Greenhouse gas emission analysis and measurement for urban rail transit: A review of research progress and prospects

Rail transit plays a key role in mitigating transportation system carbon emissions.Accurate measurement of urban rail transit carbon emission can help quantify the contribution of urban rail transit towards urban transportation carbon emission reduction.Since the whole life cycle of urban rail transit carbon emission measurement involves a wide range of aspects,a systematic framework model is required for analysis.This research reviews the existing studies on carbon emission of urban rail transit.First,the characteristics of urban rail transit carbon emission were determined and the complexity of carbon emission measurement was analyzed.Then,the urban rail transit carbon emission measurement models were compared and analyzed in terms of the selection of research boundaries,the types of greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions calculation,and the accuracy of the measurement.Following that,an intelligent station was introduced to analyze the practical application of digital collaboration technology and energy-saving and carbon-reducing system platforms for rail transit.Finally,the urgent problems and future research directions at this stage were discussed.This research presents the necessity of establishing a dynamic carbon emission factor library and the important development trend of system integration of carbon emission measurement and digital system technology.

On the Polygonal Wear Evolution of Heavy-Haul Locomotive Wheels due to Wheel/Rail Flexibility and Its Mitigation Measures

Wheel polygonal wear can immensely worsen wheel/rail interactions and vibration performances of the train and track,and ultimately,lead to the shortening of service life of railway components.At present,wheel/rail medium-or high-frequency frictional interactions are perceived as an essential reason of the high-order polygonal wear of railway wheels,which are potentially resulted by the flexible deformations of the train/track system or other external excitations.In this work,the effect of wheel/rail flexibility on polygonal wear evolution of heavy-haul locomotive wheels is explored with aid of the long-term wheel polygonal wear evolution simulations,in which different flexible modeling of the heavy-haul wheel/rail coupled system is implemented.Further,the mitigation measures for the polygonal wear of heavy-haul locomotive wheels are discussed.The results point out that the evolution of polygonal wear of heavy-haul locomotive wheels can be veritably simulated with consideration of the flexible effect of both wheelset and rails.Execution of mixed-line operation of heavy-haul trains and application of multicut wheel re-profiling can effectively reduce the development of wheel polygonal wear.This research can provide a deep-going understanding of polygonal wear evolution mechanism of heavy-haul locomotive wheels and its mitigation measures.

Rail Flatness and Verticality Measurement System Based on Ruler Model

Currently,the manual contact rail measurement that was basically adopted in China has low detection efficiency,poor accuracy and poor stability.In order to improve the function of the system,we propose a non-contact measurement method based on the flatness and verticality ruler model.The flatness measurement model was built by employing the string measurement method.In addition,the verticality measurement model was built by the dihedral method to measure the rail comprehensively.By extracting curvature information of feature points,in this system,each laser sensor is used to collect rail profile curves.A large number of three-dimensional point clouds data are generated by the unit quaternion method of coordinate transformation,and the contour curves of the characteristic points of the four laser sensors are matched with the corresponding point sets one to one,and the rail contour splicing is finally completed.The experimental results show that this method has better measurement effect compared with the traditional manual measurement method.

Measurement methods and analysis tools for rail irregularities:a case study for urban tram track

Rail irregularities, in particular for urban rail- way infrastructures, are one of the main causes for the generation of noise and vibrations. In addition, repetitive loading may also lead to decay of the structural elements of the rolling stock. This further causes an increase in main- tenance costs and reduction of service life. Monitoring these defects on a periodic basis enables the network rail managers to apply proactive measures to limit further damage. This paper discusses the measurement methods for rail corrugation with particular regard to the analysis tools for evaluating the thresholds of acceptability in re- lation to the tramway Italian transport system. Further- more, a method of analysis has been proposed： an application of the methodology used for treating road profiles has been also utilized for the data processing of rail profilometric data.

