Simulation of wheel and rail profile wear:a review of numerical models

The development of numerical models able to compute the wheel and rail profile wear is essential to improve the scheduling of maintenance operations required to restore the original profile shapes.This work surveys the main numerical models in the literature for the evaluation of the uniform wear of wheel and rail profiles.The standard structure of these tools includes a multibody simulation of the wheel-track coupled dynamics and a wear module implementing an experimental wear law.Therefore,the models are classified according to the strategy adopted for the worn profile update,ranging from models performing a single computation to models based on an online communication between the dynamic and wear modules.Nevertheless,the most common strategy nowadays relies on an iteration of dynamic simulations in which the profiles are left unchanged,with co-simulation techniques often adopted to increase the computational performances.Work is still needed to improve the accuracy of the current models.New experimental campaigns should be carried out to obtain refined wear coefficients and models,while strategies for the evaluation of both longitudinal and transversal wear,also considering the effects of tread braking,should be implemented to obtain accurate damage models.

Rail RCF damage quantification and comparison for different damage models

There are several fatigue-based approaches that estimate the evolution of rolling contact fatigue(RCF) on rails over time and built to be used in tandem with multibody simulations of vehicle dynamics. However, most of the models are not directly comparable with each other since they are based on different physical models even though they shall predict the same RCF damage at the end.This article studies different approaches to quantifying RCF and puts forward a measure for the degree of agreement between them. The methodological framework studies various steps in the RCF quantification procedure within the context of one another, identifies the ‘primary quantification step’ in each approach and compares results of the fatigue analyses. In addition to this, two quantities—‘similarity’ and ‘correlation’—have been put forward to give an indication of mutual agreement between models.Four widely used surface-based and sub-surface-based fatigue quantification approaches with varying complexities have been studied. Different operational cases corresponding to a metro vehicle operation in Austria have been considered for this study. Results showed that the best possible quantity to compare is the normalized damage increment per loading cycle coming from different approaches. Amongst the methods studied, approaches that included the load distribution step on the contact patch showed higher similarity and correlation in their results.While the different approaches might qualitatively agree on whether contact cases are ‘damaging’ due to RCF, they might not quantitatively correlate with the trends observed for damage increment values.

轮轨润滑对高速道岔曲尖轨磨耗的影响研究

研究目的:为研究轮轨摩擦系数匹配对曲尖轨磨耗的影响,本文以18号高速道岔为例,结合车辆-道岔耦合动力学仿真计算,研究不同轮轨摩擦系数匹配下,车辆通过转辙器部分时的系统动力响应和轮轨磨耗特性,以期在保证车辆安全通过道岔的前提下,为降低曲尖轨磨耗、延长曲尖轨使用寿命,提供合理的轮轨摩擦控制方案。研究结论:(1)轮轨摩擦控制能有效减缓曲尖轨磨耗,两侧轮轨摩擦系数由0.4降低到0.1~0.25,则钢轨侧磨将减小45%~76%;(2)相比于单侧轮轨润滑,双侧轮轨润滑下,曲尖轨侧磨降低可达40%;(3)轮轨摩擦控制对行车舒适性几乎没有影响,但当轮轨摩擦系数较低时,脱轨系数为0.65,接近安全限值0.8;(4)建议对服役道岔转辙器部分两侧钢轨进行润滑,保证基本轨侧摩擦系数不大于尖轨侧,以减缓曲尖轨磨耗,延长曲尖轨使用寿命。

考虑导轨间隙的在轨分离动力学计算方法

传统在轨分离载荷动力学分析未考虑实际导轨的实时接触,无法准确分析分离时刻载荷的速度和角速度.针对半圆形双导轨,研究了空间导轨与定向器接触的特点及形式,基于分离装置的几何构型提出了一种确定发生相对轴向运动时导轨与定向器潜在接触对的方法,所提方法考虑了载荷轴线与导轨轴线的空间夹角,保证了分离后期接触检测的准确性,并可推广至多导轨接触计算.基于Lankarani与Nikravesh的连续接触力模型计算法向碰撞力,采用修正的Coulomb模型计算切向摩擦力.最后对飘浮基挠性航天器在轨分离载荷模型进行数值分析,验证了方法的有效性.结果表明导轨间隙增大了接触碰撞力,且随间隙的增大垂直于载荷分离方向的速度和角速度增大,导轨间隙使基座的转动与挠性附件强烈耦合,对航天器的稳定性造成影响.

