系华裔教授贝弗莉·安·秦(Bevelley Ann Ching)等人推出RAFTS英语写作教学新法,

基于RAFT算法的数字医联体医疗信息跨平台共享方法

随着数字医联体的快速发展,实现医联体内部各医疗平台间信息的安全共享是急需解决的问题之一。因此,研究基于RAFT算法的数字医联体医疗信息跨平台共享方法。在分析数字医联体组建架构基础上,构建集信息采集和管理、信息的整合与分配、平台服务、应用服务于一体的信息跨平台共享体系。其中,信息整合与分配过程采用RAFT算法通过节点选举与日志复制两个功能,实现医疗信息的跨平台过程中数据请求方和数据提供方间的数据分配和共享,并采用PageRank算法优化RAFT算法节点关键性,提高其信息共享的完整性。实验中,该方法的最大可容忍恶意节点数量可达到16个;在45s的时间内,该方法可以采集近700条信息数据;在节点数量为17个时,本文方法的通信复杂度仅为262。实验表明:该方法对恶意节点容忍量更高,对海量医疗信息的提取更快,跨平台共享信息过程的通信复杂度较低。

主客体相互作用实现含氟单体水相聚合诱导自组装

论文致力于高浓度高重现性的精准制备含氟组装体,同时将微波辅助用于聚合诱导自组装(PISA),建立微波辅助含氟单体水相PISA新方法。引入随机甲基-β-环糊精(MCD)与含氟疏水单体形成水溶性主客体复合物,在微波辅助下成功制备不同粒径的组装体,通过接触角的测试,证明了含氟微球具有良好的成膜性能和疏水性能,可以用作含氟水性涂料。

Toy model that explains the regulation of cholesterol on lipid rafts

Cholesterol,as a common lipid on mammalian cell membranes,plays an important role in the formation of lipid rafts.Recent experiments suggest that the strength of cholesterol's regulation on lipid rafts can be affected by the length of the unsaturated phospholipid acyl chain on the membrane.In order to understand this observation,a simplified toy model containing three different molecules is proposed in this paper,where the tail length of phospholipids is considered.This model shows the regulation of membrane cholesterol on the phase separation of the lipid mixture and the formation of nano-domains,and also suggests that the configuration entropy of phospholipid tails is an essential factor.

Effect of docosahexaenoic acid on interleukin-2 receptor signaling pathway in lipid rafts

Recent studies have shown that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) regulated the func-tions of membrane receptors in T cells and suppressed T cell -mediated immune responses. But the molecular mechanisms of immune regulation are not yet elucidated. Lipid rafts are plasma membrane microdomains, in which many receptors localized. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of DHA on IL-2R signaling pathway in lipid rafts. We isolated lipid rafts by discontinuous sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation, and found that DHA could change the composition of lipid rafts and alter the distribution of key molecules of IL-2R signaling pathway, which transferred from lipid rafts to detergent-soluble membrane fractions. These results revealed that DHA treatment increased the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids especially n?3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in lipid rafts and changed the lipid environment of membrane microdomains in T cells. Compared with controls, DHA changed the localization of IL-2R, STAT5a and STAT5b in lipid rafts and suppressed the expression of JAK1, JAK3 and tyrosine phosphotyrosine in soluble membrane fractions. Summarily, this study con-cluded the effects of DHA on IL-2R signaling pathway in lipid rafts and explained the regulation of PUFAs in T cell-mediated immune responses.

Single virus tracking of Ebola virus entry through lipid rafts in living host cells