Wheel/rail-force–based maintenance interval extension of the C80 series wagon

Purpose–This study aims to introduce the achievements and benefits of applying wheel/rail-force–based maintenance interval extension of the C80 series wagon in China.Design/methodology/approach–Chinese wagons’existing maintenance strategy had left a certain safety margin for the characteristics of widely running range,unstable service environment and submission to transportation organization requirements.To reduce maintenance costs,China railway(CR)has attempted to extend the maintenance interval since 2020.The maintenance cycle of C80 series heavy haul wagons is extended by three months(no stable routing)or 50,000 km(regular routing).However,in the meantime,the alarming rate of the running state,a key index to reflect the severe degree of hunting stability,by the train performance detection system(TPDS)for the C80 series heavy haul wagons has increased significantly.Findings–The present paper addresses a big data statistical way to evaluate the risk of allowing the C80 series heavy haul wagons to remain in operation longer than stipulated by the maintenance interval initial set.Through the maintenance and wayside-detectordata,whichis divided intothreestages,the extension period(three months),the current maintenance period and the previous maintenance period,this method reveals the alarming rate of hunting was correlated with maintenance interval.The maintainability of wagons will be achieved by utilizing wagon performance degradation modeling with the state of the wheelset and the often-contact side bearing.This paper also proposes a statistical model to return to the average safety level of the previous maintenance period’s baseline through correct alarming thresholds for unplanned corrective maintenance.Originality/value–The paper proposes an approach to reduce safety risk due to maintenance interval extension by effective maintenance program.The results are expected to help the railway company make the optimal solution to balance safety and the economy.

高速铁路动静态轨检数据里程对齐与误差修正

轨道几何动、静检测数据间的精确匹配对探明高速铁路线路服役状态和制定准确可靠的养护维修策略具有关键作用。针对动静里程匹配算法研究较少的现状,提出利用动、静态实测数据波形匹配,建立基于互相关函数与动态时间规划相结合的两阶段修正算法,并以距离误差作为评价指标。结合某高铁线路轨道几何检测数据的案例分析,以静态检测数据作为参考基准,对动态检测数据进行里程误差评估与修正。结果表明,两阶段算法修正效果显著,累积距离误差降幅超过93%,修正后的动、静态检测数据严格对齐保证了动态检测数据的可靠性与有效性。

地铁曲线波磨地段振动特性影响因素分析

为研究地铁曲线波磨地段振动特性影响因素,建立车辆-轨道及轨道-隧道-大地模型,分析不同波磨波深、隧道埋深、轨道减振措施下隧道壁及地面的振动响应。结果表明:减小钢轨波磨波深或增加隧道埋深,隧道壁和地面的垂向最大加速度和加速度分频最大振级均有减小趋势;采取不同轨道减振措施时,浮置板的减振效果最佳;隧道埋深和轨道减振措施的改变,不会改变隧道壁和地面加速度峰值的频段区间及加速度分频最大振级的中心频率;振动在隧道壁传递到地面的过程中高频衰减较快。

地铁盾构下穿古建筑振动监测与保护研究

为确保地铁盾构下穿古建筑物施工安全,确定先评估、先加固、施工监测、后评估、后加固总体技术路线。通过建立古建筑1︰3.52的实体模型并进行振动台试验获取结构阻尼比,利用Ansys进行三维建模,采用结构与模态分析,针对易损结构进行加固预防,为后续振动监测与盾构施工提供参考依据,结合试验区施工监测数据,调整施工参数。结果表明:在静力分析下该结构位移最大值约为14.01 mm,验证了三维模型的有效性。通过模态分析确定结构模型基本频率为0.59046 Hz,最易受损位置为斗枋处。在盾构穿越过程中,古建筑物加速度变化幅度小于0.003 m/s2,振动频带主要集中在0.6~20.5 Hz,振动频带处于正常范围,对古建筑物基本无影响。针对盾构下穿古建筑物提出以“地铁盾构穿越以匀速掘进为主,避免运营高峰期作业,影响区地层之间使用注浆加固,对古建筑物易损结构进行支护,施工时采取隔振减振方案”的总体解决思路,为后续类似工程建设提供参考。