飞机重载大变形伸缩变体机构动力学仿真研究

目的为适应先进战斗机外形变体需求,设计复杂严重载荷环境下的伸缩机构,在整体弯曲、扭转等大变形条件下发挥支持变体运动和传递大载荷的系统功能。方法针对此类重载大变形伸缩机构,构建一种结合机构动力学和结构动力学的仿真分析方法,综合考虑运动过程中整体刚度分布变化带来的载荷、运动传递特性变化,以及局部轮轨运动组件的接触动力学细节,开展伸缩过程中的动力学仿真。结果计算获取了整个伸缩机构在严重外载荷下的伸缩过程运动参数变化和机构动响应,与典型盒段带载伸缩运动试验测试相比,机构连接交点载荷最大值的计算误差不超过7.9%,自由端位移最大值的计算误差不超过13.2%。结论建立的方法为各组件的传动传载性能优化和结构强度设计分析提供了一种可靠高效的仿真手段,对于变体飞机伸缩运动部件的结构/机构一体化设计有重要的应用价值。

欧拉坐标系下柔性轮对旋转效应对轮轨力的影响

为方便计算,在建立的刚柔耦合车辆—轨道系统多体动力学模型中,采用欧拉坐标系下旋转效应柔性轮对模型(既考虑柔性、又考虑旋转)。在模型求解时,采用OpenSees开源有限元软件进行二次开发,以解决商用有限元软件无法直接计算欧拉坐标系下旋转效应柔性轮对模型问题;将轮对的模态坐标从欧拉坐标系转化为拉格朗日坐标系,以解决欧拉坐标系下旋转效应柔性轮对与拉格朗日坐标系下车辆—轨道模型耦合计算问题。建立刚性轮对、无旋转效应柔性轮对和旋转效应柔性轮对模型,研究轮轨力的频率特性及在周期性轨道不平顺激励下的响应。结果表明:采用旋转效应柔性轮对模型时,轮轨垂向力波动存在多个主频,且高频波动更加剧烈;轮对的固有频率及轮轨力的响应频率均出现分离现象,且随着轮对旋转速度的增加,分离频率间差值越大;轮轨纵向力的影响较垂向力和横向力明显,当高速线路存在短波不平顺时,旋转效应易加剧柔性轮对纵向力的高频波动。

应用于高速轮轨滚动接触的蠕滑理论算法对比研究

运用多体动力学仿真软件UM建立了车辆-轨道多体动力学模型,并基于轮轨滚动蠕滑理论对比分析了FASTSIM算法与CONTACT算法两者在稳态和瞬态滚动状态中轮轨动态作用力之间的差异.计算结果表明:列车以稳态滚动状态行驶在直线轨道和曲线轨道上时通过FASTSIM算法计算得出的横、纵向轮轨蠕滑力与CONTACT算法的计算值存在的差异值较小,达到了10%~15%,而在瞬态滚动状态下尤其是在大蠕滑以及考虑风阻等比较恶劣的工况下行驶时计算得出的横、纵向蠕滑力与CONTACT算法的计算值存在较大的误差,差值达到了25%,并且随着车速的增加,最大差异值达到了30%,这表明CONTACT算法在瞬态滚动工况下进行蠕滑力计算上相比于FASTSIM算法更加精准,更适用于作出对列车运行时的安全性方面的评价.

车辆气动力展向相关性传递函数及其对桥上运动车辆响应的影响

为研究运动车辆气动力的展向相关性对桥上运动车辆响应的影响,在分析运动车辆顺风向和竖向脉动风速谱的基础上,发展出一种新型的运动车辆脉动风速相干函数形式,推导出与顺风向和竖向脉动风速对应的运动车辆气动力的展向相关性传递函数,并根据"余弦规则"得到作用在运动车辆上的抖振力谱。通过建立列车-轨道-桥梁多体系统耦合振动仿真模型,以单节列车在典型的高速铁路桥梁上行驶为例,对比不同车速、不同风速与不同地表类型时,运动车辆气动力的传递函数对桥上运动车辆响应的影响。研究结果表明:当考虑上述传递函数时,车辆响应的均方根均有不同程度的降低,其中对车体横向和竖向加速度均方根的影响最为显著;当车速为40m·s-1时,在考虑与不考虑传递函数情况下,车体横向加速度均方根的相对误差高达40.6%,车体竖向加速度均方根的相对误差也高达36.6%;随着车速的提高,各车辆响应均方根的相对误差均逐渐变小;随着风速的提高,轮重减载率和轮轨垂向力均方根的相对误差均逐渐变大,而车体竖向Sperling指标和轮轨横向力均方根的相对误差却先增加后减小;从A类地表类型到D类地表类型,车体加速度均方根以及车体Sperling指标的相对误差均逐渐增大,而轮轨力均方根、脱轨系数均方根、轮重减载率均方根的相对误差均先增大后减小。