Ebola virus(EBOV)is one of the most pathogenic viruses in humans which can cause a lethal hemorrhagic fever.Understanding the cellular entry mechanisms of EBOV can promote the development of new therapeutic strategies to control virus replication and spread.It has been known that EBOV virions bind to factors expressed at the host cell surface.Subsequently,the virions are internalized by a macropinocytosis-like process,followed by being trafficked through early and late endosomes.Recent researches indicate that the entry of EBOV into cells requires integrated and functional lipid rafts.Whilst lipid rafts have been hypothesized to play a role in virus entry,there is a current lack of supporting data.One major technical hurdle is the lack of effective approaches for observing viral entry.To provide evidence on the involvement of lipid rafts in the entry process of EBOV,we generated the fluorescently labeled Ebola virus like particles(VLPs),and utilized single-particle tracking(SPT)to visualize the entry of fluorescent Ebola VLPs in live cells and the interaction of Ebola VLPs with lipid rafts.In this study,we demonstrate the compartmentalization of Ebola VLPs in lipid rafts during entry process,and inform the essential function of lipid rafts for the entry of Ebola virus.As such,our study provides evidence to show that the raft integrity is critical for Ebola virus pathogenesis and that lipid rafts can serve as potential targets for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.

超支化聚合物的制备及现场应用

为提高现有线性聚合物的综合性能,采用可逆加成-断裂链转移自由基聚合反应链转移剂(RAFT)可控聚合方式合成水溶性超支化聚合物产品,利用凝胶渗透色谱得到产物的分子量为300万,在150、180和200℃下分别高温老化16和48 h,老化前后的黏度保持率远高于线性聚合物;超支化聚合物在淡水基浆中抗温达220℃,盐水和复合盐水基浆中抗温可达到180℃,降滤失性能优于常规线性聚合物。超支化聚合物产品在顺北16X井现场应用中发挥了较好的低黏提切特性、抗剪切性能和较强的抗温、抗Ca^(2+)及CO_(3)^(2-)污染能力突出等优点,有效解决了高温深井、小井眼和CO_(2)、盐水污染带来的一系列钻井液问题。

基于信用评价模型的Raft共识算法

在车联网中,车辆节点间需要交通信息的共享和交互,但目前还存在着节点之间难以高效同步交通数据信息以及恶意节点传播虚假信息的问题。针对上述问题,提出了一种基于信用评价模型的Raft共识算法(CE-Raft)。首先构建信用评价模型,基于孤立森林异常检测算法检测拜占庭车辆节点并将其剔除,生成诚实节点编号表;然后进行领导者选举,通过修改跟随者节点的投票过程,实现诚实节点当选领导者;最后进行日志复制,领导者节点根据诚实节点编号表发送信息同步请求,确保正确的消息在节点间达成共识。实验结果表明,CE-Raft算法能够有效排除拜占庭节点,提高了诚实节点预测准确率,具有较低的时延和较高的吞吐量,使车联网在存在恶意节点的情况下,仍然能安全高效地完成数据共享。

支持日志乱序提交的分布式一致性协议

为了解决Raft算法中日志提交的严格串行化设计,提出一种Raft协议变体:并行提交Raft (PC-Raft). PCRaft在日志提交阶段运用流水线,重新设计日志缓冲区,实现日志的乱序提交.传输方式使用RDMA网络,在提高日志传输的并发性的同时加快传输速度.在日志执行阶段,采用批处理,将多条指令打包发送给状态机逐条执行.针对日志并行提交情况下会出现的幽灵复现问题,采用LSN与任期号结合的方式保证日志的安全性.针对日志乱序提交会出现的日志空洞问题,重新设计领导者选举算法,在选举中加入临时领导者,保证选举出的领导者能最快恢复日志.测试结果证明PC-Raft对比Raft在吞吐量方面有着明显的性能提升,同时延迟更低,并且在日志指令依赖频繁的情况下,吞吐量比现有基于Raft的变体更高,延迟也更低.

PreC-Raft:一种引入预备候选者的共识算法

为了解决Raft共识算法中由于网络隔离现象导致的节点无法与集群其他节点正常通信,从而在恢复通信后参与领导者选举影响系统共识效率的问题,文中提出了一种引入预备候选者(PreC-Raft)的改进Raft共识算法,引入了过时节点的概念,并增加了一种预备候选者的角色状态,其发起的PreC RPC消息用以执行选举正式候选者阶段的资格审查功能。实验结果表明,改进后的算法在集群出现过时节点时,可以做到节约54.82%的选举耗时以及降低14.21%的共识时延。针对出现网络隔离“孤岛”的异常情况,改进后的PreC-Raft算法能够满足更极端的网络环境。