城市轨道交通列车轮轨垂向力测量方法

[目的]城市轨道交通运营中通常会出现大量的隧道病害,列车轮轨力是各种病害的主要成因,因此,需在不影响城市轨道交通列车正常运营的条件下,对列车轮轨垂向力的测量方法进行研究。[方法]以成都地铁7号线茶店子站—一品天下站下行区间道床剥离病害为研究对象,基于弯矩差法理论,采用ANSYS有限元软件建立了静荷载及动荷载作用下的钢轨有限元模型,并对其进行了数值模拟分析。在室内对1根长2 m、3跨布置的钢轨进行了标定试验。[结果及结论]静荷载数值模拟分析表明,钢轨测点可选择在钢轨跨中轨底上表面边缘两侧位置;当钢轨跨中位置受到垂向力作用时,该点沿钢轨方向的应变最大,且应变随垂向力线性增加。通过标定试验测得的标定系数为0.6260×10^(6)kN,而数值模拟测得的标定系数为0.6441×10^(6)kN,两者偏差仅2.8%,可通过静荷载标定试验确定标定系数。轮轨垂向力的测量方法可以更好地评估轨道结构和列车运行的安全性,及时发现安全隐患,并采取相应措施进行修复和改进。

基于轮轨力测量的新型轨道交通轮对智能运维监测系统研制

轮轨力直接反映了列车-线路耦合状态及车轮服役损伤水平,创新发展轮轨力在线测量技术对保障列车运行安全至关重要。简述了现有直接轮轨力测量系统的工作原理及存在的不足,通过传感器结构设计、数据融合算法及软件处理系统开发,研制了一种新型轨道交通轮对智能运维监测系统(RIM)。基于剪力法轮轨力测量原理,利用设计研发的钢轨卡装式H型剪力传感器组桥阵列及多通道信号重构技术实现了轮轨力的连续测量。同时,通过制定系统测区布置方案,提出各检测功能评价方法,并构建监测系统网络架构,能满足对车轮踏面损伤、车辆偏载及超员检测等功能需求。经某地铁公司现场实测验证,本系统无需对轨道结构进行任何改动,拆装方便快捷,并能连续重叠采集测量区间内的轮轨力信号,有效弥补了单个剪力测量点独立工作产生的测量盲区,实现了轮轨垂向力的米级连续在线测量。

基于动态阈值分割法的接触轨图像关键特征点提取方法研究

在地铁系统中,接触轨的状态对于牵引供电系统的安全性至关重要,一旦接触轨几何参数超出正常范围,不仅会导致集电靴无法正常取流,进而影响运营车辆的顺畅运行,而且在极端情况下,还可能引发严重的安全事故。传统的接触轨几何参数测量方法在采集图像时通常面临背景复杂、干扰图像多等问题,以致检测数据量少、检测密度低,从而难以精确提取接触轨的关键特征信息。针对这一问题,文章提出一种新的方法,即结合动态阈值分割法、直线拟合以及投影计算的方式,有效解决接触轨特征点提取的难点,实现几何参数的精确测量。该方法不仅能够准确捕捉到接触轨的细微变化,还能够确保测量结果的可靠性和准确性。为进一步提高测量的便捷性和实用性,研究过程中同步研制出一套接触轨几何参数的便携式测量装置,并在地铁线路上进行现场应用示范,为实际运营中的接触轨状态监测提供有力的技术支持。

液氢槽车氢泄漏风险分析

运用风险管理系统工程原理,采用故障树分析法,对液氢槽车运行过程中的氢泄漏风险进行分析评估。分析了液氢槽车氢泄漏事故机理,明确基本事件32项和中间事件17项,建立了故障树模型。基于故障树的结构分析,求解最小割集,确定了各基本事件的结构重要度。基于专家经验判断的模糊方法预测基本事件概率,采用最小割集计算法近似计算氢泄漏顶事件的发生概率,并计算事件概率重要度,实现故障树的半定量分析,构建基于故障树的液氢槽车氢泄漏风险评价体系。基于事件的结构重要度和概率计算,确定了外力损坏罐体、外热损坏罐体、制止阀卡死、安全阀故障、外力损坏制止阀、泄压失效6项重要风险,并从运营单位日常定检、罐车防护装置设置、液氢储罐失效监测等方面提出了针对性的防范措施以降低液氢槽车氢泄漏风险。

城市轨道交通轮轨力间接测量法仿真验证

针对现有传统轮轨力直接测量法测力轮对安装复杂、前期贴片与标定操作难度较大且成本较高等问题,以现有的相关研究为基础,以城市轨道交通列车为研究对象,利用Simpack动力学软件对轮轨力间接测量法进行仿真验证。推导出轮轨力间测量法的理论公式,利用Simpack软件,建立车辆-轨道动力学仿真模型,通过运算得出直线段轮轴横向力与轮轨垂向力两者在不同工况下误差的50%、75%、90%与最大值。结果表明,间接测量法具有较高的测量精度,为城市轨道交通轮轨力测量提供可选方案。

电磁炮轨道间距高精度测量技术研究

电磁轨道炮内膛尺寸精度与发射过程中枢轨高速滑动电接触状态密切相关,准确获取内膛尺寸可有效指导其电枢设计、枢轨匹配性研究等工作。根据轨道炮异形炮膛截面及其形貌特征,并结合内膛间距变化形态,提出一种基于角平分线特性的内膛尺寸高精度测量方法,通过将局部长度范围内两条轨道空间位置关系等效成一定角度张开的两条线段,以角平分线为测量基准,在其上任取一测量点,过该点分别做两条轨道的垂线,定义两垂足的连线即为该测量点处的轨道间距值。通过开展样机设计、全系统误差分析及对比校核,对某口径轨道炮轨道间距进行工程实测。结果表明测量误差≤0.05 mm,满足精度要求。通过获取轨道间距准确数据,可对后期电磁发射装置数值建模、装配工艺及性能检测提供不可或缺的测量手段,进而促进轨道炮武器的工程化应用。

Experimental and simulation investigation into the cause and treatment of rail corrugation for metro

The cause and treatment of rail corrugation for the metro have always been a popular and challenging issue. In this work, the field measurements were carried out on rail corrugation, track stiffness, and the track dynamic response. A three-dimensional finite element model was developed to investigate the cause of rail corrugation. The constraints on rail vibration from two wheelsets and adjacent wheel-rail interactions were taken into account in the model. According to experimental and simulation results, the suppression measure for rail corrugation was proposed and the suppression mechanism was discussed. It was found that the cause of rail corrugation is related to vertical and lateral vibration of the rails outside the two wheelsets at around 380 Hz. The increased stiffness of the fasteners reduces the vibration energy of the rail and the wheel-rail force. However, simply increasing the stiffness of the fasteners may not be effective in the suppression of rail corrugation. If necessary, the rails need to be grinded to reduce the roughness to a certain level, so that increasing the fastener stiffness can effectively suppress the rail corrugation.

基于Anylogic的城市轨道交通客流仿真优化

轨道交通作为城市居民日常出行的主要交通方式之一,其车站的运营效率和服务水平对整个轨道交通线路网的顺畅运营起重要作用。针对我国地铁现存的问题,以轨道交通站点中的换乘站为研究对象,从乘客进站流畅性、优化方案的时效性、站内设施利用率3个方面对车站进行研究。利用Anylogic仿真软件建立济南地铁八涧堡换乘站的仿真模型,通过导入真实人流数据进行仿真模拟,针对各个瓶颈问题从站内设施布局和客流组织两方面提出科学合理的优化方案,并利用仿真实验对换乘方案进行检验。结果表明,通过研究站内人员、乘客、配套设施的集散状况,本文优化方案提高了车站面积和站内设施的利用率,消除了站内客流瓶颈,可有效缓解站内拥堵现象的产生并提高流线的流畅性,能为其他城市轨道交通换乘站优化提供决策性的支持。

Experimental investigation of the dynamic behavior of railway track with sleeper voids

The deterioration of the sleeper support on the ballasted track begins with the accumulation of sleeper voids.The increased dynamic loading in the voided zone and the ballast contact conditions cause the accelerated growth of the settlements in the voided zones,which results in the appearance of local instabilities like ballast breakdown,white spots,subgrade defects,etc.The recent detection and quantification of the sleeper voids with track-side and onboard monitoring can help to avoid or delay the development of local instabilities.The present paper is devoted to the study of the dynamic behavior of railway track with sleeper voids in the ballast breakdown zone.The result of the experimental track-side measurements of rail acceleration and deflection is presented.The analysis shows the existence of the dynamic impact during wheel entry in the voided zone.However,the measured dynamic impact is subjected to the bias of the track-side measurement method.Both the mechanism of the impact and the measurement aspects are explained by using the one-beam model on viscoelastic foundation.The void features in the dynamic behavior are analyzed for the purpose of track-side and onboard monitoring.A practical method of the void parameter quantification is proposed.

考虑列车整车接地的牵引电机轴电压和轴电流分析与抑制措施

[目的]城市轨道交通列车大多采用PWM(脉冲宽度调制)变频驱动系统,该系统在运行中经常出现轴电压与轴电流过高而导致的轴承电腐蚀问题。因此在考虑列车整车接地的条件下,有必要对牵引电机轴电压和轴电流过高的问题进行深入研究。[方法]简要解析牵引电机轴电压与轴电流形成机理。分别对两种采用不同接地方案的典型车型进行轴电流路径分析,以此为基础建立含车辆接地回路和牵引系统的高频等效电路模型,通过仿真分析两种接地方案下的轴电压、轴电流特性。对比不同轴电压、轴电流抑制措施的效果,从列车整车接地的角度提出一种电路优化设计方案。[结果及结论]接地系统优化方案有效减小了接地线缆长度,从而减小了线缆电感。该优化方案既能规避静电屏蔽法对牵引电机效率,以及碳刷接地法对保护接地的影响,又能与这两种牵引传动系统内部优化方案相兼容。仿真结果验证了该优化方案能有效降低轴电压与轴电流,同时可以兼顾车体回流与车体电位的改善。

西安地铁6号线某隧道穿越地裂缝带设防措施研究

[目的]西安地铁6号线二期工程某隧道沿线分布有7条地裂缝,工程性质较差,施工时可能会造成隧道局部坍塌,以及基底不均匀沉降,从而加剧地裂缝活动,严重威胁城市轨道交通的建设和运营。因此,有必要对6号线某隧道穿越地裂缝带进行设防研究。[方法]基于对与西安地铁6号线二期工程相交的各条地裂缝历史活动特性分析,对各条地裂缝对地铁影响程度分级进行定性评价。综合该分级定性评价结果,隧道与地裂缝的空间相对关系,以及地裂缝在百年使用期内最大垂直位移量设计建议值,对地裂缝垂直、水平及轴向位移量,以及隧道结构纵向设防长度进行了估算。依据二类地裂缝场地的工程防治原则,针对隧道穿越地裂缝带提出相应设防措施。[结果及结论]6号线某隧道穿越地裂缝带的设防措施为:隧道衬砌结构采取分段设缝,扩大隧道断面净空及局部衬砌加强,接缝处采用柔性接头。该设防措施目前已经成功保障了7条地铁线路的安全施工与运营。

基于交流电磁场的高铁钢轨表面裂纹无损检测研究及展望

针对高铁钢轨表面产生滚动接触疲劳(RCF)裂纹导致对钢轨带来危害的问题,本文分析了钢轨表面滚动接触疲劳裂纹的形成机理及扩展规律,系统归纳了高铁裂纹的无损检测与表征方法。聚焦于交流电磁场检测(ACFM)技术,重点研究了ACFM技术发展及研究现状、理论研究成果以及存在的问题,综述了ACFM技术的特点及应用,通过与其他无损检测方法进行分析比较,阐述了ACFM测量法对钢轨表面裂纹的精准量化表征的优势。结果表明:ACFM探针传感器沿45°方向扫描,通过结合ACFM信号补偿量算法可将非均匀裂纹口袋深度误差降到5.5%,垂直深度误差降到7.1%,裂纹簇误差减小到7.1%;经过人工神经网络训练对钢轨RCF裂纹尺寸进行精准表征,最终计算的误差在10%以内。进一步讨论了融合人工智能技术的钢轨表面裂纹无损检测技术的发展趋势,为后续ACFM技术对钢轨表面RCF裂纹的检测和表征研究提出相关建议和展望。